بهجت یزدخواستی

Today the static concept of the family has turned into a dynamic concept in light of social and cultural changes in Iranian society. Therefore, the method of solving marital conflicts in the family has also changed from consulting the elders to focusing on  social institutions. Counseling center is one of these institutions that women refer to address marital problems. The purpose of this research is to study the women’s experience of visiting a counseling center in Isfahan using a qualitative method based on narrative analysis technique. The research population consisted of all the women with marital conflict in Isfahan who had referred to the counseling center for their conflict problem in 2021. A sample of n=17 people was selected and data was collected through in-depth interview. Data analysis was conducted using problem solving method. In this study, 5 main themes and 22 sub-themes were identified. The main themes were characters, location, problem, action and solution. According to the findings of this research, women's experience of counseling is a problem-oriented experience suggesting that they, rather than looking for pain, are trying to address their problems rationally. As such, when their problems are solved, they continue the counseling; otherwise, they change their counselor or stop it altogether. Therefore, this counseling is meant to reach a desirable solution for life, for most of the women referring to the centers, the counseling process has resulted in a solution.

The conflict between husband and wife seems an inseparable component and an inevitable thing in married life, which usually occurs after passing the first passionate period of joint life. Unlike in the past, women as active members of society refer to  counseling centers when conflicts arise to find effective solutions to resolve conflicts, live with less worries, learn how to face problems correctly, strive for family cohesion, and find a way out of it. The purpose of this study is to analyze the genre of experience of women with marital conflict from visiting a family counseling center. This research was carried out using Rogers' person-centered therapy, Chesler's feminist family therapy approach, White and Epstein's narrative therapy, and the typological narrative analysis method in 2021 in a counseling center in Isfahan. The participants in the research were 17 married women with marital conflict who had visited the counseling center. They were were selected using maximum variety method and subjected to narrative interviews. The findings showed that most women's experience of consulting a counselor is narrated in the genre of romance. Based on the issue that women rely on their abilities as heroes of life, they are looking for a solution to resolve marital conflicts and consider going to the counseling center as a part of this inner motivation, whether their efforts lead to solving the problem or not. A group of women who have problems, take the common life lightly and make it possible to continue the common life with skill training. On the other hand, another group who perceive marital conflicts as chronic and do not consider their efforts to continue life fruitful, also experience the divorce. It can be concluded that women's experience of visiting counseling centers is a step towards solving conflicts.

Participation has often been considered as one of the main components and indicators of development by various thinkers and experts because social life is possible when people interact and cooperate with each other as members of one body. People's participation in the development process is so important that development is basically considered a participatory process because people's participation is the basis of social and economic development. Thematically, participation is divided into political, social, economic, and so on. Although their exact separation is difficult due to their entanglement, overlap, and complementarity, in the present study, economic participation is considered. . The benefits of participating in the development process should go to all individuals or groups involved. One of the groups participating in the development process that should have a fair share of development benefits is the category of women. Because in today's world, overcoming family, economic, cultural, and political crises and achieving sustainable development require the full participation of different groups and women are the first hope for the development of families and the growth and development of their society. Women's success not only benefits the country economically but alsoit creates social and cultural benefits.  

The present study seeks to investigate the semantic understanding of the experience of entrepreneur women regarding economic participation in Shiraz. The purpose of this study is to investigate what entrepreneur women understand about economic participation and what conditions, contexts, and strategies are considered important in this field. This research is based on a qualitative approach using the systematic ground theory method. The method of data collection is the semi-structured interview. The interviewees of the present study were entrepreneur women in Shiraz who were selected through purposive sampling for the interview. A total of 25 interviews were selected. In the interview processcare was taken to conduct the interviews with appropriate quality and  avoiding bias in order to maintain the validity of the research. To assess the reliability, the two experts also coded several interviews and the difference between their coding results was small and negligible.The research data have been analyzed based on Strauss and Corbin’s (2012) three-stage coding approach (open, axial, and selective). The related codes were obtained focusing on a major category of organization and the main categories of research. Discussion of Results and

After analyzing and interpreting the information extracted from the interviews regarding the entrepreneurial model of women in Shiraz, 69 sub-categories and 19 main categories were identified. The findings indicated that broken family interactions, the experience of multiple deprivations, favorable entrepreneurial spirit, and multiple sources of capital are categories that causally affect the economic participation of women entrepreneurs. The resilient femininity, integrated femininity, authoritarian parenting style and support, and lack of family support shaped the ground conditions for the economic participation of entrepreneur women. The institutional disorder, economic disorder, lack of applied skills, and a sexist work environment are interfering factors. Such factors  were effective for economic success and economic participation. Women's entrepreneurship and economic participation could have a variety of consequences including attitudinal changes, identity changes, lifestyle changes, and passive lifestyle changes. Finally, it can be said that women have presented alternative female entrepreneurship as a model of economic participation, as opposed to a model based on masculine structures.

