حامد خدایاری

The science of ethnobotany is the collection of reliable data about the medicinal uses of plants in different cultures, which can be the basis for the discovery of new drugs. This research was conducted with the aim of identification and introduction of native medicinal use and ethnobotanical indicators of plant species of Susan in Susan region of Khuzestan province in Iran with an area of 1016 ha. Using a questionnaire, the data was collected from 80 (55 men and 25 women) native participants in the age range of 30-75 years old. Also, 109 species of medicinal plants belonging to 40 plant genera were collected and identified from Susan region in the northwest of Izeh city, Khuzestan, Iran. According to the obtained results, Asteraceae with 16 species, Lamiaceae with 12 species, Apiaceae with 8 species, Fabaceae with 7 species, and Brassicaceae with 6 plant species had the most medicinal uses. The results of the investigation of the traditional use of plants in this region showed that medicinal plants are mainly used for the treatment of digestive diseases, respiratory diseases, skin diseases, and blood circulation diseases (fat, high blood pressure, and blood sugar), urinary tract diseases, and as a sedative.

 Due to their pleasant and soothing taste and odor, attractive colors, and medicinal purposes, Chrysanthemum morifolium flowers have been widely used as food, tea, ornamentation, and medicine. It has been reported that C. morifolium can reduce hyperactivity of the liver, improve eyesight and regulate cellular immunity. Pharmacological investigations have shown that Flo's chrysanthemum exhibits antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and heart-protective characteristics. Previous phytochemical studies on caffeic acid derivatives, flavonoids, triterpenoids, glycosides and alkaloids have been isolated from Flo's chrysanthemum. In this study, chrysanthemum cultivars were evaluated in terms of having secondary compounds and desirable medicinal properties, as well as antibacterial effects to introduce superior cultivars and purposeful planning for breeding research. The purpose of the present study, 25 cultivars of C. morifolium were compared in terms of essential oil content, leaves total phenolic, flavonoid and antioxidant activity.

 In this experiment, 25 chrysanthemum cultivars were studied in terms of essential oil percentage, antioxidant index, total phenol and flavonoid content and antibacterial effects in a randomized complete block design in Lorestan University research farm in the year 2016. Essential oil was extracted from dried flowers in the shade using a Clevenger apparatus for 3 hours. Evaluation of antioxidant activity of the extract was measured by DPPH method based on the method of Kulisic et al. (2004). The amount of flavonoids was measured by aluminum chloride and total phenol by Folin - Ciocalteu reagent colorimetric. Ward analysis was done to classify the cultivars.

The results of analysis of variance showed that the studied chrysanthemum cultivars had significant differences in terms of all studied phytochemical traits. According to the obtained results, among different cultivars, the total amount of phenolic compounds is between 14.52-47.90 mg/g dry weight, the total flavonoid content is between 11.59-55.62 mg/g DW and IC50 index varied between 83.92 and 257.43 μg/ml. The highest amount of total phenol was present in Avadis and Dila cultivars (45.86-47.90 mg/g dry weight), while Yasamin cultivar (14.52 mg/g DW) had the lowest amount. Also, in terms of total flavonoid content, Golnar and Farahnaz cultivars had the highest total flavonoid content with 55.62 and 53.01 mg quercetin/g DW, respectively. Cluster analysis divided all studied cultivars into five groups. The percentage of essential oil among different cultivars varied between 0.41 to 0.62% and a high variability was observed in terms of the amount of essential oil in the studied cultivars. The highest percentage of essential oil was related to Farhnaz and Elmira2 cultivars. In general, the results showed high antioxidant activity of most cultivars. Therefore, chrysanthemum extract can be introduced as a suitable source of natural antioxidants. Also in this study, Paridokht, Sana and Ashraf cultivars were studied in terms of antioxidant and antibacterial index and Farahnaz and Elmira 2 cultivars appeared superior to other cultivars in terms of essential oil production. Hedaei et al. (2018) studied evaluation of some bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of leaf methanolic extract and flower essential oil content from different cultivars of Chrysanthemum morifolium, in this review, total phenol and flavonoid contents and IC50 values in different cultivars were ranged from 17.63-33.20 mg/g DW, 12.62-53.17 mg quercetin/g, and 54-228 μg/ml respectively. The highest phenolic content was in cultivar “Poya3” (33.20 mg/g DW), whereas the cultivar “Sahand2” (17.63 mg/g DW) contained the lowest value. Also, in terms of total flavonoid content, cultivars “Marmar” and “Sahand 2” had the highest and the lowest flavonoids with 53.17 and 12.62 mg quercetin per gram, respectively. 

