بهنام فیروزی

Saffron is one of the most important pharmaceutical plants in the world due to its valuable secondary metabolites. The aim of this study is to investigate the different factors on callus induction and growth in saffron corm explants. In the first experiment, saffron corms surface were sterilized and were excised to equal segments, then they were treated with ultrasound and then they were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2 mg.L-1 auxin (NAA and 2,4-D) and 0.5 mg.L-1 Kinetin. In the second experiment, the effect of temperature, light and chitosan were evaluated. The results of analysis of variance showed that there were significant differences (P≤0.05) among temperature, light, chitosan as well as ultrasound treatments in terms of callus induction percentage and fresh weight of callus. Callus induction and growth on MS medium containing 2 mg.L-1 NAA + 0.5 mg.L-1 Kin was higher than those containing 2 mg.L-1 2,4 -D +0.5 mg.L-1 Kin. In MS medium containing 2,4-D which had low callus induction and callus growth rate, utilization of ultrasound stimulated callus induction and especially it stimulated callus growth from saffron corm explants. In addition, in MS medium containing 2,4-D, utilization of 0.25 g.L-1 chitosan stimulated callus induction and increased callus induction of saffron corm explants. However, increasing chitosan concentration from 0.25 mg.L-1 to 0.75 g.L-1 decreased callus induction and callus growth, while, in MS medium containing NAA, which had efficient callus induction and growth, utilization of these treatments reduced callus induction and callus growth from saffron corm explants. In other words, the effect of ultrasound and chitosan on response of saffron explants in vitro cultures was used, depending on the type of auxin used in composition of the culture medium. Generally, the highest percentage of callus induction occurred on MS medium supplemented with 2 mg.L-1 NAA + 0.5 mg.L-1 Kin and incubated at 25 ºC in the dark, which could be suitable for in vitro culture and gene transfer studies in saffron.

In this study, control design of a T shaped mass connected to the clamped-clamped microbeam excited by electrostatic actuation is investigated. The actuation force is generated by applying an electric voltage between the horizontal part of T shaped mass and an opposite electrode plate. In this model, the micro-beam is modeled by Euler-Bernoulli theory as a continuous beam. The T-shaped assembly connected to the the microbeam is assumed as a rigid body and nonlinear effect of electrostatic force is considered. Equations of motion and associated boundary condition are derived using the Lagrange’s principle. The differential equation of nonlinear vibration around the static position is discretized using Galerkin method.. The discretized equations are solved by the perturbation theory. To improve the dynamics behavior of systems, nonlinear control feedback has been presented. The controller regulates the pass band of microcantilever and analytically approximate the nonlinear resonance frequency and amplitudes of the periodic solutions when the microcantilever is subjected to one point and fully distributed feedback forces. The results of paper may be used for improving the design of mass sensors based on nonlinear jump phenomena.

An optimal control is designed for damping the unwanted vibrations of an electrostatically actuated micro-system. The goal is using feasible methods to decrease the settling time and overshoot of the response. This configuration consists of an electro-statically actuated micro-plate attached to the end of a micro-cantilever. The DC voltage is applied between the micro-plate and the opposite electrode micro-plate. This DC voltage causes an electrostatic force. In this model micro cantilever is considered as a continuous medium for which Euler-Bernoulli beam theory can be implemented. The plate is considered as a rigid body, and the electrostatic force is a nonlinear function of the displacement and the applied voltage underneath the micro-plate. The equation of motion is derived using Newton’s second law. In order to extract the corresponding state space and control the system in a closed loop way, exact method is used to reduce related partial differential equation of the systems into a set of two ordinary differential equations and the resultant state space is linearized about the operating point. The linearized state space is then optimized using the linear-quadrant regulator. Efficiency and applicability of the mentioned controller is investigated using comparative analyzing method.

