حبیب اصغرپور

Aging is associated with a gradual decline in cardiac function. Endurance training has been shown to positively impact heart health in the elderly. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of eight weeks of endurance training on the levels of proteins associated with mitophagy and mitochondrial dynamics in the left ventricle of aged rats.

This experimental study involved 12 male rats, aged 20 months, with an average weight of 400 ± 30 grams. The rats were randomly assigned to either an endurance training group or a control group, with six rats in each group. The endurance training program consisted of sessions at 55-75% of maximum speed (m/min) each week. The maximum speed started at approximately 12 meters per minute in the first week and increased to about 33 meters per minute by the end of the eighth week. Following a 48-hour period after the last training session, the left ventricle was excised, and the levels of mitophagy-related proteins PINK1 and PARKIN were measured using the western blot method.

Eight weeks of endurance training resulted in a significant increase in PINK1 protein levels in the left ventricle of elderly rats (P = 0.005). However, PARKIN protein levels did not show a significant change after the eight-week training period (P = 0.227).

The findings suggest that an eight-week endurance training program, conducted at an appropriate intensity, can enhance mitochondrial quality control in the left ventricle of aged rats. However, further research is warranted to explore this area more comprehensively.

Mitochondrial dynamics through fission and fusion play an important role in physiological and pathological conditions in aging. Disruption of mitochondrial dynamics contributes to age-related cardiovascular diseases, while exercise therapy has been proposed to prevent this process.

The current research is of an experimental type, which was conducted with 12, 20-month-old Wistar male rats with an average weight of 400 ± 30 gr. Rats were randomly divided into two endurance training and control groups (each group had 6 rats). The training group ran on the treadmill for 8 weeks and 5 sessions per week. The intensity of the endurance training was 55-75% of speed; which started with a speed of 12 meters per minute in the first week and reached a speed of 33 meters per minute in the eighth week. After 48 hours from the last training session, the rats were anesthetized and the variables were measured by western blot method. Data were analyzed through independent t-test in SPSS software version 29 and Graphpad Prism version 10.2.3 and the significance level was considered P≤0.05.

Eight weeks of endurance training caused a significant increase in DRP1 content (P=0.001); While it was not significant for OPA1 protein content in the heart of old rats (P=0.16).

It seems that endurance training with appropriate intensity and duration can improve mitochondrial quality control in the heart tissue of elderly patients.

Atherosclerosis is one of the most common causes of death in different societies, which occurs as a result of atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries and this complication is exacerbated in some stages of life, one of which is menopause. At this stage, due to reduced physiological estrogen levels and android obesity, increased activity of the sympathetic system malfunction and fat oxidation, endothelial dysfunction and vascular inflammation risk of cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women increases. One of the factors reducing the risk of atherosclerosis is the expression of ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABCA) 1 mRNA, which is involved in reverse cholesterol transfer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of aerobic exercise on ABCA1 mRNA expression in PBMC cells.

This study was performed on 30 post-menopausal women who were randomly divided into two groups of control and eight weeks of aerobic exercise.Then, before and after the intervention, blood samples were taken from all subjects in 10 cc and lymphocytes were isolated by centrifugation and mRNA was isolated and assessed by PCR and the information obtained were analyzed by covariance tests with significance at P <0.05 in SPSS19.

The results showed that aerobic exercise had a significant effect on the expression of ABCA1, HDL, LDL and APO-A1 genes (P <0.05).

Based on the research findings, it can be concluded that eight weeks of aerobic exercise improves reverse cholesterol transfer and prevents atherosclerotic factors in post-menopausal women.

Aging is accompanied by a gradual weakening of heart function, which can lead to an increase in the risk of cardiovascular diseases. HIIT, as a potent exercise intervention, seems to benefit heart function and mitochondrial health in elderly groups.

The present research is of an experimental type, conducted with 12 20-month-old Wistar male rats with an average weight of 400 ± 30 grams. The inclusion criteria were male rats aged 20 months and older, which were randomly divided into two HIIT and control groups (6 rats in each group). During the research, the control group had no activity, and the training group ran on the treadmill for eight weeks and five sessions weekly. The HIIT program was performed with high-intensity bouts of 85-95% of maximum speed (m/min) and active rest periods with an intensity of 40-55% of maximum speed (m/min) for each session per week. After 48 hours following the last training session, the rats were anesthetized, and the variables were measured using the western blot method. The data were analyzed through Shapiro-Wilk and independent t-test, and the significance level was considered P ≥ 0.05.

The results showed that eight weeks of HIIT caused a significant increase in DRP1 in the hearts of old rats, while it did not significantly change the content of OPA1 protein.

HIIT protocol seems to improve mitochondrial quality control in the heart of aged rats.

Rehabilitation for heart failure patients can help improve heart health, quality of life, and strengthen respiratory muscles. However, some patients do not have access to rehabilitation services in clinics and medical centers. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of home-based cardio-respiratory rehabilitation on the respiratory muscle function of heart failure patients aged 40-60 years.

 In a semi-experimental design, 43 subjects (20 women and 23 men) with heart failure were divided into three groups: rehabilitation training group (13 people including 7 men and 6 women), rehabilitation training with breathing exercises (15 people including 8 men and 7 women), and the control group (15 people including 8 men and 7 women). The subjects underwent pre-test and post-test measurements of maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP), 6-minute walk test (6MWT), and dyspnea index.

The results of this research showed that breathing exercises combined with cardiac rehabilitation at home had a significant effect on the subjects' PIMax (P < 0.001). Forthermore, 6WMT mileage increased both during rehabilitation exercises and when rehabilitation exercises were combined with breathing exercises. Also, dyspnea index decreased in both experimental groups (P < 0.001).

Combining rehabilitation exercises with respiratory muscle strengthening can help patients with heart failure, at least in some cases. However, more intense and controlled exercises than home-based exercises may be needed for greater improvements in cardiovascular function.

Defective lipophagy is associated with metabolic disorders. This study investigated the effect of four weeks of aerobic exercise in a fasted state on hepatic unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1 (ULK1) in male rats with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In this experimental research, 30 male Wistar rats with an NAFLD model were randomly divided into control groups: fasting, 3-day training, 5-day training, fasting + 3-day training, and fasting + 5-day training. Unlike other rats that had 24-hour access to food, the fasting groups received the same amount of nutrition during 10 hours. Continuous running was done for four weeks with 3 and 5 sessions per week and in two conditions of feeding and fasting. Statistical analysis was done with SPSS software Version 26 using one-way variance analysis and Bonferroni test with a significance level of (P≤0.05). A significant increase in the expression of the ULK1 gene was observed in the fasting, fasting + 3-day training, and fasting + 5-day training groups compared to the control and 3-day training groups (P<0.05). The increase of ULK1 in the fasting group was higher than in the 3-day- and 5-day training groups (P<0.05). Also, the increase of ULK1 in the fasting + 3-day training and fasting + 5-day training groups was significantly higher than the 5-day training group (P<0.05). Fasting and exercise in the fasting state increase lipophagy and might improve NAFLD.