Academic socialization as a process of creating and developing an internal commitment to the norms and values of the academic and academic arena is one of the basic pillars of the production and distribution of science. In other words, science is governed by norms, values and standards that cannot be realized and sustained if members of the scientific community fail to comply. The importance of addressing academic community, in addition to its role in the production of science and the promotion of knowledge, is also important in terms of assessing the quality of universities. In the issue of the quality of universities and higher education institutions, evaluating the mentality of stakeholders involved in education and research is one of the pillars of quality in higher education, without which it would not be possible to assess quality properly and comprehensively. The present study aimed to investigate the Academic Socialization of students and its effective factors in universities of the country. Based on the quantitative approach and internet survey, 482 graduate students from 5 universities of Tehran, Tarbiat Modares, Shahid Beheshti, Shiraz and Ferdowsi have been collected. The results of this study indicate that the general status of academic socialization of graduate students in the five universities studied in the quadruple dimensions of the role of graduate student, role conflict, participation, investment, and professional identity perceptions based on the desirability range. Also, based on structural equation modeling, academic capital and academic self-efficacy have the most impact on academic socialization of graduate students.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the barriers to remarriage among women. Research hypotheses were formulated using economic theories of marriage, social exclusion, changing roles and cultural values. The research method was descriptive and the data were collected by survey method and questionnaire. The statistical population was all widows (divorced and dying wife) 18 to 55 years old Covered by the Relief Committee in Sanandaj. The sample size was 377 according to Krejcie and Morgan table. Sampling was done by simple random method. The hypotheses test results show that there is a significant and direct relationship between the social exclusion and belief in cultural stereotypes with no remarriage variables. There is also a significant and inverse relationship between the modern attitude to remarriage and self-reliance with barriers to remarriage variables. it can be said that Cultural change and the rise of individualistic values, along with financial independence and self-reliance among women, can not only reduce the tendency to remarry, but can also be accelerating factors for remarriage among women.

The purpose of this article is to assess the contribution of the social dimension of subjective well-being to different prevention approaches and programs of substance abuse among adolescents. First, using the survey, the social dimensions of  subjective well-being and attitudes toward the drugs were measured among 670 normal, high-risk and addicted students in Tehran. Then, using a qualitative study of document analysis, the contribution of social dimension of subjective well-being that were effective in the positive attitude toward drug use were studied in the prevention approaches and  interventions of substance abuse among adolescents. Findings indicate that the most attention is paid to social integration and the least attention to social justice. The systematic approach was ranked first in terms of attention to these dimensions, and then the approach of social influence, social approach, competence-enhancing approach, emotional development approach and awareness-raising approach were ranked. Most attention was paid to social acceptance followed by social integration, social participation and, to a lesser extent, social flourishing. Unfortunately, the components of social justice and social security have not been placed anywhere between programs and interventions.

Among development theories, perhaps the theory of modernization can be considered the most sociological one. The main presumption of modernization theory is that changes in material conditions lead to changes in attitudes, values, and lifestyles. One of these material processes is “Urbanization”. The main question of the present study is whether in line with modernization theory, living in a city that has a higher level of socio-economic development than a rural one, has it been a factor that makes women more willing to work or not? In fact, the purpose of this study was to identify the differences between urban and rural women in Isfahan province in their tendency to work in different types of jobs.The main method of conducting this research has been survey, using multi-stage sampling. In the first stage, among the twenty cities of Isfahan province, three cities of Isfahan, Shahreza and Semirom were selected with high, medium and low levels of development. In the second stage, individuals were selected and studied based on two variables of age group and residential area by quota sampling method. The total sample size is 1815, of which 1017 are urban and 798 are rural. In the present study, the tendency of women to 29 jobs in three categories: "Traditional jobs", "Traditional jobs in the new form" and "Modern jobs" was studied. The findings show that although rural women in general are more willing to be employed in a variety of jobs than urban women, this difference in tendency is not significant for most modern jobs. The main finding of the present study is that in the current situation of Iran,modernization and socio-economic development, rather than affecting the level of women's willingness to work, affect the type of their tendency to work in a variety of jobs. Urbanization causes women to be less inclined to work in traditional jobs and to avoid jobs associated with traditional feminine roles.

