حاتم احمدی

Knowledge of the history of science, of course, not only from the perspective of the calendar and story of the history of science but with its analytical approach, by arousing curiosity and increasing the motivation of learners, can lead to a better understanding of accepted scientific knowledge. This study is a review type. The contents of the article were collected and analyzed by searching the texts in databases such as Google Scholar,, and Science Direct. Research has been done on the influence of history and philosophy on the formation of theories and concepts of experimental science courses. Studying the historical stories of the formation of scientific theories and concepts is the key and platform for expressing how scientific theories are formed. The purpose of this study is to review the role and consequences of the approach of history and philosophy of science in the formation of ideas and topics, as well as the way of teaching these concepts in biology textbooks. In order to optimally use the role of the history of science in the learning-memorization process, various methods can be used, such as reproducing historical experiments, reconstructing a show of historical events, and biographies of famous scientists in biology.

Due to the increasing number of diseases and chronic physical-psychological disorders, the medical community is compelled to use mind and body techniques as complementary treatment methods. Previous studies show the positive effects of prayer on improving the physical and mental health of the praying person. The subject of investigation in this review article is the relationship between the effects of prayer on alpha and gamma brain waves and the increase of relaxation and promotion of positive feelings in people who pray.

The current study is a comparative and review-type. The contents of the article were collected and deliberated by searching the texts of internet articles, books, and dissertations published in databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect.

The superiority of performing prayer with contemplation over the effects of yoga, meditation, and imitative prayer is that this type of prayer, at the same time, calms the person praying, and also increases the level of alertness and satisfaction of the person towards himself and others, and it can reduce the occurrence of mental disorders such as depression.

The Iqama of prayer increases the peace and satisfaction of a person in life and can be effective in preventing and treating some mental disorders.

Recent studies on the lifestyle of cancer patients have shown that environmental factors have a significant impact on the onset and progression of cancer. The sensitivity of cancer cells to food and energy restriction is one of the topics studied in the field of cancer prevention and treatment. One of these calorie restriction methods is fasting, which has various types. Fasting in Islam is a form of worship in which a Muslim refrains from eating, drinking, etc. from the morning call to the evening call. This is a review article by reviewing articles from various databases including PubMed, Google Scholar and Science Direct and searching for keywords: intermittent fasting, Ramadan fasting, fasting, food restriction, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, obesity, system Immunity and Cancer deals with the effect of fasting in the prevention of cancer and its treatment, by reducing the side effects of chemotherapy and increasing its effectiveness. The results of the study show that calorie restriction can prevent the growth and development of cancer, as well as its effectiveness. to increase chemotherapy and radiation therapy, although more and more detailed studies in larger groups are needed to definitively conclude the clinical effectiveness of fasting in the prevention and treatment of people with cancer. Also, oncologists should carefully assess the health conditions of patients and prohibit them from fasting in case of metastasis or aggressive cancers.

Crack is a solid salt processed with sodium bicarbonate from cocaine. Methamphetamine is a derivative of methylamphetamine, which is highly addictive. The current study aims to investigate the effect of intraperitoneal injection of crack cocaine and methamphetamin over the parameters of blood creatinine, urea, sodium, and potassium as indicators of kidney failure in male rats.

This experimental study was carried out over seven groups of 6 male rats, including a control group, three crack-cocaine experimental groups, and three methamphetamine experimental groups, each of them receiving concentrations of 5, 10, and 15 mg/kg of crack-cocaine or methamphetamine respectively for 7 days (once a day). After the drug injection, blood was taken from the hearts of the rats and the parameters of urea, sodium, potassium, and creatinine were measured and analyzed from the blood samples taken. Statistical analysis of the data was done with the one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test via SPSS.

The injection of low and medium concentrations of two drugs, crack cocaine and methamphetamine, had no significant effect on the mentioned parameters (P > 0.05), and only the medium concentration of methamphetamine caused the amount of blood potassium to increase compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Injection of 15 mg/kg concentration of both drugs significantly increased the amount of blood creatinine in the respective groups (P < 0.05).

The increase in plasma creatinine due to the administration of methamphetamine and crack-cocaine may be caused by acute renal failure, rhabdomyolysis, or the induction of acute interstitial nephritis.