Diabetes can cause serious cardiovascular complications by disrupting the autophagy pathway. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the intracellular levels of autophagy proteins in the left ventricular tissue of rats with type 1 diabetes.

In this experimental study, 18 2-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats with an average weight of 300±20 grams were selected. Twelve rats had type 1 diabetes after intraperitoneal injection of STZ (with a dose of 50 mg/kg of body weight) solution. Rats were randomly divided into two groups: diabetic training and diabetic control (each group, six heads). A healthy control group (six heads) was also considered. The training group underwent HIIT four days a week for six weeks. GraphPad Prism version 9.5 software and one-way ANOVA, and Tukey's post hoc tests were used to analyze the data. The significance level was considered P≤ 0.05.

ULK1 and FIP200 levels showed a significant increase in the left ventricle after 6 weeks of HIIT training compared to the healthy control group and the diabetic control group (P= 0.0001).

Considering the increase in ULK1 and FIP200 proteins, it can be concluded that HIIT training can activate the autophagy pathway; Therefore, in prescribing this type of exercise for diabetic subjects, the intensity and duration of the exercise should be considered.

The underlying molecular mechanisms and effects of physical exercise on azoospermia are not well understood.The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of cell therapy, laser and activity on the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis in azoospermia model rats.

40 8-week-old rats were randomly selected, and then the azoospermia model was induced with the drug busulfan with a dose of 40 mg, and after one month, each group of rats was divided into groups. One month after the creation of a one-time model, stem cells were transplanted in the vas deferens in the amount of one million cells for each mouse. After a week of cell transplantation, a laser with a wavelength of 632.8 nm And the power of 10 milliwatts and energy of 3 joules was applied three times during the entire study period with an interval of one week and after the healing of the wound of the cell transplant area on the abdomen, daily for 30 minutes, 5 days in They performed swimming exercises every week for 8 weeks.

Induction of azoospermia model decreased the expression of PGC1α gene and increased the expression of OPA1 gene, which the implementation of each of the interventional methods of laser, exercise, laser-activity and cell-activity reversed these changes.

Therefore, it can be said that in azoospermia model rats, the simultaneous use of interventional methods of activity and laser therapy has the best effectiveness.

ULK1 and LC3-II are factors related to liver lipophagy. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of four weeks of aerobic training in fasting state on factors related to liver lipophagy (ULK1 and LC3-II) in male Wistar rats.

In this experimental research, 30 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into the following groups: control, fasting, 3 days of training, 5 days of training, fasting + 3 days of training, and fasting + 5 days of training. Unlike other rats that had 24-hour access to food, the fasting rats received the same amount of nutrition in 10 hours. Continuous aerobic running on a treadmill was performed for 4 weeks with a frequency of 3 and 5 sessions per week in both feeding and fasting conditions. Statistical analysis was done by SPSS using one-way variance analysis test and LSD. Significance level was set at P < 0.05.

The increase of LC3-II in the groups of fasting + 3 days of training and fasting + 5 days training was significant compared to fasting and 3 days training groups (P < 0.05). Also, the increase of ULK1 in the groups of 3 days of training and fasting + 3 days of training was significant compared to the fasting group, and the changes of ULK1 were significantly higher in fasting + 3 days of training group than in the fasting + 5 days training group (P < 0.05).

It can be said that aerobic training in fasting mode increases liver lipophagy and the expression of ULK1 and LC3-II genes is different compared to the amount of weekly activity.

The health and proper functioning of the endoplasmic reticulum in the liver can lead to an increase in the quality of the metabolism of liver cells. Exercise can lead to liver health by regulating liver enzymes and factors related to apoptosis pathway. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to compare the performance of the endoplasmic reticulum chaperone protein of the liver of healthy model rats with the intervention of different training sessions and starvation.

In this experimental research, 30 Wistar male rats with a weight range of 330 ± 25 grams were selected and divided into six groups: 1) control, 2) starvation, 3) 3 days of training per week, 4) 5 days of training per week, 5) starvation + 3 training days per week, 6) starvation + 5 training days per week. Training consisted of one hour of continuous running on a treadmill for 4 weeks, and starvation was performed for 14 hours when the rats were awake. Data analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance and post hoc LSD statistical tests in SPSS version 23 software. A significance level of P≤ 0.05 was considered.

Data analysis showed a significant change in the levels of liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) (P≤ 0.05). This change in CHOP gene expression was also significant (P≤ 0.05).

Aerobic training for 3 and 5 days with starvation can lead to liver health by reducing liver enzymes (AST and ALT) and cell death-related factor (CHOP) through the apoptosis pathway.

Chronic hypertension causes structural and functional changes in the heart, ultimately leading to heart failure (HF), which further increases mortality. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of a period of intermittent aerobic exercise on the serum level of apelin 17 and factors related to blood pressure in patients with HF.

In this semi-experimental study, 20 men with HF were selected based on the conditions of entering the study and were randomly divided into 2 exercise and control groups. The exercise program included interval aerobic training that were performed three sessions a week for eight weeks of training. Blood sample and physiological variables were measured fasting 48 hours before and after the intervention.

After eight weeks of training, there was a significant increase in the levels of Apelin 17 (P = 0.039), Ang I (P = 0.005) and FMD (P = 0.008) and a significant decrease in the levels of Ang II (P < 0.001) and SBP (P < 0.001) were observed, but no significant difference was observed in the values of ACE-2 (P = 0.234) and DBP (P = 0.363).

According to the results, it can be said that one of the adaptations of exercise that improves blood flow and lowers blood pressure in patients with HF is increasing the level of apelin-17 in these patients.

Endoplasmic reticulum plays an essential role in many cellular pathways. Exercise and fasting can lead to liver health by activating mechanisms such as reticulophagy. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to  investigate the effect of fasting and aerobic exercise on atherogenic indicators, body mass and ATF6 gene expression in the endoplasmic reticulum of healthy liver of Wistar rats.

In this experimental research, 30 18-week-old Wistar rats with a weight range of 330.40 ± 25.34 grams were selected and divided into six groups: 1) control, 2) starvation, 3) 3-day training, 44) 5-day training, 5) starvation + 3-day training, 6) starvation + 5-day training were divided. The rats in the training group performed exercise on a treadmill for one month, 3 and 5 sessions per week for one hour. Starvation was done continuously for 14 hours when the rats were awake and for one month. Data analysis was done using one-way ANOVA and post hoc LSD statistical tests in SPSS version 23 software. A significance level of P≥0.05 was considered.

Data analysis showed a significant decrease in BMI, LDL/HDL, CHOL/HDL, TAG/HDL and a significant increase in ATF6 gene expression (P≥0.05).

