فهرست مطالب توحید سیف برقی

Sudden cardiac death in sport, although rare, but is a tragic event, attracting the media and public attention. Sport and exercise may act as a trigger for sudden cardiac death. Risk of sudden death in young athletes with cardiovascular disease is 2.5 times more frequent than non-athlete individuals. More than 90% of cases of sudden death occur during or immediately after training or competition. Incidence of sudden cardiac death in any population, including athletes, is related to multiple factors such as gender, age, race, nationality, diagnostic screening methods and preventive measures for sudden cardiac death. Otherwise, incidence rate of sudden cardiac death is linked to the used definition and method of diagnosis. Different cardiovascular disorders may result in death of young athletes and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, congenital coronary anomalies, arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia and aortic rupture are among the most common causes. Marfan syndrome, dilated cardiomyopathy, viral myocarditis, Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome, congenital long QT syndrome, Brugada syndrome and commotio cordis are reported as other etiologies. In older athletes (more than 35 years), ischemic coronary heart disease is responsible for majority of the cases similar to the general population. Because the outcome of sudden cardiac arrest in sports is very poor except in few cases, proper national strategies are needed to diminish the burden of sudden death in young athletes. It seems that there are two main strategies to achieve this goal: A) Primary prevention with use of purposeful pre-participation evaluation programs. This evaluation should focuss on the proper history and physical examination. Nevertheless, there is significant debate between American and European countries regarding the use of paraclinical investigations (especially ECG). American heart association does not recommend ECG as an essential part of evaluation. In contrast, European society of cardiology and international olympic committee advocate ECG for all athletes younger than 35 years. However, all evaluations should be based on national, generally accepted standards and done by well-educated experts. B) Setting evidence-based and updated protocols for early and effective cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), attendance of well equipped medical staff and early access to automated external defibrillator (AED) in all sport events and implementing CPR education in all coaching training courses.

Previous studies showed that FIFA program reduces soccer player's sport injuries considerably, but there is limited information about the effect of this program on physical fitness of soccer players. Thus, the aim of this clinical trial was to study the effect of 11 program on performance and physical fitness of adolescent soccer players. 82 soccer players (aged between 14 and 16) from 4 teams participated in this study. The teams were randomly divided into two groups: control and training. Training group participated in 30 weeks of FIFA 11 comprehensive program. The player's performance was measured by a test collection. The players of both groups were tested one week prior to and one week following match season (an interval of 30 weeks). Data were analyzed by ANOVA with repeated measures 2x2. Analysis of data showed a significant group x time interaction in Sargent vertical jump test and Bosco repetitive jumping test. The training group showed more improvement than control group in these tests. But no significant differences were observed in pretest and posttest of Illinois agility, 40 and 20 yards speed, yoyo intermittent recovery level 1, sit and reach and dribbling tests between training and control groups. This study demonstrated that FIFA 11 warm-up comprehensive program can increase Sargent vertical jump and anaerobic power of lower extremity muscles in adolescent soccer players but it did not influence other factors of physical fitness and performance.

Previous studies showed FIFA comprehensive warm up program reduce sport injuries but to date there is limited information on how such programs affect dynamic balance of soccer players. To study the effects of a structured injury prevention program، 11+، on dynamic balance among adolescent male soccer players between 14 and 16 years of age. Sixty six adolescence players (34 training، 32 control) aged 14-16 with no lower extremity injury from four youth male amateur soccer teams were included in the cluster randomized controlled trial. The teams were randomized two and two in control and training groups. Training-group subjects participated in a 30 weeks FIFA comprehensive warm up program 11+ that included plyometrics، core muscle strengthening، balance، and running exercises. These exercise performed at least twice a week as warm up. The control group performed its’ usual training. Dynamic balance was evaluated with Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT). The SEBT was administered prior to and following 30 weeks of 11+ program in the training and control groups. Data was analyzed with separate 2×2 repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). The between-subjects variable was group (2 levels: control، training) and the within-subject variable was time (2 levels: pre، post). Paired sample t-test and t-test for independent groups used to analyze within and between subjects data. The 11+ training group showed statistically significant increases in anterior، Anteriomedial، Medial، Posteriomedial and lateral reach direction at the posttest compared with the control group (P <. 05) using the SEBT. The study demonstrates that 11+ training program can increase the dynamic balance capabilities of adolescent soccer players.