The human face is the main source of information transmission for many non-verbal messages, including the emotional state of a person. Botox or botulinum toxin is a neurotoxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum that grows and reproduces in canned foods. There are 8 serotypes of this toxin, the B type is mainly used clinically to treat a wide range of disorders and diseases, and the A type is used for cosmetic purposes. Repeated injections of Botox are necessary to maintain its therapeutic effects. Botox injection in the muscles located under the wrinkles of the face causes them to relax and as a result the skin of that part becomes smooth. Botox injection in therapeutic or cosmetic cases is relatively safe and can be an alternative method to the use of drugs or surgery. Although the frequency of serious side effects for the use of Botox in medical cases is much higher than in cases of cosmetic use. However, the use of Botox in beauty may also have side effects that can be avoided by following different techniques.

The purpose of the present research is to investigate the chemistry topics of the new book written by seventh grade experimental sciences in the academic year of 1400-1401 based on William Rumi's method. To what extent are the sentences and pictures of the chemistry topics of the seventh grade experimental science book actively edited? This research was conducted using quantitative content analysis and descriptive statistics. The studied community in this research was the chemistry section of the new book of experimental sciences of the seventh grade of the academic year 1401-1400. The results of the study showed that the conflict index for the sentences of the chemistry texts in the book of experimental sciences of the seventh grade was 0.54 and for the images of these texts, the appropriate range was 1.06. Considering that the correlation coefficients of the chemistry content of this book are close to 0.5 and more distant from 1.5, therefore and on the other hand, to improve the quality of science education, its content should be designed in such a way that students are guided to understand the material, the content of this book is relatively actively composed, but it is far from the ideal situation.

Multiple sclerosis is the most common non-traumatic debilitating disease that affects the memory of affected people in addition to motor disabilities. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of improving short- and long-term exercise on spatial memory impairment induced by ethidium bromide injection in the CA region of the hippocampus of male rats.

This study was performed on seven groups of 7 male rats with an average age of 10 weeks and a weight range of 200±50 grams, including: control group, sham group, ethidium bromide group, two groups under short and long term exercise and two ethidium bromide + exercise experimental groups. Morris water maze was used to measure spatial memory.

Injection of 3 μl of ethidium bromide 0.01 into the CA1 region of the hippocampus on the third to fifth days of experiments reduced spatial memory-related parameters (P < 0.05). In addition, applying of short and long-term exercise courses was able to improve the parameters of elapsed time (P < 0.05) and distance traveled (P < 0.05) to find the platform in the third to fifth days of the experiment due to the effect of ethidium bromide in the Morris water maze.

Despite the beneficial effect of exercise on improving the memory of rats, the results of the study showed that, short-term exercise course has a greater effect on improving the memory of poisoned rats induced by ethidium bromide injection in a 7-day period than long-term exercise.

A diverse array of successful, first-generation SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have played a huge role in efforts to bring the COVID-19 pandemic under control, even though inequitable distribution still leaves many vulnerable. Additional challenges loom for the next phase. These include optimizing the immunological rationale for boosting—how often and with what—and the best approaches for building a future-proofed, durable immune repertoire to protect against oncoming viral variants, including in children. The landscape of vaccine producers and technologies is likely to become even more heterogeneous. There is a need now for appraisal of future approaches: While some favor frequent boosting with the first-generation, ancestral spike vaccines, others propose frequent readjustment using current variant sequences, polyvalent vaccines, or pan-coronavirus strategies.

Oxidative stress plays a role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant effects of sesame oil on oxidative stress parameters caused by administration of streptozotocin in male rats.

This interventional experimental study was performed on five groups (7 on each) of male Wistar rats (250-270 g), including: the control group that did not receive any drug, the sham group that received 5 μl of saline in the lateral ventricles of the brain for 7 days, the streptotocin group which received 5 μl of streptotocin at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg in the lateral ventricles for 7 days, and two groups of streptotocin+sesame oil, which were first pre-treated by intraperitoneal injection of 5 ml/kg of sesame oil in two periods of 7 and 28 days and then received streptotocin. 48 hours after the last drug injection in the experimental groups, the hippocampuses of the rats' brains were separated and homogenized. The activity of antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase, superoxide desmutase, catalase, and the total amount of glutathione in the hippocampus tissue were measured using special kits. Data analysis was done by one-way ANOVA.

The activity of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and total glutathione in the hippocampal tissue of streptozotocin-treated rats decreased compared to the control group (P <0.05). 28-day pretreatment with sesame oil improved the activity of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase and the total amount of hippocampal glutathione in the streptozotocin+sesame oil group to normal values, compared to the streptozotocin group (P<0.05).

