جبار صالح

Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder in pervasive developmental disorders class, which is characterized by extensive abnormalities in social interaction, communication, restricted interests, and repetitive behaviors. Parents having autism spectrum disorder (ASD) children face a lot of stress that may negatively affect their marital satisfaction and parenting styles. The aim of this study was to prevent the birth of children with autistic spectrum disorder which is the cheapest recommended action. Therefore, this study is focused on two components of marriage, satisfaction and parent-child relationships. Population of this study consisted of children with ASD enrolling in education and treatment centers of Besharat and Hisepinhan, and parents of normal children at primary schools in 2016in Kermanshah(west of Iran). A total of 100 parents of children with autistic spectrum disorder (50 fathers and 50 mothers) and 100 parents of normal children (50 fathers and 50 mothers) were randomly selected. Tools used in this research to determine the effects included: 1) Afrooz marriage satisfaction scale to measure satisfaction rate of marriage between parents, 2) Bagheri's parent-child relation pattern Inventory (PCRPI). Afrooz marriage satisfaction scale consists of 10 subscales. The reliability coefficient of the total scale of Cronbach's alpha was calculated and showed an equivalent to0.95 that reflects the reliability of the scale. Spouse concurrent validity scores on this scale are significant compared with scores in the questionnaire of "Enrich marital satisfaction". Scale was made based on social-cognitive and clinical experience in the field of Islamic-Iranian (local) culture that leads to marital satisfaction and suitable for both research and clinical status. Bagheri's PCRPI was constructed based on an Iranian-Islamic model to investigate the intrusion parents and parenting style. PCRPI is a native model of this inventory containing 48 questions that measures eight subscales. Cronbach's alpha reliability showed 0.961 and the reliability of each subscale was equivalent to (0.92-0.95). The present study in terms of operational purpose and data collection is a case-control research Our results obtained from multivariate stepwise regression analysis showed a significant difference between two groups (parents with ASD children and parents of normal children) in the alpha level of 0.001 or p<0.01 and p<0.05 revealed. This analysis showed that the levels of marital satisfaction and patterns of parent-child relationships of the parents of autistic children is different to parents of normal children. : Results showed the effectiveness of marital satisfaction skills training and selecting the most appropriate parent-child relationships in preventing the birth of children with autistic spectrum disorder. Findings open a broader perspective on the factors that led to the birth of autistic children urges families and authorities to bear in mind to prevent the birth of children with autistic spectrum disorder. The total findings indicate that ASD prevention programs increases the marital satisfaction, education, and parenting style.

Aim: The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the Marriage satisfaction and parenting style of the Children with autism spectrum disorder and the normal children.
The present study was objectively practical and information gathering was Causal-comparative. The statistical population included all parents of Children with autism spectrum disorder and the parents of normal children whose children were enrolling in elementary schools in Kermanshah in 2016. Parents of Children with autism spectrum disorder (50 fathers and 50 mothers) were selected through Purposive sampling and Parents of normal children (50 fathers and 50 mothers) were selected by multi-stage random sampling. The research instruments were Afrooz Marriage Satisfaction Scale and Bagheri parent-child relation pattern Inventory.
The results were obtained from multivariate analysis of variance. They showed that there were significant differences between two groups of parents of normal children and parents of children with autism spectrum in all sub-scales of marriage satisfaction and parenting style Except for over indulge and conditional acceptance.
Considering the difference between marriage satisfaction and parenting style in two groups, designing and implementing a parenting style and marriage satisfaction educational program is necessary for young couples to prevent the birth of Children with autism spectrum disorder.

Background and Assessment of executive functions in parents and relatives of individuals with autism disorder is one of the best ways to determine the role of different aspects of executive functions in the etiology of autism. Present study aimed to compare executive functions (inhibition & cognitive flexibility) in parents and siblings of autistic and normal children. Present study was a casual-comparative research. Sample consisted of 248 individuals (124 parents and siblings of autistic individuals and 124 parents and siblings of normal individual). Data were collected using Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ), Stroop Test, and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Results showed significant difference between the groups in terms of their performance in both tasks. In other words, parents and siblings of autistic individuals had poorer performance in inhibition and cognitive flexibility (p <. 001). Impairment in executive functions in individuals with autism disorder and their family can help researchers to identify the nature of autism-related executive functions disorders. Implications are discussed further.

Background and Depression is one of the most common psychological disorders, which has attracted researchers’ attention. Many studies have introduced cognitive-behavioral therapy as an effective treatment for depression. Therefore, current study aimed to investigate the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy on the reduction of depression among students. Current research was a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest control group design. Among all the students referred to the Welfare and Educational Counseling Center of Kermanshah City, 30 students with severe depression were selected using convenient sampling method and randomly assigned to experimental and control group. Data were collected using clinical interview based on fourth edition of diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (American Association of Psychology, 2000) and Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (Angold & et al, 1987). Results showed that cognitive-behavioral therapy significantly reduced depression among experimental group in posttest (p <. 0001). according to our findings, cognitive-behavioral therapy can be used as an effective treatment for emotional-behavioral problems among students. Implications are discussed in paper.

A high percentage of the world's population is bilingual. In many countries, including Iran, bilingual people face various lingual and learning problems. This purpose of the current study was to compare the prevalence of reading disorders in monolingual and bilingual students. Present study was a casual-comparative research. The population consisted of all the male students who were studying in the schools of Ravansar City in the 1390-91 academic year. The sample consisted of 88 participants (44 Kurdish speaker and 44 Persian speaker students) that were selected using random cluster sampling method. Data were collected using a researcher-made test for measuring vocabulary and reading comprehension and a teacher-made test for calculating the reading final scores. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance. The results showed that there was significant difference between two groups in terms of reading disorders. Monolingual students significantly scored higher in vocabulary comprehension, class tests, and overall reading scores. According to the findings of this study, modifying educational programs as well as providing some special materials and courses for bilingual students can lead to their increased academic achievement and decreased learning disorders. These findings have important implications for teachers’ training programs and teaching method.