فهرست مطالب جواد سلمانزاده

The monotheistic insight, as the most fundamental theoretical concept, has constructive effects in various aspects of life, and its absence will lead to detrimental consequences. Considering the importance and high status of this concept, the present research tries to deal with its effects in the field of interpretation by introducing this insight as a fundamental and very effective concept. This research, using library and documentary methods, has gathered notes from the interpretive works of Ayatollah Alavi Sabzevari. Through description and analysis of these notes, it has concluded that the monotheistic perspective leaves significant and influential impacts on the field of interpretation. It directs the interpreter's mind towards the most important concepts such as 'divine servitude,' 'monotheistic lordship,' 'priority of religion,' 'guardianship,' 'sincerity,' 'orientation towards the Hereafter,' 'spirituality,' 'faithfulness,' 'justice,' 'sanctity of Quranic words,' and so forth."

Keywords, as an important element of the text, have various uses, one of which is to identify the interpretive tendency of the interpreter. Different interpretive tendencies each have their own evidences and identification in an interpretive text requires spending a lot of time and studying all or most of the text, usually in detail. However, by using key words in less time and with more ease and accuracy, the interpretive tendency of the interpreter will be obtained. In this research, first, by using library and electronic tools, the interpretive text was speed read in order to identify and describe the key words. Then, by designing the semantic network of the key words, it was possible to compare this semantic network with the coordinates of different interpretive tendencies, and in this section, the data analysis and comparison method was also used. The semantic network obtained from the key words indicates the mystical tendency of the interpreter with an emphasis on spirituality and worship.

Understanding hadith is considered as the second source of derivation of religious teachings. In the process of understanding hadith, we are faced with a concept called the family of hadith, which requires special understanding and attention due to its special features such as "multiplicity", "thematic similarity and appropriateness", "comprehensiveness", etc. Therefore, it is necessary to consider a special method to understand it according to the characteristics of the hadith family. Using the descriptive-analytical method, reflecting on the characteristics of the hadith family and comparing the hadiths of the same family, this research has reached findings that are significant for the purpose of understanding the hadith family. These findings show that the understanding of the hadith family is achieved through a three-stage method, which are: "understanding each hadith", "understanding between hadiths" and "summarizing and analyzing the concepts obtained". Carrying out these steps not only gives a correct, accurate and comprehensive understanding of the hadith; But beyond that, it will provide an up-to-date answer to new questions and issues.

Hadith, as the second source in deriving religious rulings and the most extensive source among the four sources, has a high value and use. But this extensive and efficient resource requires factors and tools in validating and implying and requires high effort and accuracy. in implying and understanding the hadith Various tools are involved, and the rules and proofs for understanding hadith are considered the most important tools for understanding hadith, which reveal the correct and precise semantic layers of the text and the and mentalities and thoughts in mind of the author. One of the most important and practical rules in the knowledge of hadith jurisprudence is the rule of Ta’īll, which has been used in a relatively large number of hadiths In a purposeful addition format is used and has significant benefits such as explanation, generalization, allocation, etc. Therefore, the transmitters and jurists have paid special attention to which and have had various uses and interpretations of Ta’īll. Awareness of the perceptions of Ta’īll can reveal the importance of reasoning in understanding the hadith and show how to use Ta’īll to a great extent.

This research aims to explain the uses of the rule of Ta’īll and show how to use it practically through the analytical-descriptive method. The cases of using the Ta’īll rule in narrative and jurisprudential books such as "al-usul al-ama lilfiqh al-muqaran"; "tadhkerat al-fuqahā';  "mabādi' al-usul 'ilā 'ilm al-usul"; “mukhtalif al-shia”; "muntaha al-maṭlab"; "sharh al-urwat al-wuthqā"; "al-Istebṣār"; "madārik al-'aḥkam"; "al-Wāfi"; "biḥār al-anwār";  “Rawdat al-Muttaqin fi Sharh Man La yahudhuruh al-Faqih"; "al-hadayiq al-nādirah"; “Al-Mu’tabar fi Sharh Al-Mukhtasar”; “mashariq al-shumus"; "kitab al-hajj"; “brāhin al-haja lelfuqaha' wa al-hujaj";  “Al-Rawḍa al-bahīyya fī sharḥ al-lumʿat al-Dimashqīyya” ; and some researches related to the Ta’īll rule like “Examination of the Concept of Ta’īll”, “The Method of Ta’īll in the Qur'an”, “Ethical and Educational Ta’īlls of Imam Ali (AS) in Nahj al-Balagha”, “Understanding the Legal Ta’īll of the Transmission of Precepts from Nass to Other Cases in the Viewpoints of Islamic Sects”, “The Concept of Ta’īll in the Ethical Proposition of Ta’īll in the Qur'an and Hadith”, and “Types of Application of Analogy in Shia Jurisprudence Based on Jawaharlal Kalam” have been analyzed.