 The results of the present study indicate a significant difference between different cultivars in terms of the total amount of phenolic, flavonoid and antioxidant compounds that the existence of such diversity can be the role of cultivar and genetics in the production of these compounds. According to the results of this study, chrysanthemum cultivars with desirable levels of phenolic and flavonoid compounds can be used as a source of natural antioxidants as an alternative to synthetic antioxidants. In this study, Sana, Paridokht and Ashraf cultivars appeared superior to the existing genotypes in terms of phytochemical and antibacterial traits. The results of this study can be used to select the correct parents for purposeful crosses in subsequent chrysanthemum breeding programs in order to improve the phytochemical traits of existing cultivars.

Species distribution models (SDMs) are the most important ecological models used to model species distribution, identify new habitats, and protect endangered species. In this study, habitat potential modeling and determine the most important factors affecting on distribution of Persian oak (Quercus brantii Lindl.) was investigated using MaxEnt model in Lorestan province. To map the potential distribution of Persian oak, 22 environmental layers were prepared in ArcGIS 10.4.1 and converted to ASCII format. Then 5064 species presence points were extracted using 1.5 × 1.5 km grid from the map of geographical distribution of the Persian oak species (1:250000) and converted to CSV format. After preparing the layers, MaxEnt 3.3.3 software was used to model distribution of the species. The results showed that 7 variables were more important among of the 22 environmental variables affecting on distribution of Persian oak. Annual mean temperature, Precipitation of wettest quarter and Min temperature of coldest month had the highest impact on distribution of the species with 38, 24.2 and 13.3 %, respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) of the model was 0.669 and the threshold value of 0.33 was used to convert the probability map to the presence and absence maps. The potential vegetation map of Persian oak shows that approximately 62.5% of the area of Lorestan province has the potential for growing Persian oak. The main new habitat is located in Khorramabad, Aligudarz, Kuhdasht and Poldokhtar, which recommended for restoration and rehabilitation.

The genera Rhamnus and Atadinus have been dealt as a sigle genus, namely Rhamnus or two distinct genera. The genus Atadinus, includesunarmed (not spiny) species with 6 or more pairs of lateral veins on leaves. Moreover, relationship of the species and subspecific taxa needed further studies. In order to delimit and elucidate the taxonomic relationships of Rhamnus L. and Atadinus Raf. taxa (Rhamnaceae) in Iran, morphometric data analyses were performed. Studies were based on 30 morphological characters (8 quantitative and 22 qualitative) potentially belonging to two genera, 14 taxa, 52 populations and 749 individuals. Data analyses were performed using SPSS, Past and Excel softwares. ClusteringandOrdination Analyses illustrated similarities and differences among the populations and taxa.The species referred to any of the genera Rhamnus and Atadinus were separated in clustering and ordination. Morphometric studies more or less confirmed former classification of the taxa in Iran. Some of the specimens having characters of 2 or more taxa supposed to be hybrids. Also, some of the collections seemed to be new subspecies.

Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) as the king of flowers is one of the most important cut flowers, pot and medicinal plants in the world. Plant genetic resources, in addition to the infrastructure for agricultural development, it serves as a source of genetic adaptation and as a protection against environmental changes. Therefore, evaluation of genetic diversity and adaptation of cultivars in Iran with water deficit conditions (moderate and severe stress) is necessary for further identification of germplasm and success of breeding programs of this plant. This research was carried out to investigate the compatibility of 30 cultivars of Chrysanthemum, by studying the morphology of flower and leaves and flower yield in two regions (Khorramabad and Beiran-Shahr) of Lorestan province.

This experiment as the first study, was conducted to investigate the compatibility and stability flower yield and other important traits flowers and shrubs of 30 cultivars of Chrysanthemum in a randomized complete block design with three replications in (Khorramabad and Beiran-Shahr) of Lorestan province. Experimental errors were homogeneous in two locations, therefore; composite variance analysis was performed in two regions. To determine sustainable cultivars also non-parametric ranking method, AMMI and and GGE biplot multivariate methods were used to evaluate stable cultivars to select the best cultivars in two regions.