By modulating the parameters of oxidative stress in the hippocampus, nutrition of sesame oil may prevent excessive reduction of antioxidant enzymes in the people with or prone to Alzheimer's disease.

Crack is a processed solid form of cocaine that includes stronger addictive effects than those of cocaine powder. Abuse of psychological stimuli, including crack cocaine, includes adverse effects on the memory and learning. Use of vitamins has been suggested as an effective treatment for the substance abuse. The aim of this study was to assess effects of the intraperitoneal injection of vitamin C on spatial memory and lipid peroxidation in the hippocampus of rats during crack cocaine poisoning.

This study was carried out on six groups of six male rats. Three days after intraperitoneal injection of crack cocaine, vitamin C or a combination of these drugs in the experimental groups for five days, Morris water maze device was used to assess spatial memory-linked parameters. Rats were then sacrificed and their hippocampus was removed and lipid peroxidation in this brain site was assessed using malondialdehyde. Statistical analysis of data was carried out using one-way analysis of variance and SPSS Software. Statistical analysis of data was carried out using  one-way analysis of variance, Tukey post-hoc test and SPSS Software.

Intraperitoneal injection of high doses of crack cocaine (15 mg/kg) significantly decreased parameters associated to the spatial memory on Days 3 and 4 of the experiments (p < 0.01). Intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg/kg vitamin C improved spatial memory in rats poisoned with crack (p < 0.05) with no effects on lipid peroxidation in hippocampus
(p > 0.05).

Doses of vitamin C in this study were able to improve the spatial memory function of rats treated with crack cocaine to normal levels.

Methamphetamine is known as a nerve stimulant and addictive substance.Prerequisite for methamphetamine-induced behaviors is the effect of the drug on the relevant genes and proteins mentioned in the previous studies. Here, we made an attempt to examine the effect of intraperitoneal injection of this drug on the expression of specific genes AKT, GSK3b, BDNF, and CREB in the lumbar spinal cord. 

 In the current experimental study, we examined the effect of five days of intraperitoneal injection of methamphetamine and its withdrawal on increasing the reaction time of the tail in response to the shock of burning light and shook and alterations in the expression of specific genes in comparison with the sequence relevant primers in the lumbar spinal cord of four experimental groups (each including 7 male rats). For data analysis, one-way ANOVA was run in SPSS.

Intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg/kg methamphetamine over a five-day period, by increasing the reaction time of the animal's tail to the shock of burning light from 3.17 to 6.8.8 seconds, induced analgesia (P-<0.01) and increased the expression of Protein kinase B (AKT) and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) genes in the lumbar spinal cord of male rats (P <0.05 and P<0.01, respectively), whereas it did not significantly alter the expression of Glycogen synthase kinase3 (GSK3b) and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) genes in this region (P =0.2 and P=1, respectively). Also, deprivation of methamphetamine in the drug deprivation group, by reducing the tail reaction time from 6.88 seconds to 3.9 seconds, reduced the analgesic effect of the drug (P <0.01), but the expression of the mentioned genes in this group did not change significantly as compared with the methamphetamine group.

It seems that the intraperitoneal injection of methamphetamine dose over a short period of time has only a beneficial analgesic effect and its minimal effect on changes in gene expression is not sufficient to be interpreted as drug abuse and induce addiction.

Diabetes is one of the major risk factors for ischemic heart disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of antioxidant drug troxerutin (TXR) on ischemia-reperfusion-induced myocardial injury in experimental streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

Male Wistar rats (250-270 g) were divided into four groups including control, troxerutin, streptozotocin and streptozotocin + troxerutin groups. Diabetes was induced in the rats by intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg / kg streptozotocin and rats were studied for 10 weeks. Rats in the streptozotocin + tezroxerotin group received troxerotin by oral gavage for 4 weeks from the 7th week onwards. The hearts of the rats in all groups were placed in the Langendrov apparatus after separation from the body and subjected to local ischemia for 30 minutes followed by reperfusion for 60 minutes. The amount of lactate dehydrogenase enzyme in coronary artery as well as the parameters of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in myocardial tissue during ischemia-reperfusion were measured using special kits.

Body weight and the amount of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase enzymes were significantly decreased in the diabetic rats (P <0.05). Troxerutin in the streptozotocin + troxerutin group improved the levels of these enzymes to normal levels (P <0.05), whereas lactate dehydrogenase level decreased in this group (P <0.05).

