حامد دانش پژوه

Oxymetholone is an oral active anabolic-androgenic steroid. This drug was obtained in 1959 by methylating the 17α carbon and saturating the 5α carbon of testosterone. This drug in low doses are used to treat diseases such as; Anemia, lack of growth in children, reducing the spread of the AIDS virus in the body and heart failure are used. Unfortunately; some athletes use this drug as an energy-boosting drug in high doses due to its anabolic properties and its effect on muscle growth. In this study, the effect of Oxymetholone in a dose much higher than the physiological limit of the body was investigated on the liver of NMRI female mice. For this purpose, 12 mg/kg/day of the drug was injected intraperitoneally to adult mice (45 days old) for ten days. The results obtained from intraperitoneal (IP) injection of oxymetholone on the number of Kupffer cells in the liver in adult rats (NMRI) show that the number of Kupffer cells increased, which is significant at P<0.001. Also, according to the histograms related to The number of liver hepatocyte cells, the diameter of liver hepatocyte cells and the number of double nuclei in the liver and the results obtained, it can be seen that there is no significant difference in the comparison between the sham, control and experimental groups at P<0.05. The results of the present study show that the consumption of oxymetholone steroids can cause harmful effects on the liver tissue of athletes.

Due to increasing resistance of pathogenetic bacteria to the new antibiotics, the researchers are seeking of finding the antimicrobial materials with herbal origins as the replacement of ineffective antibiotics. The aim of doing of this study is evalution of the antibacterial effect of hydro alcoholic extraction of the plant of thymus daensis on the bacteria of shigella flexneri, Yersinia enterocolitica and streptococcus salivarius. 

in this practical study, the plant of thymus daensis were collected and the extraction of plant were prepared by the method of maceration and the antimicrobial effects of these plant in the amounts of 0.65, 1.25, 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/l were prepared by using the method of transmission on disk on the bacteria of shigella flexneri, Yersinia enterocolitica and Streptococcus salivarius compared with the antibiotics of Penicillin, Gentamicin, Tetracycline and Vancomycin and drop of halo of lack of growth was measured. Also the minimum concentration of restraining of growth (MIC) and the minimum concentration of lethalithy (MBC) of extractions against three concerned bacteria were determined.

The obtained results showed that the extraction of thymus daensis on streptococcus salivarius in the concentration of 10mg/l had the most effect and the drop of halo of lack of growth were respectively measured as 20.83, 20.33, 19. Also this extractions didn’t have any effect on the bacterium of Yersinia for mutuol effect of antibiotic in bacterium the maximum drop of halo of lack of growth for antibiotic of Tetracycline and bacterium of Streptococcus salivarius was achived but in the mutual effect of antibiotic of Vancomycin and the bacterium of Yersinia any halo wasn’t composed. The amount of mic related to thymus daensis on the bacteria of Streptococcus salivarius and Shigella flexneri showed a similar amount the equals to 0.65 mg/l and the amount of mic related to thymus daensis on the bacterium of Yersinia enterocolitica was achieved equals to1.25 mg/l. the amount of mbc component for the plant of Thymus daensis on the bacteria of Yersinia and Shigella was achived equals to 2.5 mg/l and for bacteria of Streptococcus salivarius was achived equals to 1.25 mg/l .

There for, the hydro-alcoholic extraction of thymus daensis  has an inhibitory effect, this extractions showed more effect on the bacterium of Streptococcus than two bacteria Yersinia and Shigella.

Freezing is a long-term egg storage method that plays an important role in assisted reproductive methods. The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of freezing solutions and docetaxel on the expression changes of autophagy genes such as Atg5 and Beclin-1 in mouse MII oocytes after glass freezing by cryotop method. To achieve this goal, mouse MII oocytes were collected and frozen in two different concentrations of 15% ethylene glycol, 15% dimethyl sulfoxide and 0.5 M sucrose in group A (VS1) and 7.5% ethylene glycol, glycerol. 7.5% and 0.5 M sucrose were frozen in group B (VS2) and some groups were affected by docetaxel before freezing. After thawing, the eggs were fertilized.The percentage of survival and fertilization of frozen and thawed oocytes was evaluated and the expression changes of genes (Atg5 and Beclin-1) were investigated by RT-PCR method. The results showed that there are significant differences between the percentage of survival and the percentage of fertilization in the freezing groups compared to the control group (P<0.05). The percentage of survival and fertilization in the VS1 group decreased compared to the VS2 group. Also, the percentage of survival and conception of the groups pre-incubated with Docetaxel was higher than the non-incubated groups. This study showed that vitrification with cryotop changes the transcript levels of autophagy genes in frozen-thawed MII oocytes, and pre-incubation of oocytes with docetaxel before vitrification can decrease the transcript levels of Atg5 and Beclin-1 in the experimental groups and above Increase the percentage of survival and the percentage of formation of two-celled embryos.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of docetaxel on the survival rate and in vitro fertilization of oocytes after vitrification by two cryopreservation solution.