The results of composite variance analysis showed significant effect of cultivars that indicating the genetic difference among the cultivars under study. For most important morphological traits, cultivar × location interaction effects were statistically significant at 1% level. Considering that the interaction effects of cultivar × location on flower yield were significant, so the stability of the cultivars could be analyzed. According to the results, Flower yield per plant Elmira2 and Shekarnaz cultivars with 918 and 828 gr per plant, respectively, and in terms of early flowering and plant height, they were superior to other cultivars. According to this method, Tanaaz, Andia, Fariborz, Darya 2 and Farahnaz cultivars with higher average yield rating and standard deviation, they had lower stability. GGE biplot results showed that cultivars Elmira2, Mani 2, Paridokht, Farahnaz, Golnar, Taban3, Oran and Fariba in Beiran-Shahr and Elmira2, Tanaz, Farahnaz, Nadia2, Golgis, Oran, Taban3, Nastaran and Kimia 3 cultivars in Khorramabad region, they were recognized as superior cultivars for important ornamental traits. Cluster analysis of cultivars at Euclidean distance of 17.71, were categorized into three main groups.

Finally, based on results of stability of flower yield in plant and interaction of genotype in environment based on non-parametric AMMI and SHMM methods, Elmira2 and Shekarnaz cultivars, were identified as stable cultivars in two regions. GGE biplot results showed that cultivars Elmira 2, Oran, Taban 3 and Farahnaz were the best cultivars in the two regions. Understanding the nature of genotype × environment interaction effects will help breeders to evaluate the cultivars more accurately and select superior cultivars in terms of stability, flower yield and important morphological traits in breeding programs.

Chrysanthemum is an ornamental-medicinal species with great economic value. Evaluation of genetic diversity of chrysanthemum cultivars has been critical to the effective management of breeding programs and the conservation of genetic resources. In this study, 13 ISSR primers were used to investigate the genetic diversity of 30 different chrysanthemum cultivars. The results of this study showed that of 86 bands that were produced, all bands were polymorphic, so that the number of polymorphic bands varied from 5 to 9 per primer. Primers marking index (MI) in cultivars ranged from 1.40 to 4.32 and the polymorphic information content (PIC) content of primers ranged from 0.28 to 0.48 in each primer fluctuated. The results of principal coordinate analysis showed that the first three components were able to explain 29.27% of the total variance. Also, genetic relationships between samples were calculated using Jaccard similarity coefficient and cluster analysis by UPGMA method divided 30 cultivars into six main groups. The less genetic distance 0.38 was observed among the cultivars of "Fariborz" and "Farahnaz" by a similarity of 0.38, and the highest genetic distance was observed among the cultivars of "Oran"' and "Taban3"' by a similarity of 0.91. Primers T (GA) 9 and (AGC) 5GA had the highest values of molecular markers that can be introduced as useful and desirable primers for differentiation of chrysanthemum cultivars.

Bioclimatic variables are one of the most important environmental variables that used in mapping and species distribution modeling for the management and conservation of vegetation and species cultivation. In order to provide bioclimatic maps, long-term climate data of 49 weather stations were used during the years 1952 to 2017 to extract 19 bioclimatic variables. Geostatistics methods (Kriging and Cokriging) and Multiple Linear Regression model were used to create 19 bioclimatic variables in Lorestan Province. Correlation ratio was used to select the best interpolation model. Also, Cross-validation was used to validate the interpolation method. Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and the Root Mean Square Standardized Error (RMSSE) were used to select the best interpolation method. Based on the results, the best interpolation method for maping Bio4, Bio5, Bio7, Bio12, Bio13, Bio15, Bio16, Bio17 was Kriging method due to lower error values of RMSE and RMSSE for and Bio18 and the best interpolation method for maping of Bio1, Bio2, Bio3, Bio6, Bio8, Bio9, Bio10, and Bio11 was Cokriging method. Multiple Linear Regression model was also the best interpolation method for Bio19. Based on the results of this study, the use of an elevation auxiliary variable and climatic factor can increase the accuracy of the evaluation of interpolation methods to create accurate maps for modeling of species distribution.