In this study troxerutin reduced the severity of ischemia-reperfusion injury in the diabetic rats.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the content of the biological topics of the fifth and sixth grade elementary experimental science textbooks in terms of the level of activity of the text and images of these topics using the method of William Romey. The content was examined in terms of specific and predetermined criteria or indicators. The study method is content analysis and in terms of purpose is among the applied studies. In this study, the unit of analysis is sentences and pictures. The statistical population includes biological topics of books written by experimental sciences in the fifth and sixth grades of elementary school in 1300-1499. The results of the study showed that the conflict index for text sentences in the biological topics of fifth and sixth grade elementary science textbooks in the appropriate range of 0.86 and 0.53, respectively, and for images in the appropriate range of 0.63 and 0.63, respectively. The coefficients of conflict of the biological contents of these books are closer to the number 0.5 and more distant than the number 1.5, so the biological contents of these books have been relatively actively written, but they are far from the desired status.

Buprenorphine as an alkaloid derivative of morphine is effective in the treatment of opioid dependence. Numerous reports on the beneficial and non-beneficial effects of buprenorphine have been reported in previous studies.

Alterations in the specific genes of protein kinase B (AKT), glycogen synthase kinase (3 (GSK3), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and binding protein CAMP (CREB) due to intraperitoneal injection doses of 10 and 6 mg/kg buprenorphine were evaluated during the a14-day period in the lumbar spinal cord of male rats.

Intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg/kg buprenorphine during the a14-day period increased the expression genes AKT and CREB genes in the lumbar spinal cord of male rats (P <0.05), while the applied doses of the drug did not significantly alter the expression of GSK3 and BDNF genes in this region.

By investigating the results of this study with the mechanisms proposed by previous researchers, it's probable that administration of high-dose of buprenorphine over a 14-day period, via the PI3 / Akt / CREB / BDNF signaling pathway, increased the expression genes of AKT and CREB in the lumbar spinal cord of rats and prevented from increasing the expression of adverse GSK3 gene. Also, the applied doses of the drug could not change the expression of the BDNF gene.

Multiple sclerosis, as well as toxins such as ethidium bromide, can damage the myelin of neurons. The antioxidant properties of Bacopa monnieri have been reported in previous studies. The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction of Bacopa monnieri and ethidium bromide on spatial memory and lipid peroxidation in the hippocampal formation. This study was performed on eight groups of seven-member male rats. Three days after injection of ethidium bromide or Bacopa monnieri, and also combination of these drugs in the CA1 region of the hippocampus, Morris Water Maze test was employed to measure spatial memory parameters. Then the lipid peroxidation parameter was measured in this region. bromide into the CA1 region Injection 3 μL of ethidium bromide 1% reduced the parameters related to spatial memory (P

Malathion is one of the commonest type of organophosphate insecticide whose toxicity in human body is mainly considered to result from the induction of oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant effect of Quercetin, a flavonoid compound, on the spatial memory and oxidative stress parameters during Malathion poisoning in male Wistar rats. This study was performed on nine groups, each of which consisted of eight male rats. Three days after intra-peritoneal injection of Quercetin, Malathion or a combination of these two drugs, the Moris Water-Maze apparatus was used to measure spatial memory parameters. The hippocampus was sampled and the oxidative stress parameters were measured in this area. Intra-peritoneal injection of Malathion (100 and 200 mg/kg) significantly reduced spatial memory parameters (P<0.01) and induced oxidative stress (P<0.001), whereas intra-peritoneal injection of quercetin (50 mg/kg) improved spatial memory in Malathion-poisoned experimental rats (P<0.05). Also, oxidative stress parameters in Malathion-treated groups showed a significant reduction in quercetin treatment (P<0.01). Quercetin was observed to restore the function of spatial memory and the level of oxidative stress parameters of the treated groups with Malathion to the normal level.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the advantages and disadvantages of in-service education in the perspective of primary school teachers in Bonab. The method used in this study was a descriptive survey The target population of this study was primary school teachers with over 20 years teaching experience in Bonab. In order to investigate the variables, a researcher-made questionnaire was distributed between two study groups of teachers in Bonab city, East Azarbaijan province for general and specialized in-service courses. The reliability of the results, while ensuring the content validity of the checklist, was estimated by Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.91 and analyzed by means of means and t-test. The findings of this study showed that in-service training courses are focused on enhancing the teacher's scientific and intellectual ability, enriching communication skills with students, and the impact of the course on enhancing skills and using educational technologies. There is a significant difference. Also, the effect of these courses on the components of parenting skills, student problem solving, and teacher professional skills was not significantly different.

