جواد اشرفی

The purpose of this research is to identify the job preferences of the fourth generation employees, the dimensions, components and characteristics of the fourth generation human resources management specific to this generation and to prioritize the recognition of these preferences for the organization's leaders and human resource managers in the organization. It is of vital importance. In terms of results, this research is considered to be a developmental research, in terms of its purpose,it is an applied research. The indicators related to the fourth generation management of human resources in Iran's government organizations were identified and prioritized based on Delphi analysis and then based on structural-interpretive analysis. The value system factor was placed in the autonomy variable group,it was also determined that indicators such as payment system, job promotion, and communication system are included in the group of dependent variables, and leadership style indicators and feedback system are in the group. The independent variables are placed. Based on the results of this research, the payment system and the feedback system are among the most important motivational factors of the fourth generation of human resources, which managers should consider in designing and establishing a management model and an effective leadership style

The main purpose of this study is to analyze the sociological relationships between the characteristics of the fourth generation of human resources (anti-generation) in the workplace. FUZZY DEMATEL (FUZZY DEMATEL) Fuzzy Dimethole Intermediate Relationships The extracted features are measured in terms of impact and effectiveness as well as causal relationships between the components. Thirteen features are extracted for the fourth generation of human resources. Feedback and pragmatism variables have the most impact on other characteristics of the fourth generation of human resources and the two characteristics of communication with social media and pragmatism have the most impact than other characteristics. They interact with other characteristics of the fourth generation of human resources. Assessing the cause-and-effect relationships between variables revealed that the components with high expectations, technology-based, load-oriented, skill-oriented and pragmatic as five important and key causal characteristics in management and Leadership is the fourth generation of human resources.of human resources

Climate changes along with recent droughts and short growth period of spring planting date are important factors causing non-economic and low yield production of chickpea in Iran. Ata variety with breeding code of x03TH148 was received from ICARDA in 2004 through Chickpea International Segregation Generations Nursery. This line was evaluated in international, preliminary, advanced and adaptability yeild trials as well as studies on fusarium wilt and ascochyta blight diseases resistance at agricultural research stations and under farmers’ fields conditions in autumn planting date.  Based on results of adaptability trials, this variety had suitable agronomic and economic characteristics such as potencial for machinery harvesting, average seed yield of 886 kgha-1, with 11% superiority to Jam check cultivar and cold tolerance to -16.9°C in the areas without snow covering during emergence. The new variety with average yield of 2061 kgha-1 showed considerable superiority to Saral check (1345 kgha-1) in farmers’ fields. Considering high seed yield, tall plant height, large seed size, suitable seed protein content, tolerance to ascochyta blight and fusarium wilt diseases and marketable traits, Ata was released and recomended for autumn sowing in the temperate and cold regions of Iran.

Lentil cultivar Sepehr was first introduced as FLIP 2005-53L line through LIDTN-L-08 ICARDA international nursery and was evaluated in Gachsaran and Maragheh stations in 2007-2008 cropping season. FLIP 2005-53L line in the cropping seasons 2008-2009 and 2009-2010 was evaluated in the preliminary and advanced yield trials in Gachsaran and Khorramabad research stations. After evaluating the results of advanced experiments, this line was selected to participate in the national uniform regional yield trial (2010-2013) in Gachsaran, Khorramabad, Gonbad and Moghan research stations. Stability analysis of genotypes grain yield in this experiment showed that this line had the lowest contribution in the interaction of genotype × environment using different statistical methods and also it had the lowest mean rank values ​​for non-parametric stability parameters as well as 19% increases in the grain yield (with grain yield of 1166 kgha-1) ‌ compared to the control cultivar Gachsaran (with grain yield of 978 kgha-1) and therefore can be considered as "one of the most stable genotypes" with high grain yield. FLIP 2005-53L line with average grain yield of 1902 kgha-1 in farmers field in the research-extension trials, had a 15% advantage of grain yield over control cultivar Gachsaran with grain yield of 1651 kgha-1. In addition to high grain yield, good yield stability, high resistance to fusarium disease, desirable 100-seed weight (4.2 g) and suitable plant type and plant height for machine harvesting were other reasons for releasing Sepehr cultivar. Sepehr cultivar is suitable for cultivation in subtropical regions of the country including Khuzestan, Fars, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Lorestan, Kermanshah, Ardabil (Moghan) and Ilam provinces.