For this NMRI mice (8-10 weeks old) were superovulated by injecting PMSG and HCG. Oocytes are surrounded by cumulus and corona cells and must be denuded by 0.1% hyaluronidase enzyme. The oocytes were then divided into 8 experimental groups including control, docetaxel, docetaxel + vitrification 1 solution; docetaxel + vitrification1; vitrification1; docetaxel + vitrification 2 solution; docetaxel + vitrification2; vitrification2. Mature oocytes were vitrified in ethylene glycol and dimethyl sulfoxide solutions at 15% concentration and 0.5 M sucrose in cryopreservation solution1 and ethylene glycol and glycerol at 7.5 concentration and 0.5 M sucrose in cryopreservation solution2. After thawing, their survival and fertilization rates were assessed up to the two-cell stage. Staining of the microtubules in the oocytes was performed with alpha-tubulin antibody.

The results showed a significant difference in survive and fertilization rates compared to the control group (P<0.05). The rate of survival and formation of 2-cell embryos in the first cryopreservation group decreased compared to the second cryopreservation group but the two groups were not statistically significant. The results showed that survival and fertilization rates in pre-incubated groups with docetaxel were higher than non-incubated groups.

Docetaxel could improve reproductive techniques by reducing the damage to the oocyte cytoskeleton.

Docetaxel is beneficial in oocyte cryopreservation.

The effect of docetaxel, on the survival, fertilization rate and mRNA expression of apoptosis-related genes of vitrified mature oocytes was investigated.

Mature oocytes were divided into eight experimental groups, including I) control, II) docetaxel, III) docetaxel + cryoprotectant agent 1 (CPA1), IV) docetaxel + CPA2, V) docetaxel + vitrification 1 (Vit1), VI) docetaxel + Vit2, VII) Vit1, and VIII) Vit2. The survival and fertilization rates, and the mRNA expression level of Bcl-xl, Bax and caspase-3 as apoptosis-related genes were evaluated.

The survival rates in Vit1, and Vit2 groups were significantly lower than in the control group (P<0.05). The fertilization rates in docetaxel + Vit1, docetaxel + Vit2, Vit1, and Vit2 were significantly lower than the control, docetaxel, and related groups using docetaxel and CPAs. Bax expression was significantly increased in groups which oocytes vitrified. Also, its expression in the Vit2 group increased significantly in comparison to the docetaxel + Vit2 group. The expression of the Bcl-xl gene was downregulated in docetaxel + CPA2, docetaxel + Vit2 and Vit2 compared to docetaxel group. The Bax/Bcl-xl ratio significantly increased in docetaxel + CPA2, docetaxel + Vit1, docetaxel + Vit2, Vit1 and Vit2 groups compared to control, docetaxel and the docetaxel + CPA1 group. Caspase-3 expression significantly increased in all six groups in comparison to the control, and docetaxel groups. Its expression significantly increased in the Vit1 and Vit2 groups in comparison with docetaxel + Vit1, and docetaxel + Vit2, respectively.

Docetaxel ameliorates the damages to oocytes during vitrification by altering the expression of apoptosis-related genes and its effects are dependent on the vitrification solution used in cryopreservation of oocytes.

As a stabilizing agent, docetaxel can potentially reduce the damage to the oocyte cytoskeleton during vitrification. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of docetaxel on the survival rate and in vitro fertilization of oocytes after vitrification. NMRI mice (8-10 weeks old) were superovulated by injecting PMSG and HCG. Oocytes are surrounded by cumulus and corona cells and must be denuded by 0.1% hyaluronidase enzyme. The oocytes were then divided into 5 experimental groups including control, docetaxel, docetaxel+vitrification solution; docetaxel+ vitrification and vitrification. Mature oocytes were vitrified in ethylene glycol and dimethyl sulfoxide solutions at 15% concentration and 0.5 M sucrose. After thawing, their survival and fertilization rates were assessed up to the two-cell stage. Staining of the microtubules in the oocytes was performed with alpha-tubulin antibody. The fertilization rate of each group showed a significant decrease compared to the control group (P=0.001). The rate of formation of 2-cell embryos in both vitrified groups (docetaxel+ vitrified and vitrified vitrified) was significantly lower than non-vitrified (control (P=0.001) and docetaxel ((P=0.004)). The results showed that survival and fertilization rates in pre-incubated groups with docetaxel were higher than non-incubated groups, so docetaxel could improve reproductive techniques by reducing the damage to the oocyte cytoskeleton.

Background and objectives Oxymetholone is an orally-administered active anabolic-androgenic steroid. This drug was synthesized in 1959. It is a 17α-methylated 5α-saturated compound. It is used for the treatment of a variety of diseases including anemia growth delay in children myocardial damage in heart failure and treatment of HIV associated wasting. This is one of the drugs used in high doses by the doping athletes because of its anabolic effects and its influence on muscular mass. In this study the effect of oxymetholone in supraphysiologic doses was evaluated on oogenesis in NMRI mice. Methods In our experiments 12 mg/kg/day oxymetholone was injected intraperitoneally to 4- and 6-week old mice for 70 days. Results The results demonstrated a significant difference between treatment and control groups after both 35 and 70 days of treatment. This drug led to significant decrease in the number of corpus lutea decrease in the number of atretic follicles decrease in the weight and diameter of ovaries decrease in the diameter of granulosa layer increase in number of primordial follicles decrease in number of primary follicles decrease in number of growing follicles decrease in the number of graafian follicles and decrease in the progesterone level. Additionally disordered formation of granulosa layers and growing of oocytes in antra anomaly of the ovular medulla and formation of two oocytes in one folliculus were observed in some mice. Conclusion The results show that oxymetholone decreases the ovarian growth and the rate of ovulation.