Some of the most important uses of Ta’īll in the understanding of the hadith show that this rule is very important for understanding the text and the intention of the Innocent Transmitter (Ma’sum), and it is used in the generalization of the verdict, the recognition of the verdict, the identification of the Taqiyyah Hadiths, and the preference of the overall meaning over the apparent meaning. However, neglecting the Ta’īll makes the meaning incomplete and imprecise and will make the ruling wrong; In such a way that the understanding and interpretation of hadith will go astray.

Imams, peace be upon them, as transmitters of hadith, have paid great attention to Ta’īll, and this great attention shows and confirms their eloquence and keeping in mind the precise concepts. For this reason, religious textual researchers have hired Ta’īll in the process of discovering the meaning and purpose of hadith in working with narrative texts; They have also paid attention to which in the inference stage of the rulling. This kind of dealing with Ta’īll shows the high position of which in textual research and understanding of hadith. In addition to correct and precise recognition of the verdict, Ta’īll can sometimes generalize the verdict to other cases and examples. It is also helpful in identifying Taqiyyah hadiths.

In modern reflective studies, the initial context has been introduced as a special element in discovering the purpose of a Surah (chapter) in the discourse of reflection. This factor can enhance and expedite the process of purpose identification. However, there has been little discussion about the method of employing the initial context in purpose discovery, and its utilization in the process of purpose identification has not been addressed. Therefore, this research aims to unveil the method of applying the initial context in the process of purpose discovery by employing a descriptive-analytical approach and utilizing library and electronic resources. In this method, in the first step, the axis of the initial context is determined using rules such as "omission," "precedence of mention," and "repetition frequency." Then, it is compared with the purpose derived from the entire Surah to confirm its accuracy or address potential deficiencies. Surah Al-Ahzab is the case study in which this method has been implemented. The findings of the case study demonstrate that the initial context plays a significant role in purpose discovery and reveals notable elements of the Surah's purpose.

Surahology is one of the most necessary and appropriate fields of modern studies of Quranic sciences Which explains the verses of the Qur'an in accordance with the order of the Holy Qur'an This brings us closer to discovering the main purpose of the surah In this regard, the present study is descriptive-analytical and data collection by documentary method and using Library resources and data analysis are qualitatively compiled The findings of the research indicate that Surah Al-Isra 'is in four thematic axes Invitation to monotheism and denial of various divinities, falsehoods and expression of falsehoods of the polytheists against God and the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon her) And the lack of power and ownership of the gods is with the adjacent surah and its partner It also has seven thematic axes Attention and importance to the character of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) Paying attention to the Jewish story, proving the resurrection, the preference and superiority of the Hereafter over the world, ordering charity and avoiding arrogance and stinginess The expression of the false beliefs of the polytheists and the call to monotheism and the denial of divinity is with surahs.

The singular word "halū’a" in the Qurchr('39')an (Machr('39')arij/ 19), according to some commentators, and as it appears from different lexical and interpretive opinions, is one of the strange and difficult words to understand in the Qurchr('39')an, which its definition as "jazū’a" and "manū’a" in the next two verses has neglected scientists to accurately capture its meaning. The first goal of this research was to discover the main meaning of the "hala’a" and its various manifestations through lexical studies. The main question is how "halū’a" is related to "jaza’a" and "man’a", especially in their exaggerated form. The two well-known meanings and interpretations of halū’a, as "intensity of impatient" and "intensity of greed", fail to establish this connection. The present study by descriptive and analytic method clarifies that the central meaning of halū’a is "emptiness of the source from strength" which is accompanied by weakness on the one hand and on the other hand it appears in two branches: "lightness" and "severe hunger". Each of these is accompanied by a kind of restlessness and movement and in the presence of accelerating factors, various manifestations of speed, seriousness, exaggeration, etc. are manifested in this substance. In the Qurchr('39')an, halū’a is used for an anxious person devoid of faith, and refers to his exaggerated and intense action to evil and good; It means it has no direct relationship to the meaning of "jaza’a" and "man’a".