Septoria leaf blotch (STB) caused by Zymoseptoria tritici, is one of the important wheat disease. The endophytic fungus Serendipita indica and the plant-protecting bacteria Pseudomonas protegens induce systemic resistance to plant pathogens. In this study, the expression rate of several defense genes in Tajan susceptible wheat cultivar treated by S. indica and P. protegens and in control plants at different times point after inoculation with Z. tritici were investigated by Real-time qPCR technique. The results showed that, the expression of PAL and LOX genes in plants treated with P. protegens was higher than other treatments. The expression of NPR1 and PR5 genes were higher in co-inoculated plants that treated by S. indica and P. protegens. The results of phenotypic evaluation of two mentioned treatments also show, the expression of these genes is effective in inducing resistance.The results indicate the active role of these two biocontrol agents in protection of susceptible Tajan cultivar against STB due to increased expression of these genes compared to control.

Yellow mistletoe is a semi-parasite plant lives in the Zagros forests on Persian oak trees. Mechanical control is one of the basic acts to manage yellow mistletoe contamination. This research aimed to evaluate the performance of mechanical methods; wood-glue, clay, black plastic, natural color and control treatment to control yellow mistletoe at different altitudes and selecting the most suitable methods was carried out in Hyanan oak forests in the northern part of Ilam province. Three research sites were selected at altitudes of 1600-1800, 1800-2000 and 2000-2200 m a. s. l. At each site, three Persian oak trees for each treatment and in total 15 trees were selected. Implementation and monitoring of treatments was done during five years (2010-2014). Results showed that the effect of control treatments on the removal rate of yellow mistletoe on the treated branches was significant. Also, the effect of altitude on the frequency of new yellow mistletoe tubers on other branches of treated trees was significant. Results showed that wood-glue and clay were 100% successful in removing yellow mistletoe. But the control performance of black Plastic and natural color was 30% and 0%, respectively. It was concluded that cutting of yellow mistletoe infected branches and coating their cutting locations with clay or wood-glue cause eliminate the yellow mistletoe and prevent its re-establishment on the limb. The combined control methods of wood-glue and clay are advisable to run for fighting against yellow mistletoe.

This study examined the effect of Crataegus hydroalcoholic extract (CHE) on intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) in rats.

Experimental study Animals- 25 adult male Wistar rats Procedures- Rats weighing 200±25 g were randomly divided into five individual groups as follows: sham group without intestinal I/R, control group with intestinal I/R, and treatment groups with intestinal I/R and 10 days oral administration of CHE at doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg. Intestinal I/R was accomplished by occlusion of the cranial mesenteric artery for 30 min, followed by 60 min reperfusion. Then tissue sections of jejunum were prepared and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. Histopathological lesions including hyperemia, hemorrhage, necrohemorrhagic inflammation, and villi destruction were scored as mild, moderate and severe. Results- In histopathologic evaluation, sham and control group showed the minimum and maximum injury, respectively. The mean scores of necrohemorrhagic inflammation and villi destruction significantly decreased in 25 mg/kg CHE group compared to control. However, hyperemia and hemorrhage did not change in comparison to control (p>0.007). In the group of 50 mg/kg CHE, no pathologic lesions were observed and the results were similar to those in the sham group. The mean scores of hyperemia and necrohemorrhagic inflammation in the 100 mg/kg CHE group had no significant difference with the control group. However, the mean rank of hemorrhage and villi destruction was significantly lower than control and higher than the sham group (p<0.007).

The findings of this study indicate that CHE at the dose of 50 mg/kg has the most protective effect against intestinal I/R injury in a rat model. Therefore, Crataegus can be a promising compound against intestinal I/R injuries.

This paper is investigated social responsibility theories. Corporate social responsibility is the obligations and duties that the business enterprise are responsible for maximizing shareholders wealth to society and the environment. Research method in this paper is a library method.The results of this research show that corporate social responsibility theories are various.These theories are categorized into four groups such as instrumental theories, political theories, integrated and complementary theories and ethics theories. In instrumental theories, the corporate is seen as a tool for creating wealth and its social activities are the only means to achieve economic results. Political theories emphasize the power of corporates in society and the responsible use of this power in the political arena. Integrated and complementary theories are focused on meeting social demands by corporate. Ethical theories also emphasize the ethical responsibilities of corporates towards society. In fact, these theories focus on four dimensions of profitability, political performance, social demands, and ethical values. These findings indicate with integration these four groups of theories, a new theory of corporate social responsibility can be codified.