 The purpose of this study was to collect, identify the distribution and medicinal plants uses in Zagheh and Biranshahr areas. Due to the necessity of identifying the medicinal species, we used questionnaires to collect information on the use of medicinal plants by native people in these areas. After transferring the samples to the herbarium of the University of Lorestan for each plant species, their medicinal and traditional uses were coordinated with other available reliable sources. Based on the results, 218 medicinal species were identified from 55 families out of which 35 species belonged to Asteraceae, 21 species to Fabaceae, 19 species to Lamiaceae, 15 species to Liliaceae, 11 species to Rosacea, 10 Species to Brassicaceae, 9 species to Apiacea, 7 species to Poaceae and others belonged to different families. Among the 218 introduced species, 110 species were widely used for most of the populations in the studied area. The highest consumption of medicinal plants in the field of ethnobotanical related to relieve digestive problems (36%), respiratory (16%), blood sugar and lipid lowering (10%), urinary tract diseases (8%), skin diseases (5%), oral and dental problems (5%), and ocular diseases (2%). Evaluation of the results were showed that there is a wide variety of medicinal plants in the Beyranshahr and Zagheh areas that their therapeutic applications are common in Iranian traditional medicine and research on these medicinal plants can be a way to explore new drugs in the field of treatment.

During several field trips to the western parts of Iran and after comparing the collected plants with other species of Alcea, we came across to following two specimens belonging to Malvaceae family which were found new to the flora of Iran from Ilam province. Alcea acaulis is distinguished from the other species in the genus by its very short stem. The second species, A. fasciculiflora, is morphologically similar to A. iranshahrii and A. ghahremanii which is distinguished by its leaf shape, flower color and indumentum features. Both Alcea acaulis and A. fasciculiflora are sparsely to densely covered by two types of glandular and non-glandular trichomes. The glandular trichomes are of clavate type and the non-glandular trichomes are divided into three types: simple, stellate and fascicled. The present paper, therefore, deals with taxonomic descriptions and relationships of the species, important diagnostic traits, micromorphological features of the trichomes, illustrations and the distribution maps of the species in Iran.

Chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflorum Tzvelev.) is one of the most popular pot and cut flower crops throughout the world. The genetic diversity assessment among present Iranian Chrysanthemum cultivars are needed for future Chrysanthemum breeding programs. This study aimed to assess the Phenotypic Diversity of in 15 dwarf cultivars Chrysanthemum, based on morphological characteristics and selection of suitable cultivars for planting in the beauty of green spaces and parks in randomized complete block design with three replications at the agricultural research station of lorestan university in Khorramabad were conducted. The results obtained from this study indicated that wide range of variations among cultivars studied, In terms of traits were measured. some of traits such as flowers number, number leaves and number of florets tab showing higher co-efficient variation, there were more variations among the chrysanthemum cultivars. Results correlation coefficients showed that there were negative correlation between leaf width with leaf length, petiole diameter and leaf area. Factor analysis, showed six independent factors with specific values than a total of 83.4 justify the total variance. In Cluster analysis, cultivars in Euclidean distance of 28.11 were divided into three groups. Two cultivars ' Avadis' and ' Nastaran' Were known with height 30.33 and 37.33 cm, In the group dwarf cultivars respectively and are Suitable for potted chrysanthemums. Therefore, evaluation these cultivars in the same conditions can be done selection for studied traits.