 Acute and chronic effects of nitric oxide on oxidative stress and neuronal demyelination have been reported in human and animal models. 

 Oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of demyelinated animals; thus, this study investigated the effects of nitric oxide system and ethidium bromide on oxidative stress in the hippocampal formation.  

 This experimental study was performed on eight groups of male rats, as follows: control, control, ethidium bromide, L-Arginine, L-NAME, ethidium bromide + L-Arginine, ethidium bromide + L-NAME, and ethidium bromide + L-Arginine + L - NAME. Three days after the injection of drugs into the hippocampal CA1 area, hippocampal biopsy was performed, and oxidative stress parameters were measured in this area. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and posthoc tests were used for data analysis.

 Injection of 3 μL ethidium bromide into the CA1 region increased oxidative stress parameters (P<0.01). Injection of 15.3 μg/rat L-Arginine in this region stopped the response of ethidium bromide (P<0.05, P<0.01); while, the injection of 15.1 μg/rat L-NAME failed to return the effects of the ethidium bromide. Moreover, the combination of 15.3 μg/rat L-Arginine and 15.1 μg/rat L-NAME only returned lipid peroxidation caused by the injection of 3 μL of ethidium bromide to normal (P<0.05); this process failed to improve antioxidant enzymes.

 The obtained results suggested the excitatory effect of the nitric oxide system on alleviating oxidative stress induced by ethidium bromide in the CA1 region of male rats.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effects of quercetin on myocardial tissue damage in male Wistar rats during malathion poisoning.

This study was performed on seven groups of six male rats. After 24 hours of intraperitoneal injection of quercetin, Malathion or a combination of these drugs, the heart of the animals was separated, and tissue slice was prepared. After tissue homogenization, oxidative stress parameters were measured in this area.

Intraperitoneal injection of 200 mg/kg of malathion significantly induced lipid peroxidation (p<0.01) and oxidative stress (p<0.001) as well as necrosis and inflammation in myocardial tissue. However, intra-peritoneal injection of quercetin (50 mg/kg) reduced malathion-induced toxicity on lipid peroxidation (p<0.001), oxidative stress (p<0.05), as well as inflammation and myocardial tissue damage.

The results suggest that quercetin is able to improve myocardial tissue damage and restore the rate of oxidative stress in malathion-treated groups to normal levels.

Neutrustransmitter systems of dopaminergic and glutamatergic of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) are involved in the regulation of anxiety-like behaviors. In addition, the activity of the NAc dopaminergic system is mediated by the glutamatergic inputs, which is mainly from the PFC. This study investigated the role of D2 dopaminergic system in nucleus accumbens and glutamatergical system of prelimbic area on anxiety- like behaviors in male rats. This study was performed on four experimental groups in 35 groups of 8 male rats. after 5 days of surgery in a stereotaxic frame, the Elevated Plus maze apparatus was employed for the recording parameters of anxiety-like behaviors due to intr-abrain injection of quinpirole (Dopamine receptor agonist), sulpiride (Dopaminergic D2 receptor antagonist), NMDA(NMDA receptor agonist) and D-AP7 (NMDA receptor antagonist. Unilateral intra- left prelimbic injection of NMDA (0.9 μg/μl) reduced the anxiety-like behaviors (P<0.01), which was blocked by D-AP7 injection (P<0.01). Also, unilateral infusion of sulpiride (0.4 and 0.6 μg/μl) into the NAc shell induced anxiolytic-like behaviors (P<0.05). Furthermore, the administration of the sub threshold dose of sulpiride (0.2 μg/μl) in the NAc shell strengthened the effect of low dose NMDA (P<0.05), whereas reduced its high dose (P<0.01) in prelimbic. The results indicate the regulatory effect of the dopamine D2 system of NAc shell on the anxiolytic-like response caused by NMDA injection in prelimbic region.