Educational narrations are one of the most important narrations that answer many complex educational problems. Among these narrations, the narrations of "the duration of the first period of education" are among the fundamental narrations that are effective and decisive in other educational narrations. These narrations determine two time periods of six years and seven years for the first period of education. The variety and difference between the two periods of six years and seven years indicate the existence of a conflict between these narrations. The present study intends to resolve the existing conflict by using the rules and regulations of conflict resolution and documentary research. Careful study of these narrations shows that the existing conflict is related to the fluctuation of the first period of education in different people and this fluctuation is due to educational factors such as "genetics", "environment" and the effect of "gender differences" in growth. And seven years, respectively, determine the minimum and maximum length of the first training period for different people in different situations.

in emerging interpretive trends such as "structural interpretation" and "contemplation in the Qur'an", the surah is considered as a continuous whole, whose words, phrases, and verses are gathered around a central theme and speak of this central theme. In this comprehensive and coherent view of the surah, the central issue has a special place and plays a strategic role in understanding the surah. By accepting the importance and strategic position of the focal point in understanding Sur, this research seeks to provide a method and methods for identifying and finding it in Sur started with an oath. The presented method is designed in two stages: "Identifying the divider (answer to the part)" and "Positioning the divider (answer to the part) in the content of the surah". This method has been obtained by a case study of some verses of the surah beginning with the oath and provides a uniform, comprehensive and coherent understanding of the surah for the commentator. This method has been evaluated for verification in Surah Toor and its correctness and accuracy have been proved in this test. At the end of the article, some of the harms of neglecting the focal point are mentioned.

Abstract Understanding the meaning and Diagnosis of domain of Quranic expressions is sometimes difficult and complicated under the influence of various factors. The verse "Wakurna Fi Biotechanna" is one of the verses whose understanding of the meaning and domain of the audience has been disputed and the paradigms and discourses of the present time have fueled these differences. In view of the differences in the verse mentioned above, this article has attempted to examine its implications and domain by applying the "Jarry and Tattbigh" rule. This study has been done by using descriptive-analytical method and has proved the possibility and necessity of "Jarry and Tattbigh" in this verse and its application to all women from the point of view of commentators, Quranic scholars and jurists has proved. Abstract Understanding the meaning and Diagnosis of domain of Quranic expressions is sometimes difficult and complicated under the influence of various factors. The verse "Wakurna Fi Biotechanna" is one of the verses whose understanding of the meaning and domain of the audience has been disputed and the paradigms and discourses of the present time have fueled these differences. In view of the differences in the verse mentioned above, this article has attempted to examine its implications and domain by applying the "Jarry and Tattbigh" rule. .

In his sequence of revelation theory, Noldeke uses various tools to discover the sequence of revelation. One of his most utilized and basic tools is "style". The present paper seeks to identify and study Noldeke's use of this tool with a descriptive-analytical method. It explains and evaluates his understanding of the "style" and its application in this theory. The study shows that he considers the "style" as a way of expressing the meaning, purpose, and type of expressions used in the text. He uses "style" to determine the four-phase chronology of his theory, to separate some verses from surah, and to detect how a surah is descended. He also uses it as an instrument to testify other tools for discovering the sequence of revelation. However, his method to use "style" for discovering the sequence of revelation is incomplete and inaccurate, which has prevented Noldeke from achieving true and accurate results.

Considering the significance of the order of descent in the two knowledge of the Quranic sciences and the interpretation, the discovery of the ordinance of the revelation of the Holy Qur'an is a worthy study. This paper uses descriptive-analytic method to provide a comprehensive and efficient method for revealing descending order by systematically using all indices that are involved and effective in the order of descent. This methodology is designed in two stages: "Internal review of descending order narratives" and "external examination of descending order narratives". In this method, apart from the descending order narrations as the focal point, other effective indicators such as pragmatic reputation, descendants, aboriginal and obsolete narrations, exceptions, dates, historical verses, exterior fit and inner fit are also present. Therefore, the focus of the method on narrative descending order and its comprehensiveness and methodology in the use of all effective indicators differentiates it from other methods.Therefore, the focus of the method on narrative descending order and its comprehensiveness and methodology in the use of all effective indicators differentiates it from other methods.

