بهرام محمدی گلرنگ

  In arid and semi-arid areas, due to the lack of proper management of renewable natural ‎resources, not only the proper utilization of water and soil resources is not done, but also ‎water becomes a natural disaster, and every year, floods cause many human and financial losses. One of the integrated methods of flood control operations is flood spreading. This method improves the status of utilization of water and soil resources, plant cover, and artificial ‎recharge of groundwater. ‎Sediments that are carried with the flood, deposit in flood spreading region and may change the physical and chemical properties of soil over time. The most serious danger which threatens the flood spreading networks and artificial recharge ‎schemes is the reduction of the infiltration of soil due to sedimentation. ‎‎The most important factor affecting the performance of flood spreading systems is the ‎amount of input sediment into the spreading canals, its depositing on the surface and ‎accumulation in the depth of soil, which can change the physical and chemical properties of the soil. In this regard, current research was conducted to investigate the role of input sediments into flood ‎spreading field, determine the penetration depth of sediments and the spatial pattern of ‎physical and chemical changes in soil. ‎ Kashmar flood spreading station is located in 17 km east of Kashmar, in the longitude of 58° 38' to 58° 40' of the east and latitude of 35° 15' to 35° 39' of the north. This research was conducted in the first Phase of Kashmar flood spreading. ‎ In this research, the first five channels of dewatering were divided into three study networks ‎‎(outset, middle, and end), and the upstream of the spreading flood arena was considered as the control sample. In each grid, three points were selected as repeat tests and soil profiles were drilled with a depth ‎of 1 m. In each soil profile, the soil samples from 0-50 and 50-100 cm depths were provided. At the test site, soil infiltration was determined using double rings. After transferring soil samples to the lab, the soil texture (clay, silt and sand percentages) was determined by the hydrometer method. In the laboratory, the value of the chemical parameters of the soil, including soil acidity (PH), electrical conductivity (EC), bicarbonate (HCO3ˉ), sulfate (SO4-2), chlorine (Cl), potassium (K+), and sodium (Na+) were measured. The effects of flood spreading on the physical and chemical ‎properties of soil in spreading filed were investigated with the factorial experiment in a completely randomized ‎block design. ‎ The results of the analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between the ‎soil infiltration in channels 1 to 5 and the control arena at the probability level of 1%. However, there was no significant difference (p=%5) in soil infiltration in the start, middle, ‎and end sections of the channels. ‎ In channels 1 to 5 and in the control arena, there was no significant difference (p=%5) in the amount of sand, silt, and clay. Flood spreading increased the amount of the clay in the depths of the channels compared to the control area. The Analysis of the variance showed all chemical properties of the soil. Except potassium, there was a significant difference (p=%1) between the dewatering channel and the control field. ‎The amount of the variables did not change in the second depth compared to the control arena. The interaction ‎effect between the depth and channel was not significant at 5% probability level. ‎ Thus, flood spreading did not change the chemical characteristics of soil in depth.
Discussion and The rate of the soil infiltration in spreading channel reduced 4.3 times of soil infiltration in the control arena. The least infiltration was observed in channels 1 and 2 due to the proximity of these channels to the source of flood and deposition of more suspended load on the surface‎ of the soil. Because the suspended load of floods increased the clay particles and reduced the macro porosity, it decreased the soil infiltration. Flood spreading caused an increase of 1.5% in the soil acidity of the channels compared to the ‎control arena. ‎ A 30% reduction in electrical conductivity was observed in the first two and third channels, compared to the control arena‎. The amount of HCO3-, Cl-, SO4-2, and Na+ reduced in the first, second, and third channels but increased in the fourth and fifth channels. The amount of potassium in all channels decreased compared to the control samples but this decrease ‎was not significant‎. In general, flood spreading in Kashmar site caused the diminution of soil infiltration, which had a negative effect on flood spreading system. Therefore, it is recommended that water spreading channels are plowed every year to increase soil ‎permeability. ‎

The degree of public participation in development programs is a major determinant of success or failure of the programs, but the factors which make people participate still remain unknown. Many studies have developed numerous and sometimes different views concerning the dimensions of participation. The present study is designed to analyze people's participation in soil and water resources management programs by using the framework of social exchange theory.
Regarding the importance of the watershed plans on one hand and extensive effects of these plans in the rural regions on the other hand, the main purpose of this descriptive – corrective survey is to identify and analyze the effect of watershed plans implemented in Kushk-Abad village in Khorasan Razavi province. The basic purpose of this study is to analyze the factors influencing rural people’s participation in National Resource Projects for Sustainable Management of Watershed Management Program (WMP) in Kardeh Dam Basin.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK : The framework of this study is based on social exchange theory. The central idea of social exchange theory is that the exchange of social and material resources is a fundamental form of human interaction. This theory basically asserts that people develop attitudes toward other people and things in the context of anticipated personal benefits and costs to be derived from contacting with them. Activities that generate net benefits will tend to be perceived positively, while those activities that generate net losses will tend to be perceived negatively. Social exchange theory poses that all human relations are formed by the use of a subjective cost-benefit analysis and the comparison of alternatives. For social exchange theorists, when the costs and benefits are equal in a relationship, then, that relationship is defined as equitable. The notion of equity is a core part of social exchange theory.
The statistical population includes head of households who dwell in Kardeh village and participated in this project. The statistical population of this study consisted of all the heads of households of Kushk-Abad village (N= 1250). Based on Kerjcie and Morgan Table, a sample of 200 person was selected using simple random sampling. Data were collected from face-to-face interviews with respondents based on a structured questionnaire. The main instrument of the survey was a questionnaire whose validity was established by an experts’ panel consisting of specialists in natural resources extension. It's reliability was established by calculating Coronbach’s alpha coefficient for measuring level of rural people’s participation in WMP. A pilot study was conducted to establish reliability of the questionnaire. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was used for the main scale of questionnaire, which scored more than 0.85, confirming its appropriate reliability. Collected data were analyzed using the SPSS win18 software.
The findings of research showed that household size, times of traveling to town, level of participation in previous projects, awareness of plan goals, awareness of degradation impacts of natural resources, need to social solidarity, contact with technical experts, and visiting sample projects are positively and significantly (p