Chrysanthemum, due to numerous applications in floriculture and medicinal industries has been considered one of the most important ornamental plants and medicinal plants in the global area. In addition to being used as a cut flower, it also has a special place among potted flowers and gardens. Also, it is used as a medicinal plant with strong healing properties in traditional Chinese medicine and considered to treat eye diseases, headaches, colds, and etc. However, only a few reports have been presented in the field of genetic diversity of Chrysanthemums by morphological and molecular markers. Therefore, there is a need for further identification of germplasm and cultivars of Chrysanthemums in Iran. This study aimed to assess the genetic diversity of 15 cultivars of Chrysanthemums based on morphological characteristics and selection of cultivar adapted to Khorramabad region. This experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the area of Beiran-Shahr, Lorestan province in 2017. Twenty-one morphological characteristics were determined from fresh materials. These traits in accordance with the given instructions describing World UPOV Chrysanthemums, were measured. Quantitative measurements were carried out on 10 leaves per cultivars. Some variables including diameter (branches, petioles, discs, buds and flowers) were measured by digital caliper. The traits such as length and width of leaf, plant height, length and width of the tab florets with ruler were measured.  Based on data analysis most of the traits in cultivars showed significant differences (p≤0.01). Results showed that the correlation between leaf area with leaf width, petiole diameter and number of leaves has a positive and significant correlation with the probability level of 5%. The most significant and negative correlation (r = 0.99) was observed between number of flowers per plant and number of florets. Based on the results obtained from principal components analysis, seven independent and major components with Eigen values greater than one could explain 89 percent of the total variation. The first component, verified 24.4 percent of the total variation. Cluster analysis of cultivars in Euclidean distance of 26.68, was categorized into two main groups. The cultivars "Avadis" and "Norooz3" in the first group were distinguished from the rest of the cultivars with the lowest height. The "Fariba"; "Ashraf" and "Andiea" cultivars were placed in the group and most abundant cultivars. Based on the results, leaf size, plant height, number of branches and number of flowers in plant traits were most important in recognizing the diversity of cultivars Chrysanthemum. By using some cultivars belonging to the first cluster with less height and cultivars in the second cluster with more leaves and flowers as a parent, a new cycle of Chrysanthemum breeding program can be initiated.

Genus Hesperis L. belongs to Brassicaceae (Cruciferae) family including 46 species in the world, of which seven taxa are distributed in Iran. Pollen and seed macro- and micromorphological features of the Iranian taxa belonging to three sections, including sects. Hesperis, Diaplictos and Pachycarpos were examined for the first time using light (LM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Data analyses were performed using PAST (ver. 3.14) software. The results showed that in Hesperis pollen grains are radially symmetrical, monad, isopolar, tricolpate and have a small size. Pollen grain shape is elliptic to circular in equatorial view and circular in polar view. The exine ornamentation is reticulate in all studied specimens. Seed sculpturing pattern revealed two main groups based on the presence or absence of papillae. This study clarified that both pollen and seed macro- and micromorphological characters are significant features in taxonomic classification of the genus Hesperis. Unweighted Pair Group Method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) and Principle Component Analysis (PCA), strongly supported the sectional delimitation of taxa for most characters but not for seed qualitative characters. The results are mostly in agreement with the previous studies.

Chrysanthemum (Dendranthemagrandiflorum Ramat.) is one of most important ornamental and medicinal plants in the world. In order to evaluate genetic diversity among some tall Chrysanthemum cultivars using morphological markers, 21 traits in 15 tall cultivars, were evaluated in randomized complete block design with three replications in Beiranshahr Khorramabad county, Lorestan province. Results obtained from this study revealed a wide range of variations in the measured traits between cultivars. A higher coefficient variation observed for some traits such as flowers number, number of leaves, number of lateral branches. Results of correlation coefficients showed that there was negative correlation between flowers number per plant and number of branches, main branch diameter and plant spacing. Factor analysis, showed seven main and independent components factors with Eigen values greater than one which could Justified 91.1 percent of the total variation. In Cluster analysis, cultivars in Euclidean distance of 33.73were divided into three groups. Therefore, two cultivars of 'Shekarnaz' and 'Nandia2' were distinguished from the other cultivars with the highest branch height and 'Golgis' cultivar with the largest head diameter. Since the evaluation of these cultivars was done in the same conditions, so selection can be done for the studied traits.

Abstract Daphne L. belongs to Thymelaeaceae family which has about 70 species in the world and 4 species in Iran. The species of this genus have compounds such as flavon, Betulin, Simarin and etc. that have anticancer, anti-flammation, antigout and antimicrobial effects. In this study, the pollen of 11 different accessions of D. mucronata, D. oleoides, D. pontica, D. mezerum were studied using stereo microscope, light microscope and scanning electron microscope for identifying and recognizing useful characteristic of these species. The results were analyzed utilizing NTSYS pc v 2.02 e software and dendrogram constructed using UPGMA method. The results have shown that pollen grains are spheroid to elliptic shape, tricolporat and polyforat in the studied species and there are differences on exine surface that create Crotonoid and Semicrotonoid patters. Characteristics such as shape and pollen grains diagonal, revealing and hiding of reticular muri exine diameter are effective in taxonomic segregation of species. In this study, three types of seed surface ornamentation from cell-like, mosaic, and wavy were observed and characteristics such as leaf shape and the presence and density of trichomes, perianth color, lobe form, presence of trichome in ovule,seed color, seed shape, having billed and seed ornamentation of surface are different (variable) between species.