This article is devoted to designing a model for measuring the social dimensions of subjective well-being. To achieve this goal, availab and related theoretical foundations were studied to provide a proper understanding of this dimension and its indicators and references. Due to the conceptual ambiguity in this field at first different synonyms and definitions were studied. In order to achieve the social dimension of subjective well-being, in addition to studying the documents, interviews were conducted with experts working in this field and were used their views on the design of the model. Finally, six indicators were used to measure this dimension: Social Security, Social Justice, Social Acceptance, Social Integration, Social Actualization, Social Contribution, Social Coherence. Then the model was executed among 700 students in Tehran.
After removing items with a total load of less than 0. 4, the following three conditions were established: 1. The factor loads of the items are all positive and consistent. 2. Factor loads of all items are more than 0. 4. 3. Factor loads obtained at a lower order are larger than the higher order. Finally, a questionnaire with 89 items was obtained for measuring the social dimension of mental well-being. For more explicit analysis of the model, the hidden variables were examined separately. The combined trust coefficient of higher order variables confirms the capability of the model and its components and shows a cutoff point higher than 0. 7:social justice (0. 907), social integration (0. 884), social flourishing (0. 831), Social acceptance (0. 876), social participation (0. 829), social security (0. 806), mental well-being (0. 954).
Validity at factor level and using the Fornell and Larcker index indicate that the factor of the low-order factors, which is the root of the AVE, is higher than all the row and column coefficients in which it is positioned and represents the overall model's audit validity.

The present paper attempted to measure the sense of belonging to the Iranian society and studied its influential factors. The social belonging variable was defined in two dimensions: emotional belonging and practical belonging. For this purpose, we selected 1016 people from the 22 regions of Tehran as our sample and distributed the researcher-made questionnaire to them. The research findings revealed that belongingness in Iranian society is at an average level and the variables of religious belonging, social trust, rationality, and socio-economic status have associations with the belongingness. They also demonstrated that the background variables such as educational level, age, and marital status are related to the dependent variable explained 0/325 changes in emotional belonging and 0/321 in practical belonging. We also realized that rationality and religious belongings had influenced social belonging differently.

This research, by adopting a theoretical and methodology approach of phenomenology, describes the lived experience of girls in Tehran. Data were collected through a deep interview with twenty girls over the age of 18 years with Purposive sampling and analyzed by Smith's six-step technique. From data analysis, there are twelve themes. The themes are: "only-child benefits, re-thinking of position, extreme expectations, feeling alone, need for family support, compensatory alternatives, credit linkage, weakness in emotion management, destructive worries, upbringing manner, self-adjustment, and stereotyping" Which describes the Lived experience of Actors, was extracted. The findings of this study could provide a clear picture of only-child lived experience. In a conclusion, the lived experience actors show that only-child usually in terms of life skills and individual capabilities, different from other and this is often in the form of going to extrmes show. Of course, it should be noted that only-child because of the lack conflict of interests, usually have more Features and prosperity That this Cause in some of the specific themes Listed above.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of ethnicity on mental health, social support and marital satisfaction and rate of spousal abuse in Iranian women. in the form of a causal-comparative study of the population, including women ethnic fars, Lor, kord and tork, 320 women randomly selected (n1 = n2 = n3 = n4 = 80). Research instruments were SCL-90-R, social capital questionnaire (mobarak bakhshayesh, 1389), the scale of spousal abuse (Hudson, 1992), scale of marital satisfaction (schumm, 1986) and demographic questionnaire. Data were analyzed by using the SPSS-20 software and Analysis of covariance was performed. The results of analysis of covariance showed that by control of education, duration of marriage, number of children and family members, spouse education and socio-economic status, there was no significant difference between mental health and its dimensions, in terms of ethnicity. In addition, there was no significant difference in social support and marital satisfaction between women of ethnic fars, Lor, kord and tork. but there was differences in component of sexual abuse. such that the sexual abuse of lor women was significantly more than fars and tork women and in kord women was significantly higher than tork women. Therefore, based on these results, it requires taking into account the role of ethnicity in the occurrence of the domestic violence. this is necessary to Investigate Why the sexual abuse is higher in some ethnic groups and provide appropriate interventions in these areas be addressed.

