بهاره اسکندری

Seed germination is first critical and the most sensitive step in the life cycle of plants. In order to study the effects of environmental factors on germination characteristics Datura innoxia, four completely randomized design with 6 replication were conducted at Agricultural Research Bahar University, Hamedan, Iran. Salinity stress was induced by using sodium chloride (NaCl) and drought stress by using Polyethylene Glycol (PEG-6000). Five ml NaCl solution and PEG6000 (-0.2, -0.4, -0.6, -0.8, -1 MPa) were added in different petri plates. To study the effect of pH on germination, pH solutions with acidity of 4 to 9, and depth effect on seeds cultivated at depths of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 cm. Analysis of variance of the effects of salinity and drought stress on seed germination of D. innoxia suggested that these treatments made significant changes at (P<0.05). The reduction in seed germination was proportional to the increasing concentration of NaCl and PEG. With the increasing intensity of drought and salinity from 0 to -1 MPa D. innoxia germination percentage of 100 percent respectively compared to control was reduced. Fitting of three-parameter logistic model, showed that salinity and drought stress at - 0.39 and –0.27 MPa, respectively caused 50% reduction in maximum germination percentage of D. innoxia. In addition 50% decrease in germination speed caused by salinity and drought stress, were observed in -0.33 and -0.28 MPa, respectively. The optimum pH for germination was 7 and the pH increased by decreasing the germination percentage. The highest percentage of emergence of in surface soil seeds was 73.33% and with increasing soil depth the percentage of seedling emergence decreased. Only 3% of the seeds are able to germinate from a depth of 8 cm.

Parent Management Training (PMT) is a general class of interventions which targets problem behaviors in children, and plays an important role in reduction or prevention of these kinds of behaviors in them.

The purpose of this article is to review the PMT programs for problem behaviors in preschool children and gathering the characteristics of programs.

In this article, in order to find related papers, a systematic search strategy has been used. Different date-bases have been utilized: PsycNet, Sciencedirect, Medline, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science for foreign papers and ISC, SID and Irandoc for Iranian ones.

After removing the repetitive articles, the title of the PMT programs were discovered, amongst available articles, consist of 54 foreign and three Iranian programs. For each of these programs, a lot of data was collected, such as program title, researcher’s name(s), target groups, publishing year of the program.

There are numerous PMT programs that are designed to reduce the problem behaviors of preschool children, but these programs are often designed for children who do not suffer from any disorders or other inappropriate situations, except behavioral problems. In order to use PMT programs for special groups of children, characteristics of each group must be considered important in establishment of these programs.

Utilization of the conservation tillage systems and the cover crops are ecological management methods in crop production techniques that lead to improvement of resources absorption and use efficiency by plants. Based on this purpose the present study was conducted to evaluate radiation absorption and use efficiency in potato farms under different tillage systems and cover crops conditions in 2013. Treatments were included tillage systems at three levels (conventional tillage, minimum tillage and no-tillage) as min plot, three levels of cover crops (vetch, barely and without cover crop) as sup plot. The results showed that leaf area index, dry matter accumulation, light absorption and light use efficiency in conventional tillage and cover crop of vetch increased. The most leaf area index of potato (6.4) was related to conventional tillage with cover crop of vetch treatment while the lowest leaf area index (3.2) was related to no-tillage with no cover crop treatment. By increasing of leaf area index, light absorption improved about 85% in conventional tillage with cover crop of vetch compare to other treatments. Vetch cover crop also had positive effects on potato growth. So, the highest dry matter accumulation (1985.56 g m-2) was observed in conventional tillage with cover crop of vetch treatment while the lowest dry matter accumulation (1236.44 g m-2) was observed in no-tillage with non-crop cover treatment. Average maximum and minimum radiation use efficiency for potato were 3.12 and 2.09 g MJ-1 in conventional tillage with cover crop of vetch treatment and no-tillage with no cover crop, respectively.