In his most important Qur’anic work entitled “Tārīkh al-Qur’an", Nöldeke has brought up various discourses with Qur’anic sciences and by presenting new and detailed viewpoints has attained a high reputation among the orientalists. His theory of the revelation order is among the most detailed theories that, despite its widespread influence in the West’s academic, it has not been systemically and accurately evaluated yet. In this theory, he has utilized various tools for unveiling the revelation order, one of the most important of which is the principle of context that is used in the revelation order of the statements, verse, and verses. With a descriptive-analytical method, this writing is intended to identify and study instances of Nöldeke’s using these tools and to elucidate and evaluate his impression of the principle of context and the way it is applied in his theory. The outcome of this study indicated that he has considered context by the meaning of unity and resemblance with the subject and ground of the verse and used it in segmentation of a verse, separation of a verse from the adjacent verses, and separation of several verses from the sūra, although his method in using context for unveiling the revelation order sounds incomplete and incorrect and his achievements in unveiling the revelation order of the statements, verse, and verses have not gone very far.

Noldeke’s theory of “descending order” is one of the most important views among Orientalists and his own, which, due to being detailed and having influence on other Orientalists’ Quranic studies, has ascended to a special position in the field of Qur’anic studies. However, among the scientific endeavors about Noldeke’s views and his theories, there is no writing that surveys and criticizes his method. Because of the importance of this theory and lack of researches regarding the pathology of it, the present paper aims to identify one of its methodological characteristics, i.e. “the extreme use of the length of the verse in discovering the order of descending”, then by tracking it through symmetrizing and collecting signs, it would find the causes and factors of this method of using the length of the verse. In this descriptive-analytic essay two factors of Noldeke’s Quantity-Orientation basis and being affected by German scientific discourse in the 19th and 20th centuries, are introduced as main causes of the extreme use of the length of the verse. As the intellectual principle of Quantity-Orientation leads the studies to quantitative and numerical elements such as the length of the verse, and the scientific discourse undoubtedly will have its effect on the trend of science

As the main elements of the scripture of the Qur’ān, words enjoy a sublime position in it and the first step in understanding the text of the Qur’ān is dedicated to their semantics. Presupposing the possibility, necessity, and the urgency of the semantics of the vocabulary of the Qur’ān, this writing is intended to present an inclusive method in the semantics of the vocabulary of the Qur’ān. The semantics method of the Qur’ān is delineated in this writing in such a way that various sources, including the transmitted, scholarly, and rational are identified for semantics and then their application is theoretically and comparatively explained in the process of semantics. Some of them are etymology, philology, the scripture of the Qur’ān, ḥadīth, the two Testaments, the glossaries of other languages, and the sciences related to semantics of the vocabulary of the Qur’ān.

Said .b Mosayyib is one of the Successors (tabe’in) whose presence in the isnad especially in that of the Sunni traditions is prevalent. His dual religious identity is the main cause for the debates on acceptance or rejection of his traditions. In this article Ibn Mosayeb’s religious identity has been scrutinized, therefore collecting all the evidence on this issue, this article has concluded that Ibn Mosayyeb has officially followed the Sunni sect, although he has no hatred (nasb) toward the Shia, and in contrary has shown his love to the Imams and the Shia.

The revelation of the noble Quran has been in two manners: gradually and suddenly. The gradual revelation of the noble Quran has been in this way that every time a part of the noble Quran was revealed to the holy prophet. Every part of the noble Quran which is revealed to the holy prophet is a unit of the revelation. The revelation of these units in every Quranic revelation has been purposeful and meaningful (consequential) which they have been defined based on the necessity of the circumstances of the revealed union and the guidance purpose of the noble Quran. Therefore, the exploration of theses revealed units is a prior act for determining the goal of its revelation. The units of the revelation can be known through the different methods and with different tools. But the most original method to know the units of the revelation is lingual method. This method uses the different tools such as verbal, semantic and verbal-semantic. This research tries to present the verbal tools which the units of the revelation can be identified by them in order to determine the limit and boundary of the revelation of the Quranic verses.

This paper presents the petrographic examination results on the thirteen pottery sherds from the first season of excavation of Tepe Gratziani in Sistan plain. In order to specify whether the pottery were local or imported، conducted experiments have been performed by polarizing microscope of Jame Swift Model in the petrographic lab of the Institute of Cultural Heritage which based on the review of test results and geological map of the area. It became clear that the source of all the pottery is local and also the remained structure of kilns demonstrates the local production of Tepe Gratziani’s pottery. Sections of examining pottery sherds show that the baking temperature has not been more than 800 centigrade due to the presence of Meekers “tiny calcite crystals” with less than 4 microns in size as well as the presence of Asparay “coarse calcite crystal” in the pottery sections.