In order to evaluate drought tolerance and genetic variation in barley genotypes based on morpho-physiological traits and molecular markers, an experiment carried out in split plot based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) in three replications. Main factor was the different levels of irrigation included continuous irrigation as control, 2/3 and 1/3 continuous irrigation and secondary factor included 18 barley genotypes. Analysis of variance showed considerable variation among genotypes for the measured traits. Also, the Genotype×Stress interaction had significant effect on grain number per spike, protein content, proline content, carotenoid content, chlorophyll a, b and yield. In ISSR markers analysis 9 primers used that were totally produced 61 bands, where 50 bands were polymorphic. The mean PIC and MI indices were obtained for all primers were 0.46 and 2.6, respectively. High value of these indices showed high performance of certain primers for synchronized analysis of more bands. At current study, primer 2 with PIC index of 0.57 was the best primer for evaluation of genetic variation amon the studied barley genotypes. At well watered level (control), the highest significant correlations found between markers and morphological traits related to P5L5 and the highest correlation among markers and physiological traits were related to P16L2 markers. At 2/3 well watered condition the highest significant correlations between markers and morphological were related to P5L5 and P9L5, and also among marker and physiological traits belonged to P13L4 and P5L5 markers. According to cluster analysis, the genotypes were classified into four clusters. The first clusters included three genotypes Licivi, Sahand and FA1-2. Also, the genotypes F-GRB-84-11,F-GRB-85-5,PALLIDUM48//NORDIC…¡.GLORIA-BAR/COPAL//.., Dasht and Sahra were located in second cluster and third cluster containing genotypes CHAMICO/TOCTE// CONGONA (a), CHAMICO/TOCTE//CONGONA(d) CONGONA/BORR and the other genotypes were located in the fourth cluster. Overall of indices and studied traits, it seems that among the studied genotypes the genotypes STIPA/PETUNIA//KOLLA/BBSC (a) and CHAMICO/TOCETE//CONGONA (a) for irrigated areas and the Sahand genotype for rainfed areas are suitable genotypes.

In this study, the genetic diversity of Aegilops biuncialis ecotypes, a wild ancestor of wheat, was studied in terms of seed storage proteins using SDS-PAGE and A-PAGE electrophoresis. Nei’s genetic variation for the high molecular weight glutenin (HMW) and for the low molecular weight (LMW) was estimated as 21.40% and 27.30%, respectively. Variation in protein bands for LMW was greater than the HMW proteins. The ecotypes of Marand, Maku, Pars Abad, Varzeqan and Shabestar had a band above to HMW-2, and ecotypes of Marand, Maku and Germi had the band between HMW-7 and HMW-8. ω-gliadin proteins had the most diverse bands, and the lowest variability was observed in the γ region. Due to the existence of γ-45 and γ-43.5 bands and high rate of bands in ω region as indicators for high gluten quality, Ae. biuncialis can be used in breeding programs to improve the quality of wheat flour. Using cluster analysis, the ecotypes were separated as three groups. So that the ecotypes of Marand, Maku and Shabestar were located in the first group, the ecotypes of Varzeqan and Ahar in the second group and the ecotypes of Germi, Pars Abad, Meshkin Shahr and Ardabil were located in the third group. The lowest genetic distance was observed between ecotypes of Meshkin shahr and Ardabil and the highest genetic distance between ecotypes of Ahar with Meshkin shahr and Shabestar and between Maku and Pars Abad ecotypes.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a major staple food crop for more than one third of the world population and is the main staple food of Asia. Over 800 million hectares of land throughout the world are salt affected. Salinity is a major obstacle to food production because it substantially reduces the average yield of major crops. This study was conducted to evaluate the response of 24 cultivars and genotypes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to NaCl salinity at early seedling growth and correlation between affected morphophysiological traits and molecular markers. Genotypes grew in hydroponic nutrient solution, under control (tap water) and salt stress (45 and 90 mM NaCl) conditions. Results of ANOVA analysis showed that there are significant difference (in one percent P-value) between genotypes and all of measured traits in different levels of salinity. A total of 20 RAPD and 34 ISSR primers were tested to investigate genetic diversity in 24 wheat genotypes. Of these, only 15 ISSR and 6 RAPD primers produced polymorphic bands and were further used for genetic diversity and regression analysis. Cluster analysis was performed based on jaccard coefficient and all genotypes were divided into 4 groups. Average genetic distance between genotypes was 0.486, showed that there is considerable variation among these genotypes. Regression analysis, also, revealed that there are significant relations between measured traits and using markers were investigated.