Aerobic training with starvation led to liver health by reducing atherogenic indicators. Also, increasing the expression of ATF6 gene in the liver through exercise and starvation can lead to the regulation of reticulophagia and liver health.

Apart from high blood pressure and coronary artery disease, diabetes can directly affect the structure and function of the heart and lead to a complication called diabetic cardiomyopathy. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of two types of training and the drug atrostatin on expression of PP2Ac and GSK-3β genes in the heart tissue of diabetic model rats.

Methods and Materials: 

64 male rats, which were randomly divided into 8 groups: including 1) control, 2) diabetic, 3) diabetic + persistent, 4) Diabetic + periodic, 5) atherostatin, 6) continuous + atrostatin, 7) periodic + atrostatin and 8) saline. The rats of the exercise groups performed two types of continuous and intermittent exercise 5 days a week for 8 weeks. Atrostatin was injected intraperitoneally daily at a dose of 20 mg per kg body weight.

Induction of diabetes led to a decrease in the expression of the PP2Ac gene and an increase in the expression of the GSK-3β gene in the heart tissue, and continuous exercise and the combination of intermittent and continuous exercise with the drug atrostatin led to an increase in PP2Ac and a decrease in GSK-3β in the heart tissue of diabetic rats compared to the diabetic group.

It is possible that regular exercise in combination with atrostatin can prevent the development of diabetes-induced cardiomyopathy by increasing the PP2Ac gene and decreasing the GSK-3β gene in the heart tissue and has a protective effect on the heart of diabetic rats.

Diabetes as a chronic disease significantly contributes to the spread of physical injuries, mortality and health costs, especially as a cardiovascular risk factor it plays a significant role in mortality (1). Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is one of the most common complications in diabetic patients and often occurs independently of coronary artery disease, hypertension, or other cardiovascular disease (3). Studies have also shown that inhibition of cardiomyocyte apoptosis improves heart function in diabetic rats (8). Thus, inhibiting apoptosis is a potential therapeutic strategy for DCM. Continuous activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway causes apoptosis in high-glucose cultured cardiomyocytes (7, 9) and inhibition of this pathway improves cardiac dysfunction in diabetic rats (7). Therefore, targeted inhibition of continuous activation of NF-κB signaling may effectively treat DCM.In recent years, exercise has been used as a non-pharmacological strategy to control diabetes and its complications (11, 12). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of two types of exercise (continuous and intermittent) on the expression of PP2Ac and NF-κB genes is the heart tissue of diabetic model rats.

In experimental research, 40 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups, including 1) healthy control, 2) diabetic control, 3) diabetic + continuous training, 4) diabetic + periodic training, and 5) Saline group. After grouping the mice, streptozotocin (STZ) at a dose of 50 mg / kg body weight was used to make the mice diabetic, which was injected intraperitoneally to ensure that the mice were diabetic from the corner of the eye. Blood samples were taken and the glucose level, which was considered higher than 126 mg / dL, was considered.The rats of the exercise groups performed two types of continuous and intermittent exercise 5 days a week for 8 weeks. In a continuous exercise program, rats start running on a treadmill for 15 minutes at 15 meters per minute for the first week. Then the running time was increased every week by increasing the speed from 1 to 2 meters per minute for 1 to 2 minutes. In the fourth week, the speed reached 20 meters per minute and the running time reached 13 to 14 minutes, and in the eighth week, the running speed reached 28 to 29 meters per minute and the duration was 21 to 22 minutes. On the other hand, the periodic training program consisted of six sets of 2.5 minutes, with a break of four minutes between each set. It should be noted that periodic exercise was performed for 5 sessions per week. Control mice also spent eight weeks without any training.At the end of the training period, 48 hours after the last training session, with 10 to 12 hours of night fasting, the rats were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of a combination of ketamine and xylazine and tissue sampling was performed. Laboratory analysis of PP2Ac and NF-κB gene levels of cardiac tissue was determined using special commercial kits by real-time PCR. Descriptive statistics were used to classify the data obtained from this study. Shapirovilk test was used to determine the normality of data distribution. One-way analysis of variance was used to determine the significance of the difference between the variables and the interaction between them, and if the data were significant, the Tukey post hoc test was used to determine the location of the difference. Findings were evaluated at 95% confidence level (P≤0.05)

Induction of diabetes significantly reduced the expression of PP2Ac gene in rat heart tissue, which periodic and continuous exercise increased the expression of PP2Ac gene in heart tissue of diabetic rats compared to the diabetic control group. There was a significant increase in the expression of NF-κB gene in the heart tissue of rats, which periodic and continuous exercise led to a decrease in the expression of the NF-κB gene in the heart tissue of diabetic rats compared to the diabetic control group.

Hyperglycemia is one of the complications of diabetes that activates NF-κB by increasing the formation of ROS and AGE (18). Also, increased levels of interleukins and cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1β in response to NF-κB activation exacerbate neuropathy and increase pain sensitivity in diabetic neuropathy (15), so the use of factors that can inhibit their production or activation, They may delay or stop the effects of diabetes. Therefore, in this study, increasing the expression of NF-κB gene in the heart tissue of diabetic rats may induce apoptosis and the development of cardiomyopathy. Continuous and intermittent exercise reduced NF-κB gene expression in diabetic heart tissue that may prevent the progression of cardiomyopathy. In line with this study, Taghiabadi et al. (2019) reported a decrease in NF-κB gene expression in the cardiac tissue of rats with hyperglycemia after 8 weeks of aerobic exercise (10). Also, one round of aerobic exercise reduced the expression and activity of NF-κB in skeletal muscle (19) and lung tissue (20) of diabetic rats. The decrease in NF-κB gene expression appears to be due to a decrease in HMGB1, AGEs, and NADPH oxidase following exercise. It has been shown that under the influence of aerobic exercise, the activity of NADPH oxidase enzyme in the heart tissue of diabetic rats (21) and the amount of AGEs in the bloodstream of elderly mice (22) are reduced. On the other hand, the reduction of HMGB1 protein has been confirmed following exercise (10, 23). Studies show that HMGB1 and AGEs activate NF-κB in different tissues of diabetic patients by binding to their receptors through different pathways (24). Cheng et al. Showed that PP2A activity participated in diabetic cardiomyocytes due to anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory activity of regular exercise (26). In the present study, regular intermittent and continuous exercise partially compensated for the decrease in PP2A content due to diabetes induction and brought it closer to the PP2Ac level of healthy mice. It is possible that physical activity in this way inhibits NF-κB signaling and prevents the progression of diabetes-induced cardiomyopathy. Due to the induction of diabetes, the expression of NF-κB gene and the expression of PP2Ac gene in heart tissue increased and decreased significantly, respectively. Therefore, it is possible that regular exercise can prevent the development of cardiomyopathy caused by diabetes induction by increasing the PP2Ac gene and inhibiting NF-κB signaling, and has a protective effect on the heart.