Figs as an important product in recent decades due to biotic and abiotic stresses have been faced to genetically erosion. The aim of this study was to determine the genetic diversity of taxa belonged to Ficus genus using Inter-simple sequence Repeat markers (ISSR). For this purpose, 23 accessions belonging to the fig genus collected from across the Iran country and genomic DNA was extracted from leaves. Out of 18 ISSR primers pairs, six primers pairs selected and PCR process were achieved for them. A total of 83 bands were produced, of which 78 were polymorphic. Using PAUP software, through Neighbor Joining methods, 23 populations of fig were divided in four groups. Among the primers, (AG) 8 C, (TG) 8 A and (GT) 8 C were identified as the most appropriate primers for using in future studies. Based on the results obtained from the analysis of data from ISSR, 23 populations of Ficus were classified into four groups. The results of the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that there is no difference between the taxa and the highest genetic distance between populations within species. The results of this study showed that taxa belonging to the Ficus genus in Iran are very closely related phylogentically, and the relationship between reproductive and genetic flow is high.

The aim of this research is elucidation of molecular taxonomic and phylogenetic relationship between Zhumeria and other genera of Mentheae tribe using sequencing of chloroplastic matk gene. The aim of this research is taxonomic and phylogenetic status of Mentheae tribe with emphasis Zhumeria majdae Resh. f. & Wendelbo. (Moorkhosh) belonged to Lamiaceae family that endemic of Hormozgan province, Iran and it have not been reported in elsewhere, using sequencing of chloroplastic gene matK. Zhumeria majdae has long been used in traditional medicine as antispasmodic, antimicrobial, carminative especially in infants and for dysmenorrheal. The therapeutic benefits of medicinal plants are often attributed to their antioxidant properties. It is used for treatment of the stomach ulcer, headache, reduce pain, cold and healing of wounds. The methods are as follow: Extraction of DNA, amplification of a part of matk by specific primers, DNA sequencing, and sequence analysis by FINTCH TV software, drawing phylogenetic tree by PAUP software. The heuristic search of the Cladogram analysis resulted in 10000 shortest trees, 3 tree with lengh of 20 steps and statistic coefficient (Retention index = 0.963) and Consistencies index=0.950. In the trees resulting from maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood methods, Mentheae tribe was monophyletic and composed of three distinct monophyletic clades (subtribes Menthinae, Salviinae and Nepetinae). The The tree derived from the combined data matrix, including in-group and out-group taxa, has a total of 74 sequences. results of this study showed that Zhumeria majdae grouped with Salvia clad. Our results comfirm previous studies done by morphological, trnL-F, psbA-trnH and ribosomal DNA phylogeny.

The Darrehshahr region with 148,000 ha area is located in the southeast of Ilam province in the West of Iran. This study aims at introducing the floristic list, life forms, and endangered and vulnerable plant species in the forest and rangelands of Darrehshahr (Ilam province). The sampling operations were carried outduring different seasons from 2012 to 2014. First, the site boundaries were identified on the topographic map with a scale of 1:50,000.Then, by collecting the plant species of the region, the floristic list of the species was developed. The life form of the plant samples was determined using Raunkier’s method. The results indicated that there are 516 plant species in this region which belong to 312 genera and 73 families. The Asteraceae family with 53 genus and 93 species has the highest species diversity. According to Raunkier life form, 42.31% therophytes, 10.11% cryptophytes, 7% Phanerophytes, 2.14% chamaephytes, and three species of parasite grow in the region. The growth elements of the region included 30.45 % Irano-Turanian, 24.75% Irano-Turanian and Mediterranean,and 14.34% Irano-Turanian and Euro-Siberian species. The Irano-Turanian, Mediterranean,and Euro-Siberian, together with 9.23%, comprised the most frequent chorotype in the region. There are 22 endemic, fourvulnerable,sixless endangered, one endangered, and one inadequately known species in the region.