This research has been carried out on the strengthening of civil society in Iran. Civil society means a coherent, democratic and ethical society, including executive bodies and defined cultural values and it is assumed that the strengthening of this kind of ideal civil society in the first place requires the existence of certain cultural characteristics in the activists. In order to explain this, the concept of "cultural Prerequisites for reinforcing the civil society" was used. Ultimately, research has examined the works of classical and new scholars on the ten cultural elements: equalityism, individualism, discreteness, theoretical rationality, libertarianism, collective belonging, trust, moral discipline, activism, and legalism. These variables are classified in two dimensions of independence and convergence. In this research, by collecting data from 1016 Tehrani citizens, the variables were studied and it was found that these elements are relatively low. On the other hand, there is a moderate and negative relationship between the two dimensions of convergence and independence. The two independent variables of religious affiliation and education are the most important variables affecting the two main concepts that indicate a kind of social disruption.

In recent decades, Iran has experienced significant fertility decline. The sharp decline in fertility in Iran, has attracted the attention of many experts and much research has been done in this area. This article is a review of research on fertility decline in the two decades leading up to 1390. The purpose is to combine fertility decline research results to achieve a macro analysis and integration of research results. This article reviews the findings of 50 research titles, which have been screened and selected by multiple criteria. In this review, the research is presented in the form of four components (time interval, researcher gender, type of source and specialized domain of authors) and their methodology in the form of three components (research method, statistical population and sample size) and research findings as the most frequent determinant of fertility decline in Iran, it is mentioned. The results show that the theory of population transition is the main theoretical topic during several decades of demographic studies in Iran. In these studies, the explain the sharp decline in Iranian fertility has been studied through structural components. Also, a review of these studies shows that most of them, with a small sample size and a different statistical population, have traversed the same, common path and achieved almost identical results. Therefore, changing the statistical population or Sample and repeating the structural determinants of fertility reduction in several studies does not lead to any knowledge in this field.

This study aimed to investigate the impact of social background of students on two important aspects of behaviors related to health that are feeding and sport. The sample is gathered among gifted and ordinary students of Rasht city. There were 2 schools for gifted students that belong to boys and girls and also for ordinary students. After all, sample volume reached at 101 gifted and 118 ordinary students. For achieving more accurate and deeper data, 54 parents of first group and 74 of second were included. For making sure of maximum accuracy of findings, associative triangulation was used. The results show that gifted students are rooted in petit-bourgeois class and the subclass which owns high cultural capital. These people, in food, pay attention in Form, Presentation and healthiness and in sports look for being unique, and the effects which it has on the soul and body. In contrast, ordinary students who go to public schools have origins in worker class and follow the taste of necessity. For them, the most important features in foods are those who relate to energy and in sports, those who need high power and few requirements are in high priority.

Nowadays, information and communication technologies such as virtual social networks have led to a dramatic change in the social and cultural issues.This study used secondary analysis of 21 research works over the last few years in the field of social network Facebook Ajam, the basis for analyzing the data.This paper aims to identify the extent and type of changes that marked the presence and interaction in Facebook on identity, lifestyle, youth, religious and social relationships have been established.The results indicate that Iranian youth engagement through the use of Facebook in the social and cultural changes have been exposed.Through the use of Facebook, a modern identities reflexively growth and reduce the situation of national identity, cultural and political identity has ended.Use Facebook users has increased social interactions and social capital. The Facebook lifestyles of young people to new forms of digital life grafted makes people pay more attention to your body and change the way users are leisure.Besides, Facebook reduces religious identity, religious commitment and faith is its young users .Finally, we mention the results Bhvqv a problem or a social problem in the context of national identity, cultural and political identity and religious commitment has proposed the use of virtual social networks.

The purpose of this paper is to study the experiences of 30 to 49 year- old working girls about Celibacy. The major question of the study is whether
re-definition of sexual identity among educated working girls have made them to prefer singleness to marriage.
A phenomenological version of qualitative method were applied in the study. The data were collected by using deep interviews. The participants were single working girls aging between 30 to 49 years old who were living in Isfahan. The findings showed that the preference of singleness to marriage in recent decades is affected by mega social conditions in one hand and on the other hand, it is a result of actors’ reaction in social sphere. Working girls in rethinking on traditional stereotyped roles and re-definition of gender identity, have created a new picture for them which have changed their expectations in their lives, as well.
Although through choosing Celibacy girls face with many problems, by resisting toward life structural stress they organize their lives as they wish. In fact, chosen singleness means they keep all facilities which had been obtained with much effort by education and job.