Sensory processing is a part of our body’s function that is getting neural input¡ interpret and answer to them. In some clinical condition¡ like autism¡ sensory processing was impaired. Autism is a neuro-developmental disorder that has problem in communication¡ social interaction and stereotype behavior. This case study endeavored to determine whether or not sensory processing intervention has an effect on increasing parental self-efficacy and child-parent relationship in children with autism.
The intervention study included 8 children and their mothers. Children have a primary diagnosis of autism based on DSM-V¡ didn’t have any comorbid neurologic disorder and were 3-6 years age (mean is 3 years to 6 years and 11 months). First¡ mothers filled the sensory profile. After that based on children’s impaired senses¡ they received Dunn’s model interventions. For assessment¡ self-efficacy and child-parent relationship was assessed in participants twice in pretreatments¡ intervention¡ post-treatment and after one and three months follow up use of sensory processing styles intervention. For analyze of data¡ we use percent improvement and standard mean for follow up.
Findings: Percent improvement show increased in rate of self-efficacy (-19.45%) and increased in rate of child-parent relationship (-7.22%)¡ but none of them is significant.
It was hypothesized that outcomes of this study would not support the relationship between sensory processing intervention and increase of parental self-efficacy and child-parent relationship in children with autism. It means that improvement of sensory processing in autistic children don’t lead to increase of parental self-efficacy and child-parent relationship.

An experiment was carried out in 2014 at the Research Farm of Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, to evaluate light absorption and use efficiency of soybean in competition with redroot pigweed. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with three replications. Treatments were pigweed density at five levels: 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 plant.m-2. The result showed that leaf area index, total dry matter accumulation, light absorption and radiation use efficiency of soybean were decreased. The highest (5.66) and the lowest (4.38) leaf area index of soybean were related to weed free condition and 8 plant per.m-2 of redroot pigweed density, respectively. The light absorption of soybean followed by leaf area index and decreased about 60% in 8 plant.m-2 of redroot pigweed density compare to weed free condition. The highest (425.02 g m-2) and lowest (249.15 g m-2) total dry matter accumulation of soybean were observed in weed free condition and 8 plant.m-2 of redroot pigweed density, respectively. In addition, the highest (0.44 g MJ-1) and the lowest (0.28 g MJ-1) radiation use efficiency of soybean were related to weed free condition and 8 plant.m-2 of redroot pigweed density, respectively. The soybean radiation use efficiency redacted about 60% in 8 plant.m-2 of redroot pigweed density compare to weed free condition.

Identification of risky decision making trajectory can be used for determination of proper ages for prevention and intervention. The aim of this study is determination of developmental trajectory of risky decision making in Iranian Children. In present cross sectional study, Two hundred forty students of elementary school with classified random sampling participated in four region of Tehran. Neurocognitive Test of Balloon Analogue Risk Taking Task was used for evaluation of risky decision making. One way ANOVA and Tukey Post Hoc tests were used for analysis of data. Findings show that risk taking is significantly different in different grade (from first to sixth grade) of elementary school so that students with higher grades were more risk taker (P<0.01). Post Hoc analysis revealed that this difference is related to sixth grade. The results of present study indicate the growth of this type of decision-making in this age group that consequently, the role of education and school counseling services concerned with prevent from the growth of this style of decision-making by providing educational and psychological services in schools seems necessary.

Quantity-Intensity (Q/I) curves and their derived parameters provide general information about soil Potassium (K) availability. This investigation was conducted to obtain K different varieties and their correlations with K، Q/I parameters in 13 soils sample from Bahar area as the major potato producing area in Iran. Soil Samples were equilibrated with solution containing different potassium activity ratios (ARK)، and changes in potassium concentrations in the equilibrium solution (ΔK) were ploted against activity ratio of K، and Q/I parameters were determined. The results showed that، potassium activity ratio at equilibrium (AR0) ranged from 0. 007 to 0. 995 with an average of 0. 16 (mmol L-1) 0. 5، The readily exchangeable potassium (ΔK0) ranged from 0. 04 to 2. 199 with an average of 0. 49 cmol kg-1، The potassium potential buffering capacity (PBCK) ranged from 13. 21 to 75. 37 with an average of 42. 02 (mmol kg-1) / (mmol L-1) 0. 5. Highly significant linear correlations were found between PBCK and CEC (r = 0. 6*)، AR0 and KSO (r = 0. 99**)، AR0 and Kex (r = 0. 85**). Among the studied soils، one soil (Chopolgh Lo soil) absorbed potassim on edge position of clay minerals and the others absorbed potassium on planar surface.