In this research, examineation of the disease distribution, the physiological relationship between disease agent and its sites and evaluation of cultivars resistance were done. The disease agent identified as Zymoseptoria tritici, by morphological and molecular identification based on the ITS-rDNA. Distribution map prepared by ArcGIS v.10.2 software. Five isolates selected from different regions. The isolates growth tested in different temperature and its relation to their region climatic conditions evaluated. 26 cultivars planted in the greenhouse by completely randomized design, inoculated and evaluated. As a result, the isolates growth average at different temperatures was statistically significant in P=0.01. Isolate growth average had correlation with region climatic conditions. In terms of growth, the Nokandeh isolate was the most and the Ramian isolate was lowest. The highest isolates growth was at 15°C and the lowest growth rates were at 10°C. The disease observed in 9 eparchies. Ramians and Kurdkoy identified as disease contaminated sites. Of the examined cultivars, 4 cultivars such as Falat, Mehrgan, Ghabos, and Roshan were resistant, 14 cultivars such as Shirodi, Morvarid, Moghan, Kohdasht, Gaspar, Aftab, Shahriar, Gonbad, Alamoot, Aflak, Zarin, Karaj-1, Tous, and Azar-2 were moderately resistant and 7 cultivars such as Karim, Dez, Khazar-1, Star, Hamoon, Ofogh, Eram and Tajan were evaluated as susceptible. Between isolates, the most disease severity belongs to Ramian. Considering to width distributions of STB, the existence of favorable conditions and identification of disease region center, it is possible to monitor the appearance of infection at February and March and make abroadcast of the disease prevalence. Also, by evaluating of wheat genotypes, introducing and planting the resistant cultivars, it could reduce the disease in later years.

In recent years, widespread tree dieback simultaneously with charcoal oak disease have occurred in Zagros forest especially in Ilam province. They dramatically caused damage to oak trees. This research was carried out to identify pathogenic fungi, to prove the pathogenicity and to investigate their pathogenic behavior during 2012-2015 in the forests of Ilam province. After several field observations across the forests of Ilam province, several samples were collected from infected parts of Persian Oak trees and transferred to the laboratory. Then, the samples were cultured to screen the pathogenic agents identified using morphological traits and validated by fungi keys. In order to prove the pathogenicity of the identified fungi, they were inoculated on two-year-old oak seedlings. In the final stage, the pathogenic behavior of fungi was studied. The results showed that fungi causing charcoal diseases in the forests of Ilam province were Biscogniauxia mediterranea and Obolarina persica. Furthermore, the fungi caused the disease on oak seedlings with dieback symptoms on the sections areas above the inoculum site. The study of the pathogenicity behavior of these fungi showed that their contamination began from inoculation site and developed in the wood, in addition to longitudinal extension, the hyphae colonized in transverse and radial directions towards the heartwood, so that it affects the xylem and phloem vessels. Considering the pathogenicity prove of these fungi and their contribution to the weakness and dieback of Persian oak trees, it would be possible to reduce the oak losses by eradicating the dead trees to prevent fungal spore spreading in the region.

One of the main goals of management accounting is to calculate cost price of the products and services correctly and really and this duty has been more prominent in recent years due to rapid development of commercial activities and more competitive markets and manufacturing and commercial activities. Many evidences and results have shown that traditional cost price systems are not able to present information about cost price correctly and one cannot act in competitive markets by relying on them. In this regard, accounting knowledge designed and developed new systems such as activity-based costing system which emphasizes on correct and real allocation of indirect (overhead) expenses. Different researches have been conducted on results of this system in manufacturing agencies and almost all of them have defended this systems and its results. In this research, results of establishing this system in an academic-educational environment. Necessity of this case is one of the main financial challenges which universities face and correct management of these environments requires real calculation of cost price of the provided services. For this purpose, faculties of Biomedicalengineering, language and literature of Islamic Azad University, Tehran Research and Sciences Branch have been studied and the obtained results indicate considerable effect of applying this system in educational environments. In other words, application of system for calculation of cost price of the educational services leads to accurate and correct management and pricing of these services.