out how women problematicity is in the recent decade in the cinema of Iran and through what mechanisms subordination of women is formed in the society. Despite changes in situation of women in the representation system of Iranian movies referred to as “gender ideology blurring”, women's position in the cinema of Iran is still controversial and women are still a problematic stratum in the society. Proposing such a claim, the researchers in this study made an attempt to analyze two movies, i.e. “About Elly” and “Nader and Simin, A Separation”. Using semiotics and Ferdinand de Saussure analysis techniques of paradigmatic and Syntagmatic, it has been tried to find The results of the study revealed that in spite of employment, personal autonomy and appropriate academic and social position, the problematic of femininity could initially be raised by “gender ritual-like representation” subordinately. Moreover, the findings of the study indicated that the subordination mechanisms of women were rendered more mysterious, dangerous and secretive so that the modern represented woman has been characterized and found an identity with moral stigma including treachery, infidelity, lack of commitment, secrecy, lying and selfishness. In addition, the characterization and representation system of the recent decade associated family instability and breakdown with self-centered individualism of women and noted the destructive side of the subject, namely the modern woman of the Iranian society repeatedly and emphatically.

The purpose of this article is the meta-analysis of the studies couducted about ethnic problems in Iran. To collect necessary data, the authors used relevant keywords, consulted the universities graduate theses and visited relevant websites. Finaly, the studies which met the specified criteria were selected and necessary data to test hypotheses were extracted by a questionnaire prepared by the authors. 10 studies were selected for the calculation of effect size statistics and other necessary information. To calculate these effects, the authors used CMA2 registered software and analyzed the assumptions. The results show that in total, indentified independent variables were effective on political mobilization, integration and national identity. The combined effect size was 0.708 (0.708d =) that was statistically significant. Since this amount is in the range of 0.8 to 0.7 it is assessed in accordance with the category average Cohen. The results also show that variables such as a theoretical foundation, respecting the customs, traditions, religion and language of ethnic groups, appointing ethnic elite in political positions or adopting an interactive approach by government, emphasizing commonalities and differences between religions and feeling economic and cultural discrimination, have been statistically effective on the political mobilization for ethnic integration and national identity. It can be concluded that to achieve political mobilization for ethnic integration, national identity and national solidarity, reducing economic deprivation and discrimination, emphasizing religious commonalities and respecting the language and customs and laws related to ethnic groups should be considered.

Elections could be boosted or undermined under various factors, one of which is mass media in general, and IRIB in particular. The present article aims to study the role of IRIB in the electoral behavior of Isfahan citizens. A survey was conducted through a researcher-made questionnaire with a quota sampling of 384 individuals aging above 18 residing in 14 main districts of the city in the first half of the year 1391 (Iranian calendar). The findings indicate that IRIB has influenced the level of participation in elections. Furthermore, there is no significant relationship between intra-organizational factors and people’s electoral behavior, however, there is a positive and direct relationship between independent variables such as religiosity, education, extra-organizational factors, age on the one hand, and electoral behavior on the other. There was an inverse relationship between social-economic status of people and electoral behaviors. The level of women participation was more than men’s.