Medicinal plants are one of the most valuable resources in Iran, having a scientific knowledge and proper use; they can play an important role in community health. Some of the significant aims of ethnobotany project are to indicate the most common medicinal species, finding out the exact application of the plant species from various population of the area, and proving the knowledge of ethnobotany among human beings. To achieve these goals, the project has been conducted in Farouj, North Khorasan province, Iran in 2014-2015. To acquire ethnobotanical data of the studied area, several steps were taken such as the accumulation of plants, interviews with native people, and distribution of the questionnaires. Some important indices such as the relative frequency of citation (RFC), informant agreement ratio (IAR), and cultural important index (CI) were estimated. Furthermore, a traditional null hypothesis testing was adopted. A total of 91 taxa belonging to 29 families were identified, 73 of which are grown naturally in the studied area. Asteraceae and Brassicaceae were the most detected families with 16 and 9 genera, respectively. Other diseases and digestive ones are the most curable ailments in Farouj County. Most of the parts of the plants that were collected consist of leaves (22%), whole plants (18%) and seeds (14%), orderly. Vitis vinifera L. has the maximum relative frequency of citation and cultural importance indices. Farouj area has a great potential in the growing of pharmaceutical plants. This research has been done for the first time in this area. Plant extracts can be used as cure for many diseases and some extracts might have new beneficial effects on illness.

The genetic diversity patterns of 54 natural populations and 40 individuals of wild barley from different localities in Iran were analyzed using 26 microsatellites markers. At population level, high levels of diversity (0.71), with an average number of 6.92 alleles per locus (ranging up to 17) and high level polymorphism with polymorphism rate averaging 0.67 were observed. Average number of alleles was 38.37 per population (ranged from 36.33 in the Northeast to 38.94 in the West) and 28.42 per individual (ranged from 28.11 in the West to 29 in the North). In dendrograms, accessions collected from the North and Northeast of Iran were grouped away from those collected from the West and Northwest, suggesting the presence of two different wild barley sub genepools in this country. The genetic diversity decreases from the West toward the East. Based on the results of this study the wild Iranian gene pool of barley represents high level of diversity and there is value to search for new useful alleles to incorporate to the breeding programs.

Limited numbers of microsatellite markers are available for genetic characterization of Hordeum bulbosum which comprises the secondary genepool of cultivated barely. The objective of this study was to evaluate the transferability of microsatellite markers from H. vulgare to H. bulbosum and a preliminary evaluation of their polymorphism. From ninety-three pairs barley SSR primer tested for transferability, all of them amplified DNA segments in H. vulgare (11 accessions) and 48 pairs (51.61%) were transferable to the H. bulbosum (5 accessions) with high level of polymorphism. Twenty-two (23.65%) SSR markers showed transferability to H. murinum used as outgroup. A total of 546 alleles were detected by 48 transferred primer pairs in all accessions. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 3 to 13 with an average of 11.375 alleles per locus. The PIC values were ranged from 0.161 to 0.621 with an average of 0.477. The value of PIC in H. vulgare (average PIC = 0.639) was significantly higher than H. bulbosum (average PIC = 0.316). In dendrogram generated based on SSR data accessions were divided into groups related to their taxonomic classifications, indicating the efficiency of barley SSRs for phylogenetic analyses in H genome containing species in the genus Hordeum. Based on the results of this study, it can be suggested that the cross species transferable barley SSRs are valuable molecular tools, for genetic diversity analyses in the H. bulbosum for which limited number of microsatellite markers are available. This study provided a set of efficient SSR markers from publicly available barley microsatellite markers for the genetic characterization of H. bulbosum.

Hordeum bulbosum L. (Poaceae) is considered to be sources of useful alleles which can be used in cereal improvement. Thirty two native Iranian H. bulbosum were collected from different localities and were studied by karyotype analysis. We assessed the karyotype asymmetry of the Iranian bulbous barley populations and analyzed the data to look for their geographic distribution correlations. All of the studied populations were tetraploid (2n=4x=28) and the analysed parameters of karyotype of H. bulbosum support the autopolyploidy origin of the species with nearly symmetric karyotype. The results showed the most asymmetric karyotypes within northeast (Golestan) and northwest (Gardane-e Heiran) populations and the most symmetric karyotyps in populations from the west of Iran. Therefore, it can be assumed that the oldest populations are in the slopes of Zagros Mountains and the youngest germplasms occur in the northeast of this country. It can be concluded that the species originated from the west of Iran and distributed towards east and northeast.