Diabetic neuropathy is the most common diabetic complication. In more than 50% of patients with diabetic neuropathy, significant and irreversible nerve damage occurs before diagnosis. Diabetic neuropathy is associated with increased mortality (2). Half of patients with diabetic neuropathy suffer from neuropathic pain. These painful symptoms are usually severe and often lead to depression, anxiety and sleep disorders and reduced quality of life (2). Oxidative stress caused by hyperglycemia causes damage to mitochondria in nerve cells, but its mechanisms are not fully understood (4, 5). Sequential oxidation reactions in the mitochondria cause unpaired electron leakage in the electron transfer chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane and the production of free radicals (4). Mitochondria are primary targets for ROS-induced injury; because they are the main site of ROS formation in diabetic hyperglycemia (4). Therefore, examining the factors affecting the structural and functional components of mitochondria, such as electron transfer chain components, can provide useful information for the goals and programs of treatment and prevention of neurological damage caused by diabetic neuropathy. Cytochrome C is a small hemoprotein in the inner membrane of the mitochondria; this protein is highly soluble in water and is a key component of the electron transfer chain (6). Velayutham et al. In a study stated that cytochrome C and Fe3 play a significant role in the harmful effects of ischemia / reperfusion and diabetes due to increased production of superoxide radicals (7). On the other hand, insulin therapy has been shown to modulate neurotrophin-dependent treatment of mitochondrial membranes and the expression of genes associated with metabolite pathways and the mitochondrial electron transport chain (8). Although much research has been done on the effect of exercise on diabetic neuropathy, there is no research specifically examining the effect of exercise on cytochrome C as one of the factors affecting the mitochondrial function of the nervous system in mice with diabetic neuropathy; Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the effect of six weeks of aerobic exercise on the level of cytochrome C in the sensory part of the spinal cord in rats with diabetic neuropathy.

In the present experimental study, 12 male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: healthy exercise, control exercise, control diabetes and control diabetes. In order to induce diabetes, half of the rats became intraperitoneally diabetic by injecting a single dose of streptozotocin (STZ) (55 mg / kg body weight). Forty-eight hours after STZ injection, hyperglycemic rats with serum glucose above 300 mg / dL were considered diabetic. To confirm the neuropathy of rats, the thermal hyperalgesia test was used with a tail-flick device (20). After confirmation of neuropathy, the animals were placed in the diabetic neuropathy group. The training program included 6 weeks of running training on the treadmill in 5 sessions per week. After dissection of the animals, the dorsal part of the spinal cord was analyzed as sensory neurons. Immunohistochemistry was used to measure the amount of cytochrome C protein. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used for statistical analysis. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software version 26 at a significant level of P ≤ 0.05.

The results showed that six weeks of aerobic training reduced blood glucose in the diabetic group compared to the control diabetic group (P = 0.002), but there was not observed make a significant difference in the weight of rats. The results also showed that after the training period, the level of cytochrome C protein in the healthy exercise group significantly increased compared to the healthy control group (P = 0.041) and in the diabetic group the exercise significantly decreased compared to the control diabetes group (P < 0.001).

The results of the present study showed that induction of diabetes increased the level of cytochrome C in spinal tissue in diabetic neuropathic rats compared to healthy groups. Previous research has shown that diabetic neuropathy is associated with mitochondrial degradation due to stress due to hyperglycemia and oxidative stress due to diabetes (21, 22); in the present study, an increase in cytochrome C in diabetic neuropathy groups was positively correlated with an increase in glucose levels. In the study of the effect of exercise on cytochrome C levels, the results of the present study showed that after six weeks of aerobic exercise, a significant increase in cytochrome C protein content of spinal cord sensory tissue was observed in healthy exercise rats compared to the healthy control group. While in the diabetic exercise group, the results showed a significant decrease in cytochrome C levels compared to the diabetic control group, which showed the difference in the effect of exercise on changes in cytochrome C of sensory neurons in mice with diabetic neuropathy compared to healthy mice. Scientific research has shown that exercise is one of the effective factors in reducing hyperglycemia due to diabetes (11, 25), on the other hand, by controlling blood sugar, the level of inflammatory factors and oxidative stress in these patients is reduced (26, 27); It can be said that aerobic exercise with glycemic control reduces mitochondrial stress and thus reduces cytochrome C as one of the mechanisms of apoptosis signaling (23, 24), in the cells of the spinal cord, Which can prevent the complications of diabetic neuropathy as well as neuropathic pain. The results of the present study also showed that six weeks of aerobic exercise increased the amount of cytochrome C protein in the spinal cord of healthy rats, this was consistent with the results of Yoo et al. (28) and Bashiri and Pourrazi (29) who studied the effect of exercise on cytochrome C in the myocardial of healthy rats. It can be said that the increase in cytochrome C levels in healthy rats is one of the adaptations associated with aerobic exercise and indicates an increase in mitochondrial capacity in ATP production. It can be said that changes in cytochrome C in spinal sensory tissue are different in adapting to six weeks of training in healthy rats with neuropathy, and the increase in cytochrome C in healthy rats is associated with increased mitochondrial capacity in energy production. While the reduction of cytochrome C in rats with diabetic neuropathy is associated with a reduction in hyperglycemia and indicates the protective role of exercise on nerve tissue and reducing neuropathic damage caused by diabetes. According to the results, in addition to controlling hyperglycemia in diabetic patients, aerobic exercise can be used as one of the non-pharmacological and useful treatment methods in reducing the complications of diabetic neuropathy.

Aging indicates physiological and biological changes in humans that are associated with a decrease in physical strength and cause changes in the anatomy and physiology of the body. It has been reported that at a rate of one percent per year, muscle mass decreases from the age of 30 to 60 and increases from the age of 60 onwards. The incidence of diseases such as type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease, as well as chronic diseases of the musculoskeletal system and cancer are increasing, all of which can be affected by a decrease in muscle mass (1).Autophagic activity has been shown to decrease with age and may contribute to the accumulation of damaged macromolecules and organs during aging. Failure in the autophagy process exacerbates age-related diseases such as nerve damage or cancer (5). p62, a classical autophagy receptor, is a multifunctional protein located throughout the cell and involved in many signal transduction pathways, including the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway (7). p62 is an autophagy substrate used to report autophagic activity. Recently, p62 has been shown to deliver ubiquitinated proteins, including tau, to the proteasome for degradation. In addition, it can be a shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm to facilitate and control the quality of cytosolic proteins (6).It has been well established that regular exercise improves physical function and brings important health benefits that inhibit many pathological diseases such as cancer as well as cardiovascular, metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases (8). Exercise promotes phenotypic adaptation in skeletal muscle, which includes mitochondrial biogenesis, angiogenesis, fiber deformation, and improved insulin sensitivity (9, 10). Regarding the effect of exercise on changes in autophagy, it has been reported that aerobic and resistance training leads to changes in autophagy indices (11, 12). Atroastetin is a type of statin that has a reducing effect on cholesterol production, as well as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and tissue protective effects in some pathological conditions (15-17). Study of mechanisms affecting the process of autophagy following exercise, including continuous and intermittent exercise with atroastetin supplementation can improve this process (22). Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight continuous and interval exercises with atroastetin supplementation on mRNA p62 expression in elderly rats with type 2 diabetes.