Inroduction & Nucleus accumbens(NAC), prefrontal cortex(PFC) dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems are involved in regulating anxiety- like behaviors, while NAc dopaminergic system activity is mediated by glutamatergic projections, via PFC.This study has investigated the involvement of NAc shell D1 dopaminergic and prelimbic glutamatergic systems on anxiety- like behaviors.Elevated plus-maze apparatus was employed to test parameters of anxiety-like behaviors After 5 days surgery of male Wistar rats in a stereotaxic frame, Elevated plus-maze apparatus was employed for measuring parameters of anxiety-like behaviors due to intrabrain injection of drugsSKF38393(dopamine D1 receptor agonist)SCH23390(dopamine D1 receptor antagonistNMDA(receptor antagonist), D-AP7NMDA receptor antagonist on Wistar male rats. Unilateral intra- prelimbic injection of NMDA (0.9 μg/μl), induced anxiolytic-like behaviors which has been blocked by D-AP7(NMDA receptor antagonist, 0.25, 0.5 and 1 μg/μl). Moreover, unilateral infusion of SKF38393 (dopamine D1 receptor agonist, 3 μg/μl) 0.25, 0.5 and 1μg/μl) into the left NAc shell induced anxiolytic-like behaviors which was blocked by SCH23390 (0.25μg/μl), while, SCH23390 (dopamine D1 receptor antagonistdid not so; Furthermore, intra-NAc shell administration of subthreshold dose of SKF38393 (1 μg/μl) potentiated the lower dose, whereas decreased the higher dose of intra-left prelimbic NMDA response. In addition, the subthreshold dose infusion of SCH23390 (0.25 μg/μl) into the left NAc shell, intra- prelimbic NMDA reduced induced anxiolytic-like behaviors. The results demonstrated a modulatory effect of NAC shell D1 dopaminergic system on anxiolytic-like response by injection in prelimbic NMDA.

Nucleus accumbens (NAc) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems are involved in regulating of locomotor activity behaviors. This study has investigated the interaction of NAc shell dopaminergic system and prelimbic glutamatergic systems in regulating locomotor activity and related parameters. The aim of this study was the effect the drugs injection interaction in the brain of male Wistar rats on locomotor activity and related parameters، in the order of this purpose، open field apparatus that automatically recorded locomotor activity was employed. Unilateral intra-cerebral injection of drugs was done. Unilateral intra-prelimbic injection of D-AP7 (N-methyl-D-aspartic acid= NMDA receptor antagonist; 0. 25، 0. 5 and 1μg/μl) did not alter locomotor activity behaviors. However، infusion of NMDA (0. 9μg/μl) in this region increased locomotor activity (P<0. 01)، whereas decreased rearing (P<0. 01) and grooming (P<0. 01) which was blocked by D-AP7 (0. 25μg/μl) (P<0. 01). Moreover، unilateral infusion of SCH23390 (dopamine D1 receptor antagonist; 0. 25، 0. 5 and 1μg/μl) into the left NAc shell did not alter locomotor activity. However، injection of SKF38393 (dopamine D1 receptor agonist; 4μg/μl) into the left NAc shell increased locomotor activity (P<0. 05) which was blocked by SCH23390 (0. 25μg/μl) (P<0. 01). Furthermore، the subthreshold dose infusion of SCH23390 (0. 25μg/μl) into the left NAc shell reduced the effect of intra- prelimbic NMDA on locomotor activity (P<0. 01). In addition، intra-NAc shell administration of the subthreshold dose of SKF38393 (1μg/μl) potentiated the middle dose (P<0. 05)، whereas decreased the higher dose of intra-left prelimbic NMDA response (P<0. 05) on locomotor activity. The results suggested a modulatory effect of the NAc shell dopaminergic system on increased locomotor activity by activating glutamate system in prelimbic.

The role of prenatal restraint stress on the immune function of male rats has been studied previously. In this study we evaluated the effect of this stress on some of the blood cells.To study of the prenatal restraint stresses effect on the immune system, pregnant rats were divided into four groups including one control group and three experimental groups. The control group did not receive any stress during the gestation period. In the experimental groups (1, 2 and 3) the pregnant rats were subjected to the restraint stress respectively from 8 to 21, 8 to17, and 17 to 21 days of gestation Offspring were housed in laboratory conditions with their mothers until 40 days of age. At the age of 60 days the blood samples were taken from the male rats.Prenatal stress markedly decreased the total number of white blood cells (WBC) in groups 1 and 3, and the percent of granulocyte cells in groups 1, 2 and 3 decreased. The percent of lymphocyte cells in the groups 1, 2 and 3 compared with control group increased significantly. The number of red blood cells (RBC) significantly increased in group 1 and 2 compared to control group. The number of platelet cells also increased in group 1.Our data support that prenatal restraint stresses alter the function of immune and hemopoietic system. Further studies needed to evaluate these effects precisely.