Athletes are usually skilled in physical aspects of sports; they are widely involved in physical conditioning، technical and tactical training. However they usually ignore the psychological and cognitive skills linked to their performance. Sport imagery is a well known fundamental skill that has a critical role in how a player performs and shows his/her competency during a real world game. On the other hand football as a complex team sport includes several skills linked to physical and psychological properties. We aimed to study the effect of cognitive imagery on elite football players through league competitions in two separate studies.

Twenty two youth players and Twenty two adult players randomly assigned to imagery and control groups. Players in intervention group received 12 weeks training program for specific cognitive imagery and general cognitive imagery. Imagery training program focused on an important component of football performance as “successful passing”. Players in control group were assigned to a waiting list with no intervention. In order to evaluate outcome variable we assessed successful passing in real compete-tions as player performance in both pre and post test occasions.

Findings of study in youth participants showed that young players in interven-tion group improved the performance of passing compared to control players (OR=1. 41، P<0. 000، CI 95%: 1. 17، 1. 69(. In contrary، Imagery performance in adult group remained unchanged in spite of an increasing trend in performance (OR=1. 07، P>0. 05، CI 95%: 0. 82، 1. 4(.

These results showed that cognitive imagery intervention can affect elite soccer players’ performance. This effect is more prominent in youth age football players.

The official FIFA survey showed that there are more than 840,000 registered referees. Football refereeing is a physically challenging job. Despite the important role of referees, few studies have focused on them. However, health and fitness of football referees is a major concern due to their older ages and significance of their performance. The aim of this study was to assess the selected parameters of fitness as well as risk factors of musculoskeletal problems among all referees of Iran’s Premier League during season 2009-2010. In a cross- sectional study, all referees selected for the premier league competitions were enrolled. All participants underwent preparticipation evaluation including 7 stations. Among 78 participants (32 center referees and 46 assistant), descriptive data were as below: Age: 37±3.8 y, body mass index: 23.6 (2.1), percent of body fat: 20.7 (3.9) and VO2 max: 59.9 (7.1). Regarding musculoskeletal abnormalities, muscular tightness was observed in 35 cases, including hamstring (18), gastrocnemius (14), iliopsoas (2) and iliotibial band (1). Nine referees showed signs of weak quadriceps femoris. Single leg balance test was abnormal in 56 cases. The average BMI is lower than values reported in similar studies, indicating good anthropometric profile. Although VO2 max has been estimated using indirect method, the average values are comparable to elite-level European referees. Furthermore, musculoskeletal problems are common. It is recommended to incorporate periodic medical evaluation in all pre-season preparations.

The aim of this study was to investigate athletes' expectations toward sport psychology in addition to barriers to sport psychologists practice. A total of 365 elite athletes attending different national teams and primer leagues were asked to complete expectations checklist and barriers questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were reported; furthermore association between expectations and independent variables analyzed by Qi-square and association between barriers and independent variables analyzed by analysis of variance. The result showed that 72.2% of participants preferred the individual counseling rather than other kinds such as group counseling to deal with psychologists. Seeing a sport psychology consultant, 33.5% had serious interest to talk about personal concerns while 58.9% were interested in talking about performance concerns. Furthermore, the most important barriers against sport psychologists were lack of sports knowledge in psychologists and lack of knowledge of sport psychology in athletes followed by lack of clarity in psychological services. Current study indicated that athletes had a preference for individual counseling and they believed that inadequate information among athletes and psychologists were the major barriers to progress of sport psychology in Iran.