This is a semi-experimental study. 63 old male Wistar rats (mean weight 300 to 350 g) categorized into eight groups that included; 1) healthy control group, 2) diabetic control group, 3) diabetic group + continuous exercise, 4) diabetic group + interval exercise, 5) diabetic group + supplement, 6) diabetic group + continuous exercise + supplement, 7) diabetic group + interval exercise + supplement, and 8) saline group. Diabetes was induced by injection of 50 mg/kg streptozotocin. continuous and interval exercise program was performed, which included running at a speed of 15 to 29 meters per minute for 5 to 22 minutes for continuous aerobic exercise and six 2.5-minute sets with four minutes of rest between each set for interval exercise. Atherostatin supplementation with dose of 20 mg per kg body weight was injected intraperitoneally daily. One-way ANOVA was used for comparison between groups at the p <0.05.

The results showed that P62 mRNA expression was significantly reduced in all groups compared to the healthy and diabetic control group (p<0.001), but there was no significant difference between the other groups (p<0.05). (fig. 1).

The results of the present study showed that despite the decrease in P62 mRNA expression in the experimental groups compared to the control and patient groups, no significant difference was observed between the other experimental groups. It seems that taking atroastetin supplementation, despite its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effect, has no effect on the process of autophagy, which can be due to the amount used during the training period or the short-term use of atherostatin. Exercise has been reported to induce autophagy in skeletal muscle. Key autophagy proteins, including p62 and LC3-II, change significantly after exercise. These changes are consistent with an increase in autophagy after exercise. Tarawan et al. (2019) reported that exercise significantly reduced P62 in the muscles, which is more pronounced at moderate intensities. The researchers argued that at moderate intensities relative to high and low intensities, autophagic activity decreased after exercise and recommended moderate-intensity exercise (25). Exercise by phosphorylating Akt can inactivate the autophagy pathway through the PI3K-Akt-MTOR mediated pathway. Due to its unique properties, muscle fibers seem to play a significant role in the activity of autophagy and proteins involved in this process (26). Mejías et al. In the study showed that eight weeks of aerobic and resistance training in elderly men and women significantly increased LC3II / I, Atg16-12 and Bcl-2, but p62 expression decreased significantly (11, 12). Therefore, it is thought that exercise play a decisive role in inhibiting autophagy. Jamart et al. (2013) concluded that low-intensity exercise after fasting increases the activity of autophagy in skeletal muscle, which is due to a decrease in Akt pathway activity compared to satiety (27). The results of the present study showed that compared to the control and disease groups, P62 mRNA expression was significantly reduced; However, this decrease was not significant between the training groups and the training groups with supplementation. These results appear to be influenced by research methodology that the duration of the training period was insufficient or that the dose of atroastetin was low. continuous and interval exercise with atroastetin supplementation with anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects on muscle cells is thought to reduce autophagy activity, resulting in a significant decrease in P62 mRNA expression compared with the patient group. In fact, exercise reduces the onset of autophagy in the skeletal muscle of diabetic rats by improving the antioxidant system and reducing the release of cytochrome c. However, the amount of reactive oxygen species has been reported to be high in animal and human species with type 2 diabetes (28). Therefore, continuous and interval exercise with atroastetin supplementation has been able to reduce autophagy markers, including P62 mRNA. There were some limitations in the present study, such as the lack of measurement of other autophagic indices such as LC3-II. It can also be noted that PI3K-Akt-MTOR autophagy pathway indices are not measured. Therefore, a study measuring these indicators in elderly samples with type 2 diabetes is recommended. According to the results, it seems that continuous and interval exercise with atherostatin supplementation can reduce P62 mRNA in elderly type 2 diabetic rats.

The Ubiquitin pathway is responsible for muscle atrophy; the Atrogin-1 or muscle atrophy F-box (MAFbx) and the muscle Ring-Finger protein-1 (MuRF1) are the important factors in this pathway. This study aimed to investigate the effect of endurance training on the intracellular content of proteins related to the Ubiquitin-Proteasome pathway in the left ventricular tissue of rats with type-2 diabetes. 

In this experimental study, 18 three-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats with a mean weight of 270±20 grams were selected. Type-2 diabetes was induced in 12 rats by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin and nicotinamide solutions. These rats were randomly divided into two diabetic training and diabetic control groups. A healthy control group (six rats in each group) was also considered. The training group did endurance training four days a week according to the training program for eight weeks. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests via SPSS software version 23.

MAFbx protein content showed a significant change after eight weeks of endurance training (P=0.0001); Tukey's post hoc test showed that this significant change was between pairs of the diabetic training compared with diabetic control (decrease) groups (P=0.0001)  and diabetic training compared with the healthy control (increase) groups (P=0.004). MuRF1 protein content showed a significant decrease (P=0.0001); This reduction was significant between pairs of diabetic training compared with diabetic control groups (P=0.0001).

Endurance training can prevent atrophy and lead to proper left ventricular function by reducing the content of MAFbx and MuRF1 proteins in the heart of diabetic rats.

Several studies have reported that obesity causes vascular disorders in all tissues such as the heart and even the central nervous system along with disorders in the function of the hypothalamus, in such a way that these disorders in the nervous system, especially in the hypothalamus as the center of homeostasis and control of satiety and hunger can cause a significant increase in weight at different ages and even in children. Recent studies have led researchers to the etiology of this global epidemic and have drawn their attention to the influence of genetics, environmental factors, social and behavioral factors. Appetite is a physiological response to eating food, and behavioral signals and energy fluctuations throughout the day regulate the appetite in the central nervous system. Among these, the monoamine neurotransmitter serotonin can cause the development and evolution of some behaviors related to appetite through the regulation of the interval between two meals and the role of this neurotransmitter in inducing satiety. On the other hand, some studies have shown that moderate and intense sports activity and even intense intermittent exercise led to an increase in serotonin levels, which can have an effect on the caloric intake of obese women. In addition, recently, the attention of sports science researchers has been drawn to the use of medicinal plants effective in fat metabolism. Among medicinal herbs, there has been a recent increase in interest in naturally sweet herbs such as stevia and garlic. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of endurance training with garlic and stevia supplementation on serotonin gene expression and serotonin receptor in the brain tissue of obese Wistar rats.