In order to evaluation of the relationship among protein markers and traits such as proline content variation، quantum efficiency of photosystem II and field viability index، 20 genotypes of barely were studied in a randomized complete block design in the greenhouse experiment. Plants were transferred to springhouse at the four leaf stage and were located at the temperature of 4°C for three weeks. The leaves were sampled، before and after the adaptation phase، to measure proline amount and quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm). Then freezing treatments were applied by temperatures of -4، -7، -10، -13 and -16. Also، these genotypes were planted in the field to determine the parameters of LT50 and FSI. According to our findings، some significant relations between protein markers and freezing resistance in hordeum vulgar was determined. According to A-PAGE technique، The obtained results showed decreasing trends in quantum efficiency of photosystem II، respectively، during adaptation phase. It was found significantly negative correlations between FSI and LT50 (-0. 601). Cluster analysis classified by FSI، LT50، proline، Fv/Fm، the genotypes of F-A1-1، F-A1-2، F-A2-11 and F-GRB-85-5 and cultivars of Sahra، Sahand، Dasht and Makooii were located in group that had a high value of FSI and LT50. In this recearch، Makooii knowened as the most resistant veriety because of LT50= -17. 66 and high FSI value. Based on regression analysis، there are relationship among four markers and LT50. Our results showed that we can introduce these markers as selection of the resistant lines.

Drought stress is one of the most important environmental abiotic stresses that reduces crop yield especially in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. One of the useful strategies in regard to plant breeding for drought resistance is maintaining and exploiting the diversity that exists amongst different varieties. In order to identify the sources of resistance and drought tolerance indices، 39 varieties of spring wheat were cultivated in a split plot design with 3 replications in the Research Field of Faculty of Agricultur، Mohaghegh Ardabili University، Iran. Stress levels، which were arranged as the main plots، included control (full irrigation)، 2/3 of irrigation requirement and 1/3 of irrigation requirement. Varieties were considered as sub plots. Under 2/3 irrigation، Sepahan، karaj3، Bahar and Yavaroos were the best varieties in terms of the Stress Tolerance Index (STI)، Geometric Mean Productivity (GMP) and Harmonic Mean Productivity (HARM) indices; whereas under 1/3 irrigation، Hirmand، Bahar، Yavaroos and Marvdasht were the best ones based on the mentioned indices. Under non- stressed (control) conditions، the greatest grain yield correlation coefficient was obtained with STI، GMP and HARM، respectively، while under 2/3 irrigation، the greatest grain yield correlation coefficient was obtained with HARM، GMP and STI indices، respectively. Moreover، based on the biplot graph resulted from principle component analysis، in 2/3 irrigation، Moghan1، Golestan، Kavir، Maroon، Karkheh، Chanaab، Germezak، Tajan، Bahar and Sepahan; and in 1/3 irrigation، Golestan، Germezak، Niknejad، Maroon، Darab، Falat، Arta، Marvdasht، Bahar and Hirmand were the most tolerant genotypes.

In this investigation, the standard type tests performed on the LiF:Mg,Ti chip samples which have been produced in Iran. The dosimetry tests are consisting of sensitivity, homogeneity, linearity, reproducibility, minimum measurable dose (MMD), self and residual doses. The obtained results show that some of the tests such as sensitivity, minimum measureable dose, self and residual doses fulfill the criteria given by IEC 61066 and ASTM E668 standards; however, the remaining tests show some discrepancies in comparison with the standards. Also the sensitivity was measured to be 0.92 of that of commercially available TLD-100 (Harshaw) sample. So, the produced LiF:Mg,Ti dosimeter can be used in a routine personal/environmental and medical dosimetry with considering its precision.