Development of studies on the urban, environment and conservation of natural resources, due to increase of urbanization as common lifestyles of citizens, has improved the sustainable urbanization approach that tries to improve human interaction with nature for sound behavior. Cities are the origins of consumerism and consequently irregular use of natural resources and energies. The consumerism also leads to the production of waste and garbage that goes beyond recycling and reconstruction tolerance of the environment. The origin of this idea is that consumer habits and the used technologies affect the environment. Ecological footprint represents the difference between what nature offers us to use for live, and what we consumes. Concept of re-loaded resources presented by ecological footprint approach is a key factor in sustainable development of human societies. Increasing instability due to changes in natural resources is a serious threat to the ecosystems because they lose the ability and opportunity to rebuild and re-load. Through this approach we are able to do individual and collective actions for environmental conservation and responsible behavior about it. Each person can control their usage and reduce the amount of ecological footprint. This case requires sufficient knowledge about the environment and the impact of human behaviors on. The behavior based on environment protection, including consumer behavior to create a lifestyle, involves a pattern of behavior that has been coordinated with ecosystems and will not disrupt the natural cycles. Total average per capita ecological footprint (EF) is calculated by adding all the ecosystem areas assigned for each individual to fill his/her annual shopping basket of consumption goods and services. Ultimately, the ecological footprint of the study population (EFp) is obtained by multiplying the average per capita footprint in population size (N). Due to the differences in styles, habits and generally the lifestyle of people around the world it is not easily possible to provide a global standard questionnaire to calculate the footprint. Thus, researchers according to the lifestyle of people in different countries have designed questions to measure this indicator. Tabriz is the largest city in the west and northwest of Iran. Due to its political and industrial centrality and its focus on economic, industry, university, high level of expertise and service and free trade zones, Tabriz City has a wide sphere of influence on the region. Despite natural limitations to provide the population of Tabriz, as the only metropolitan area in northwest Iran with the required resources, the borders of the city have expanded more than five times in the recent decades. This rapid growth in the past decades has led to unsustainable urban development. The available physical and natural pressures and various types of pollutions as the most threatening environmental hazards in this region with some conditions such as population density, mass consumption, rubbish production, and a lot of different lifestyles has made this city a suitable case for the study of sustainable urbanization. This research has an applied method and statistical population is Tabriz citizens between 15 to 75 years old; data was collected by questionnaire with the samples selected by utilizing multi step cluster sampling. The dependent variable was measured by the questionnaire designed for calculating personal ecological footprint according to the characteristics and living conditions of the people in Middle East and the Mediterranean basin. The variable of consumption and its constructive components were extracted based on dignity consumption, craving consumption and consumption. Reliability and validity measured by the coefficient of KMO and Cronbach’s Alpha have appropriate values. The results of this test for dependent variable show KMO = 0.761, with sig=0.000. This KMO value indicates that the number of items and their classification based on factor analysis can be appropriate for this variable. The value of variable based on calculated variance was 53.58 percent. This index for the consumption was KMO =0.912, with sig =0.000. Cronbach’s coefficient was calculated for studying the reliability of survey instrument, its amount for dependent variable is a= 0.780 and is a= 0.891, for independent variable. Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated to test the relationship between ecological footprint and consumption. The results show that the calculated correlation coefficient is 0.664 and significant at 99% of confidence level. This means that there is a positive correlation between the ecological footprint and consumption. The results also show that there is significant and positive relationship between the independent variable and components of dependent variable. There is a strong relationship between consumer lifestyles and consumption. Pearson correlation coefficient calculated for this component was 0.578 and significant at 99% of confidence level. Regression analysis was used to determine the contribution of lifestyle as the independent variable to explain and predict its effects on dependent variable and also explain the contribution of independent variable to predict changes in the ecological footprints components. The results also indicate that the consumer lifestyle affect all the components of ecological footprint. The most impact is observed on the good consumption, services and then transportation component. The results show that the EF mean of Tabriz citizens is 58.66 percent of defined scale, which is slightly more than the average value. Investigating the constructive components of the dependent variable showed that the studied citizens obtained 80 percent of score in the component of reusable consumption goods have left the largest value of EF in not using the reusable goods. Obviously recycling the reusable goods decrease the amount of consumption and ultimately leads to less use of natural resources and the environmental damage. In transportation aspect, Tabriz citizens obtained 70 percent of the maximum obtainable score on the defined scale in this component. This has a relatively high footprint, leading to air pollution due to the production and distribution of emissions from fossil fuel consumption. Public transportation sector has a dominant role in fuel consumption and air pollution in cities. In other aspects of consumption, such as food and energy consumption, the obtained scores were higher than the obtainable mean for each component. It seems that the private car attraction and becoming a kind of social status on the one hand and the serious shortcomings in public transportation system, on the other hand, are the main reasons for this approach. Consumer behavior creates a lifestyle that can be preserve or harm to the environment. Environmental lifestyle includes patterns of behavior that are harmonious with the environment and do not disrupt the environmental cycles. The main issue is that such actions require the more environmental cognation and more environmental beliefs and knowledge about environmental subjects. In this case, most people will be careful of individual actions to deal effectively with the environment. Recommendations: Based on these findings, it is recommended as following: use of durable goods, which are frequently consumed, should be promoted to reduce the demand for consumption. The quantity and quality of public transport must be increased to reduce uses of personal vehicle and special paths should be designed to promote biking and walking. Small and medium-sized areas with a variety of urban tissues have to be designed for reducing the needs for motorized transportation within the urban areas, and establishing a responsible behavior towards environment protection in the higher classes. This should lead to emulating of these behaviors of the lower classes to affect the reduction of ecological footprint. It can be lead to decreases in non-responsible behavior towards the environment and decreases in ecological footprint.