35 obese male Wistar rats fed with a high-fat diet (24 grams of fat, 24 grams of protein and 41 grams of carbohydrates per 100 grams) were divided into seven groups, including: 1) Sham. 2) stevia supplement, 3) garlic supplement, 4) endurance exercise, 5) stevia supplement+endurance exercise, 6) garlic supplement+endurance exercise, and 7) healthy control. The training groups performed incremental endurance training for 15-50 minutes at a speed of 15-25 meters per minute, five sessions per week for eight weeks. Garlic and stevia supplements were added to the diet of the supplemented groups at a dose of 250 mg/kg. 48 hours after the last training session and in a state of 12 hours of fasting, the rats were anesthetized with ketamine (80 mg/kg) and xylosin (15 mg/kg) in a ratio of 3 to 1. Further, after ensuring complete anesthesia and painlessness, rats were perfused with 10 cc of 9% sodium chloride to drain the brain tissue from the blood. In order to extract the brain tissue, first the rats were completely restrained and after cutting the upper part of the skull, the brain tissue was carefully separated, and after weighing and washing, they were placed in special tissue preservation cryotypes and immediately cooled to -80 were transferred. The qReal Time PCR method was used to measure the gene expression levels of the variables in the brain tissue. One-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test was used for the data analysis. All statistical methods were performed using SPSS version 26 software at a significance level of P<0.05.

Regarding serotonin, the results showed that there was no significant difference in serotonin gene expression level between the healthy control group and the sham group (P = 0.903). Also, there was no significant difference between the sham group with stevia (P = 0.856), garlic (P = 0.994), endurance training+stevia (P = 0.303) and endurance training+garlic (P = 0.094). However, the results showed that the serotonin gene expression level of the endurance exercise group was significantly higher than that of the sham group (P = 0.000). Another important result is that there was no significant difference between the stevia and garlic groups (P = 0.996). However, adding endurance training to stevia had a significant effect on serotonin gene expression, so that the level of serotonin gene expression in the stevia+exercise group was significantly higher than the stevia group (P = 0.022). Also, adding endurance training to garlic caused the level of serotonin gene expression in the garlic+exercise group to be significantly higher than the stevia (P = 0.005) and garlic (P = 0.021) groups. Finally, the expression level of serotonin gene in the exercise group was significantly higher than all groups (P < 0.05).Regarding the serotonin receptor, the results showed that the expression level of the serotonin receptor gene in the healthy control group is significantly higher than the sham group (P = 0.003). Also, the level of serotonin receptor gene expression in stevia (P = 0.000), exercise (P = 0.000), exercise+garlic (P = 0.002) groups was significantly higher than the sham group. From other important results, it can be stated that the level of serotonin receptor gene expression in the stevia group was significantly higher than that of the garlic group (P = 0.000). Adding endurance exercise to stevia caused the serotonin receptor gene expression level to be significantly lower than the stevia group (P = 0.000). But, adding endurance exercise to garlic caused the serotonin receptor gene expression level to be significantly higher than the garlic group (P = 0.006). Finally, the expression level of the serotonin receptor gene in the exercise group was significantly higher than all groups (P < 0.05).

It seems that aerobic exercise with stevia supplement with AMPK activation mechanism activates hormone-sensitive lipase, improves fat and sugar metabolism and increases the expression of metabolic proteins in the hypothalamus. Therefore, it seems that consumption of stevia and aerobic exercise have synergistic effects in modulating and increasing serotonin in the brain tissue of desert rats exposed to high-fat food. Therefore, it can be concluded that endurance training with stevia supplementation synergistically affects the appetite control protein. However, more studies are needed on the changes in serotonin and serotonin receptor levels following the exercise and supplements used in this study.

Unc-51 Like Autophagy Activating Kinase-1 (ULK1) and FAK Family Kinase-Interacting Protein of 200 kDa (FIP200) play an essential role in controlling autophagy and muscle volume. The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of endurance training on the intracellular content of ULK1 and FIP200 proteins in the left ventricular of rats with type 1 diabetes.

In this experimental study, 18 rats 2-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats with a mean weight of 300±20g were selected. 12 rats became diabetic by intraperitoneal injection of Streptozotocin solutions. These rats were randomly divided into 2 groups: diabetic training and diabetic control (6 heads per group); A healthy control group (6 heads)was also considered. The training group practiced endurance training 4 days a week for 6 weeks. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 23 and one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests.

The content of ULK1 (increase) and FIP200 (decrease) after endurance training showed a significant change among the research groups in the left ventricular (P=0.0001). Tukey's post hoc test showed that this change is significant between the pair of diabetic training groups to diabetic control, diabetic training to healthy groups, and also diabetic control to healthy groups (P≤0.05).

Endurance training showed that it can have a dual nature to control autophagy in diabetic subjects by increasing ULK1 and decreasing FIP200. There is a need for more investigations in the field of exercise physiology on the proteins responsible for autophagy, especially in type 1 diabetes subjects.

Background Aging is associated with metabolic disorders. Although the beneficial effects of exercise and resveratrol consumption in the health of the elderly has been reported, the combined effect of intermittent swimming and resveratrol consumption on the antioxidant system in liver tissue is not clear yet. 
Objective This study aims to investigate the combined effect of intermittent swimming and resveratrol consumption on the expression of superoxide dismutases (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and Malondialdehyde (MDA) in the liver tissue of older rats.
Methods In this experimental study, 32 elder rats were divided into four groups: control, swimming, resveratrol and swimming+resveratrol. The resveratrol (100 mg) dissolved in 1% methylcellulose was administrated daily by gavage. The swimming was performed at three sessions per week. The GPx and SOD expression levels were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction method, and the MDA level was measured by ELISA method.
Results The GPx level in the swimming+resveratrol group were significantly higher than in the control (P=0.001), resveratrol (P=0.04) and swimming (P=0.002) groups. MDA levels in the resveratrol (P=0.001), swimming  (P=0.001) and swimming+resveratrol (P=0.001) groups were significantly lower than in the control group; in the swimming+resveratrol group, it was significantly lower than the resveratrol (P=0.001) and swimming (P=0.009) groups.
Conclusion It seems that intermittent swimming and resveratrol consumption have favorable effects on improving the antioxidant defense system and lipid peroxidation in liver tissue. Therefore, it is recommended to use intermittent swimming and resveratrol to prevent liver damage in the elderly.

 According to the World Health Organization, cardiovascular diseases account for approximately 30% of deaths worldwide. Obesity is one of the most important risk factors for developing cardiovascular diseases and other non-communicable diseases. Excessive obesity plays an important role in the development of cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabete. Currently, body mass index and waist circumference are recommended for classification of overweight and obesity . Increased body mass index and waist circumference have been shown as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease . However, studies have shown that the discriminative capacity of BMI is questionable due to the inability to distinguish between adipose tissue and lean mass. This issue has led to the idea that by combining traditional anthropometric indices (such as height, weight, body mass index or waist circumference), a better physical index can be designed that considers and examines body shape Recently, Body Shape Index (BSI) has been proposed as a new body index. Krakower et al. (2012) reported a significant correlation between body shape index and visceral fat tissue and showed that premature deaths are more related to this index than waist circumference and body mass index. Body Roundness Index (BRI=BRI) is another new index proposed that based on waist circumference and height, can better predict the percentage of body fat and visceral fat compared to the traditional indices of body mass and circumference. Recently, several studies have shown that body circumference index can be used as an index of obesity to determine the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy, hyperthermia, cardiovascular disease and diabetes .The purpose of this study was to predict the relationship between physical activity and some new and traditional obesity indicators in women with cardiovascular disease and to determine the power of these indicators in the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases.