Doxorubicin (DOX) is an anthracycline antibiotic that is widely used as an anticancer agent. However, the clinical use of DOX is limited due to its toxic side effects upon non-target tissues. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of 6 weeks of aerobic training on dox-induced toxicity in rat tissues (heart and liver). This study was conducted on thirty-two Wistar male rats randomly assigned to 1.control+salin, 2. control+DOX, 3. training+salin, 4) training+DOX groups. Groups 3 and 4 were trained on treadmill between 25 to 54 min/day and 15 to 20 m/min, 5 days/week for 6 weeks. The groups 2, 4 and groups 1, 3 received DOX (20 mg.kg-1 i.p) and saline (0.9% NaCl i.p), respectively. Animals were sacrificed 24 h after DOX and saline injections. Also, heart and liver tissue homogenization and assay parameters were performed. Doxorubicin administration cause a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO) and a significant decrease in the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in heart and liver tissues; however, the difference was not significant between the two tissues. Although the 6-week aerobic training+DOX caused a down-regulation of oxidant markers and up-regulation of the SOD activity in heart and liver tissues, but only changes of the SOD activity was significant between the heart and liver tissues. Our study suggests that cardiac/liver protection induced by chronically exercise in DOX treated rats is associated with inhibition of oxidative stress and increase in the antioxidant defense levels.

For the study of interactive effects of endurance exercise and plant anti oxidant supplement on inflammatory markers, including vascular adhesive molecules (VCAM-1) and reactive protein with high sensitivity (HS-CRP) and antiinflammatory such as angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-I) in the hypertensive caused by induction of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors (iNOS), 48 mice randomly dividede into six groups: 1) basic, 2) sham, 3) iNOS 4) Ferula gummosa boiss 5) endurance 6) Ferula gummosa boiss+exercise. Groups 3 to 6, five sessions per week for eight weeks, 10 mg / kg dissolved iNOS were as the peritoneal. Group 5 and 6 endurance running exercise protocol on a treadmill with a speed of 15 to 20 meters per minutes 5 times a week for 8 weeks were performed.Group 4 and 6, 90 mg / kg 5 times a week using a solution of Ferula gummosa boiss gavage for 8 weeks and group 2 received saline with same conditions. The laboratory and statistical analysis revealed that induction of iNOS leads to hypertensive and reduced the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors ACE-I. Furthermore, hypertensive was associated with increase at vascular adhesive molecules (VCAM-1) and HS-CRP. The exercise protocols and Ferula gummosa boiss was only inhibit the harmful effects of hypertensive associated with induction of iNOS. However, using the combined method (endurance training+ Ferula gummosa boiss) can reverse the effects of basic and sham groups were compared. Based on these results, hypertensive is associated with vascular damage, and a combination of regular activity and ani-oxidative supplements can be used as a non-medical strategies to control and combat the effects of chronic hypertensive.

During 2005-2006, many grapevine plants and soil samples were collected from Qazvin vineyards for A. tumefaciens. All plant samples have been surface sterilized prior culturing on nutrient agar medium (NA). The soil samples have been cultured on semi-selective D1M medium for ease isolation. All suspected colonies were restreaked on NA for pure culture collections. Based on key biochemical and pathogenicity tests, the crown gall bacterial isolates have been identified as A. tumefaciens. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of 15 plant essential oils and 2 copper compounds i.e. Bordeaux mixture (0.5%) and copper oxychloride (0.3%) against crown gall bacterium, different laboratory, greenhouse and field trails were conducted. Among these, the essential oil of the plant savory (Satureia officinalis) with 9 cm inhibition zones on NA exhibited the most promising antibacterial effect. Similar results were obtained with carrot discs, sunflower seedling assays and also grapevine gall treatments under natural single season field trail. In later case, gall development suppression was doubled compared to two copper compounds. This approach may lead to an alternative control measurement on bacterial crown gall disease management.

To evaluate the efficacy of treatment in ovine babesiosis. Design: Experimental study. Animals: Thirty six sheep about 1-2 year -old. Procedure: Thirty six sheep, which were negative for any blood parasites, were selected. The animals were categorized into the splenectomized and unsplenectomized groups and each group into 3 subgroups: control, Diminazen and Imidocarb ones. Babesiosis was induced by intravenous injection of 5.2 x10o infected erythrocytes per animal.When body temperature and parasitemia raise, Diminazen (3.5 mg / kbw) and Imidocarb (1.2 mg / kbw) were administrated to each animal in the corresponding groups. Animals were kept up to day 9 post infection. After clinical manifestations, blood samples were daily collected from each animal and hematological parameters determined. Statistical analysis:t-student test. Discussion and

The results indicated that Diminazen is more effective than Imidocarb. Furthermore, clinical signs and parasites were recurred in the treated sheep with Imidocarb.