The recent studies in most of the countries show the impact of a large number of factors including: satisfaction, knowledge, condition, individual particulars, population specifications and behavioral variables in the people's participation. The important issue is that whether such variables are effective on the amount of people's participation in Iran? The objective of this study is to review the effective relationship factors on the farmer's knowledge in applying the Watershed Management Program(WMP) operations in Kooshkabad catchment area located in Khorasan Razavi Province in Iran (85 km2). The main objective of this study is to evaluate the factors which are effective on the people's participation in Iran. The total population of the under study catchment area is 1250 people (n=1250), in which 200 persons were selected by classified random sampling method (n=200). In fact, this research is designed to study the relationship between the awareness about Watershed Management Program (WMP) and level of participation in WMP in Iran. To this end, a provisional research was performed and its data were gathered through the interview with the residents of 6 villages at the downstream part of Karde dam catchment area. The knowledge and participation scale in watershed management operations is 0.90 and 0.92 respectively, which about half of farmers have the knowledge about watershed management operations and the participation level was at an intermediate level and there is a positive and significant relationship between the farmer's knowledge about watershed management program. Although, based on the findings, the level of social participation of people is more than the economical and environmental participation, in addition the findings show that the knowledge level of respondents about such operations has been low up to medium level and participation in it has a positive and meaningful relationship with the knowledge of such operations. ( r= 0.611, P=0.000) .

The purpose of this study is to assess Farmers’ attitude toward the soil conservation practices in the Kushk-Abad catchment basins in the province of Khorasan Razavi. A sample of 200 farmers was randomly selected from 1200 farmers living in Kardeh catchment basin. Data collection was done through a questionnaire that was administered in 2014. Validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts. To assess the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach’s alpha was used. This coefficient for adoption level of sustainble soil conservation practices was 0.84. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics such as extent of mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, correlation analysis. The results showed a medium level of soil conservation use by most farmers. It was also found that there is a significant positive correlation between the amount of communication channels, information resources, and access to the IT infrastructures use with our dependent variable i.e. soil conservation implementation. The hierarchical regression analysis was applied in two steps to determine the predictive variables of soil conservation practices which, at the first step, the variables pertaining to the amount of communication channels and information resources were entered followed by variables of access to the ICT infrastructures on the second step as the independent variable.

Knowledge of forage production is one of the most important factors in range management program. Direct measurement of forage production is rather expensive and time consuming. The major objective of this study was to fit a model and to estimate the annual forage production of 19 shrub and forbs species. In Kashmar flood spreading area of Khorasan province. Annual forage production of 30 plants of each species were measured and compared with measurements of plant height and crown diameter at flowering stages and multiplication of the values of these two factors. Results showed that plant height times crown diameter in all species except Poa bulbosa and Polygonum arenastrum are a good estimation of forage yield and dry matter production. In general there was a positively significant linear relationship between forage production and crown diameter or plant height * crown diameter for all species under study (P< 0.05). An exponential model for forage production of Scoriala orientalis, Artemisia siberi and poteropyrum olivieri were detected. These results suggest that a linear or exponential model based on annual growth (height and crown diameter) is a good estimation of forage production if adequate sampling and suitable time is considered.

Understanding the relation between the plants,The environmental factors and the other living creatures is a necessary problem in preserving the constancy in all eco-systems.Man in order to cope his needs, has used the natural resources and during thousands of years using the eco-system had been effective in changing them. In this research having the vegetation map of this area which had been provided by Macgoven Australian co,The map of plant type in 1372 using G.I.S has been provided and the changes in plant cover during this period were evaluated. Comparing the two maps,The result was that among the 20 recognized types in 1352, 3 types because of grazing and other factors have been completely wiped out, and the other types have been changed into newer types or there are some changes in the variance of some other types. In plant coverage studying, in order to specify the range condition trend,the methods of: 1) Four factorial metuod. 2) clipping and weighing method. 3)trend method were used. Using Trend method and comparing the plant cover condition in 1352 and 1372, we came to the result that there is no positive trend in any types. In 8 types, the trends are constant and in 9, the negative trends have been reported. In order to explain the 17 trends in 1372,the map of range condition trend in G.I.S system has been drawn.