This descriptive-correlation study was conducted on 334 women with CVD (middle: n=189, elderly: n=145) referring to a heart centers in Mashhad. The inclusion criteria included female patients in the age range of 40 to 75 years, myocardial infarction, heart attack, high blood pressure and cholesterol, and willingness to participate in the research. Cardiovascular disease factors were diagnosed by consulting a specialist doctor and reviewing medical records for each patient. To investigate the relationship between different factors, the study was conducted in different age groups. For this purpose, the subjects were divided into two groups: middle-aged (40-55 years, 189 people) and elderly (60-75 years, 145 people). Written informed consent was obtained from all study participants. The convenience sampling method was used. Physical activity level was measured with International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). The body shape index (BSI), body roundness index (BRI), Waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI), Waist-Hip Ratio (WHR), fat mass percentage (%FM) were measured and calculated. Body shape index was calculated based on height (meters), body mass index and waist circumference (meters) using the formula. Body circumference index is based on height (meters) and waist circumference (meters). First, the irregularity (non-dimensional value) of the body (€) was determined using the formula. Irregularity measures the degree of ovality or roundness and ranges from zero (full circle) to one (vertical line).
Independent t test was used for show difference between middle age and elderly groups. To evaluate the possible correlations between obesity indices, Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients were used. The Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to determine the sensitivity and specificity and the best cut-off point of anthropometric indices.

The results showed that there is no significant difference for physical activity, body mass index, body roundness index, body shape index, waist circumference, waist-to-thigh ratio and body fat percentage between middle-aged and elderly groups. The results of the correlation coefficient showed that in both middle-aged and elderly groups, body roundness index has a positive relationship with waist circumference, body mass index, waist-to-thigh ratio and fat mass. In middle-aged people, the level of physical activity had no significant relationship with any of the variables, but in elderly patients, the level of physical activity had a negative relationship with body roundness index and body shape index. In the middle-aged group, the body roundness index had the largest area under the curve, and the body shape indices and waist-to-hip ratio are in the second place with a small difference. In the elderly, the waist circumference had the largest area under the curve and the body roundness index ranked second. The level of physical activity in both groups had the lowest area under the curve. The values ​​of the cut points using the highest sensitivity and the lowest specificity in the middle-aged group for the physical activity level is greater than 984.5, body roundness index is less than 5.41, body shape index is less than 0.0834, waist circumference is less than 89.7, Body mass index less than 26.3, body fat percentage less than 31.8 and waist to hip ratio less than 0.91 and in the elderly group, physical activity level more than 789.7, body roundness index less than 5.8, index Body shape was less than 0.0865, waist circumference was less than 91.5, body mass index was less than 28.03, body fat percentage was less than 30.46 and waist to hip ratio was less than 0.9.

Contrary to the initial hypothesis of the researchers, the research findings showed that the level of physical activity had the least ability to predict the presence of cardiovascular disease. According to the present research, there was a weak relationship between the level of physical activity and obesity indicators. Considering that prospective studies in adults have shown that low physical activity is closely related to the development of cardiovascular disease, however, it may be that if the amount of physical activity is low, its changes are not very reliable and cannot be a good predictor for the factors Cardiovascular risk. The level of physical activity in the present study was average (1135.7 meters/minute/week for the middle-aged group and 916.4 meters/minute/week for the elderly group) and the subjects were divided according to the International Physical Activity Questionnaire in terms of physical activity. According to Maisen et al.'s study (2011), the activity level is less than 600 met-minutes per week as inactive, between 600-1500 met-minutes per week as semi-active and more than 1500 met-minutes per week as active was considered. Among the possible reasons for the difference in the results of the mentioned studies, we can mention the physical fitness of the subjects, the disease and pathological conditions of the subjects, and gender. Body roundness index was created in order to predict body fat and visceral fat tissue percentage by using waist size in comparison with height, which makes it possible to estimate the body shape as an egg or oval. Body shape index independent of body size (height, weight and body mass index) creates a quantitative scale to estimate body shape. In preliminary studies, researchers have shown that BSI is a better predictor of premature mortality than BMI and WC in the general US population. According to the results of the study, BRI and WC are best indices for predicting the possibility of CVD in patient middle age and elderly women.

Chronic hypertension causes structural and functional changes in the heart, ultimately leading to heart failure (HF), which further increases mortality and morbidit. HF is a complex clinical syndrome caused by various structural or functional abnormalities of the heart that impair the filling capacity of the ventricles. The findings of various trials have shown the association between long-term hypertension and HF. The association between hypertension and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (H:FpEF) is well known, with left ventricular hypertrophy, arterial stiffness, and renal failure possibly contributing to this syndrome. 90% or more of patients with HFpEF in contemporary trials have a history of hypertension. Furthermore, many patients with HFpEF remain hypertensive, and concomitant treatment is one of the few recommended treatments for people with this heart failure phenotype. Recent evidence suggests that not only do many HFpEF patients remain hypertensive, but a significant proportion may have high blood pressure that is difficult to control, despite the use of multiple antihypertensive drugs. In fact, resistant hypertension appears to be as common in patients with HFpEF as in those with hypertension, affecting 10–20% of patients. Use of three antihypertensive drugs in different classes, including an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB), a calcium channel blocker, and a diuretic, although there are differences between US and European guidelines. The Ang-(1-7)/ACE2/Mas axis is now considered a major mechanism that balances the vasoconstrictor effects of the classical RAS, which includes renin, ACE, Ang-2 and its receptors AT1 and AT2. Therefore, examining the enzymes of this axis can provide us with useful information in interventional research. Sports training programs are one of the basic elements in cardiac rehabilitation in patients with HF. In this regard, Tucker et al. reported in a meta-analysis of studies registered from 2007 to 2017 that moderate-intensity continuous exercise was an effective treatment for left ventricular remodeling in patients with HF who had clinically stable ejection fraction reduction. And improving performance in these patients; however, a research specifically aimed at determining the effect of increasing aerobic endurance training on variables related to blood pressure, especially the levels of Ang-1 and Ang-2 enzymes, as well as angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) as one of the regulating enzymes Blood pressure was not done, which shows the necessity of the present research. According to the above, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of progressive aerobic continuous training on Ang-1, Ang-2 enzymes and ACE-2 in patients with heart failure.

  In the present semi-experimental study, 20 men with heart failure referred to the Cardiac Rehabilitation Center of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Ahvaz were selected by snowball sampling method. Randomly were divided into 2 groups of 10 people including progressive aerobic continuous training group (mean age: 47.5 ± 7.84; body mass index: 29.27 ± 1.99) and control group (mean age: 48.8 ± 8.03; body mass index 26.93 ± 2.14). The training intervention consisted of eight weeks of training in three sessions per week. The training program included increasing continuous aerobic exercise with 40-85% of the subjects' reserve heart rate; No training intervention was performed in the control group. Blood variables were measured in fasting 48 hours before and 48 hours after the intervention period. To measure height and weight, the SECA scale and scale made in Germany were used. The blood samples of the patients were taken fasting and after blood pressure test. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique and Hangzhou Eastbiopharm kits were used to measure Ang I, Ang II and ACE-2 proteins. Dependent t-test and analysis of covariance were used for statistical analysis of the obtained data. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software version 26 and a significance level of P <0.05 was considered.

The results of analysis of covariance test showed that after the intervention period of progressive aerobic continuous training, there were a significant increase in the level of Ang-1 (P < 0.001) and a significant decrease in the levels of Ang-2 (P < 0.001) and ACE-2 (P < 0.001) in the training group compared to the control group.

The results of the current research showed that after the intervention period, progressive aerobic continuous training caused a significant decrease in the levels of Ang-2 and a significant increase in the levels of Ang-1 and ACE-2. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays an important role in cardiovascular physiology by regulating blood pressure and electrolyte balance. RAS is mainly regulated by both angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensin-converting enzyme type 2 (ACE2). The classic ACE enzyme converts Ang I to Ang-2. In previous studies, it has been reported that ACE and Ang-2 levels increase in high blood pressure and increased afterload on the heart. Therefore, participating in aerobic activities in order to rehabilitate the heart can reduce the afterload on the heart and reduce blood pressure and Ang-2. Considering that exercise improves the sensitivity of baroreceptors, reduces stress and anxiety of Post HF patients, and reduces sympathetic activity. Considering the Ang-(1-7)/ACE2/Mas axis as a mechanism that balances the vasoconstrictor effects of the classical RAS, which includes renin, ACE, Ang-2 and its receptors AT1 and AT2; It seems that in Post HF patients, the reduction of ACE-2 to ACE ratio (ACE-2/ACE) is a more important factor that can moderate high blood pressure and heart complications caused by high blood pressure levels in HF patients; In our previous research, a significant decrease in systolic blood pressure and resting heart rate was observed in the exercise group compared to the control group; This improvement can be attributed to chronic cardiovascular adaptation to continuous aerobic exercise, including the increase of ACE2 and the decrease of Ang-2 compared to Ang-. According to the results of the present research, it can be said that rehabilitation exercises based on progressive aerobic continuous training through increasing ACE2 can modulate the renin-angiotensin system and reduce Ang-2 compared to Ang-1, and through the Ang-(1-7)/ ACE2/Mas can modulate blood pressure and reduce cardiovascular complications in patients with HF. It is likely that aerobic exercise regulates the local (cardiac) RAS to switch the ACE-Ang II-AT1R axis to the ACE2-Ang (1-7)-Mas receptor axis, And this setting inhibits cardiac regeneration in HF. which can probably justify the improvement of blood pressure and cardiovascular function in patients with HF.

MAFbx and MuRF1 proteins are important factors in the ubiquitin pathway and are responsible for muscle atrophy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of long-term high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the intracellular content of MAFbx and MuRF1 proteins in the left ventricular of the heart of rats with type 2 diabetes.

In this experimental study, 18 rats 2-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats with a mean weight of 270±20 g were selected. 12 rats became diabetic by intraperitoneal injection of Streptozotocin and nicotinamide solutions. These rats were randomly divided into 2 groups: diabetic training and diabetic control; A healthy control group was also considered. The training group practiced HIIT 4 days a week for 8 weeks. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 23 and one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests.

MAFbx protein content showed a significant decrease after 8 weeks of HIIT (P=0.0001); Tukey post hoc test showed that this change was significant between pairs groups of diabetic training and diabetic control and also between pairs groups of diabetic control and healthy control (P=0.0001). MuRF1 protein content showed a significant decrease (P=0.0001); This was a significant difference between the pairs groups of diabetic training and diabetic control, diabetic training and healthy control groups, as well as diabetic control and healthy control groups (P=0.0001).

HIIT seems to can inhibit the process of atrophy and autophagy of cardiomyocytes by reducing the content of MAFbx and MuRF1 proteins in the hearts of diabetic subjects.

The extent of cognitive impairment in obesity has been extensively researched for several years. Also, the effect of garlic extract and aerobic activity on these cognitive disorders in obese people is still unknown. Forty male Wistar rats were exposed to a high-fat diet for 12 weeks to induce obesity, and finally 30 obese rats were identified using the Lee index and then randomly divided into 5 groups: control, obesity, garlic, aerobic exercise, garlic + exercise. Were aerobically divided. Aerobic exercise including 30 minutes per day, 8 / m / min 5 days a week and garlic and stevia extract at a concentration of 250 mg / kg were added to the daily water intake. Brain tissue was sent to the laboratory to study gene expression by real-time PCR. One-way ANOVA and LSD post hoc test were used to determine the differences between groups and a significance level of 0.05 was considered. The results showed that compared to the control group, 12 weeks of high-fat diet increased the body weight of rats (p <0.05) and even during 8-week extract interventions and training, remained higher than the control group. . In addition, BDNF gene expression levels decreased significantly (P <0.05) and TrKB gene expression levels also increased significantly in 12 weeks of high-fat rats compared to the healthy control group (p <0.05). On the other hand, in the Y maze, the percentage of rotation in obese rats was significantly lower than the control group (p <0.05). Induction of a high-fat diet in childhood causes mild genetic changes in male Wistar rats, and the combination of aerobic and extractive physical activity appears to be more effective than aerobic and extractive interventions alone.

Diabetic neuropathy is one of the most common complications of diabetesand no suitable drug treatment has been found for this complication. The aim of this study was to determinethe effect of six weeks of aerobic exercise on KIF1B protein in the sensory part of the spinal cord inrats with diabetic neuropathy.

In the present experimental study, 12 male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups:healthy exercise, control exercise, healthy diabetes and control diabetes. The training program included6 weeks of running training on the treadmill in 5 sessions per week. The dorsal part of the spinal cordwas analyzed as sensory neurons.

The results showed that aerobic exercise significantly reduced blood glucose in the diabeticgroup compared to the control diabetes group (P=0.002), but no significant difference was observed inthe weight of rats. The results also showed that a significant increase (P=0.044) in KIF1B in healthy exercisegroup compared to healthy control group and a significant increase (P=0.027) in KIF1B in diabeticexercise group compared to control diabetes.

The results showed that aerobic exercise increases the amount of KIF1B protein in healthyand diabetic rats, and this increase in KIF1B motor protein can improve axonal transmission and thusimprove nerve function.