حسن زندیه

In the Qajar period, since there were many problems and issues, the spread of superstition raised in the society and it spread rapidly, women were susceptibility to superstition and they showed a-lot tendency towards it. It was inclusive among them and continuous. The practice was generally defined as feminine. This issue had consequences and effects for the society. According on this, the present research investigates the reasons and how women believe and tend to superstition in this period. For this purpose, The ancient method has used. Science was used to describe the discourse environment that forced women to act and believe contrary to reason, and explanations were made based on the paradigm of superstition and it pays attention to this issue from this side. The findings indicate that women in the relations of the traditional system, the society followed a determined path, which resulted in countless problems and sufferings for them if they left or did not succeed in it. In this framework, women could only play the role of wife and mother, the family system, social norms and the legal system arising from this discourse environment, women faced many challenges, the feeling of insecure about their position, lack of financial and emotional independence, lack of identity, illiteracy and ignorance were among the things that women were constantly dealing with them. So, the willing towards superstitions was to compensate for women's practical and social incapacity.

This research investigated the extensive commercial network of Mohammad Ibrahim Malek al-Tojjar, a prominent Iranian merchant during the Qajar period. Based on documents located in England where Malek al-Tojjar resided and conducted business, it was clear that he had established significant commercial relationships with renowned foreign companies, such as Sassoon and Lynch, as well as influential domestic merchants in the Ottoman Empire and India. His trade spanned a diverse array of commodities. The accompanying diagram illustrates the volume and variety of these commercial transactions. The documents analyzed provided valuable insights into economic, political, cultural, and linguistic contexts. By examining the content related to Malek al-Tojjar's foreign trade, this research addressed the question of his key trading partners and the goods exchanged between them. While these findings are significant, the potential discovery of additional documents may further enrich this research in the future.

Documents, as one of the first-hand sources, play an important role in the historical researches. As a type of Shari'ah documents arising from Islamic jurisprudence, concubine documents have certain principles and frameworks from which a lot of information can be obtained in the field of culture, society, economy and customs of the past people. The main question of the current research is what were the themes and content of the concubine license in Qajar era (1210 -1343 A. H). The findings of the research clarify that concubine license in Qajar period were influenced by Sharia and customary laws in terms of content and the social status of people was effective in the way they were written.

The formation of modern educational system in Iran brought women to the front of policy making and educational programs for the Pahlavid government. Since the Pahlavid government was supported by the elite and the intellectuals for the modernization of Iran, it considered women as a target of modernization. Therefore, women education became pivotal for the government in its modernization policy. Therefore, the educational approaches for girls, in line with the ideas and purposes of the government were discussed in the schools and a new picture was presented of the ideal woman. The new ideals were based on the discourse of “New Iran”. This discourse meant for women emancipation as a basis of women educational system and was opposed to the traditional role of woman in home and family.In this study, the approaches, designs and the nature of women’s educational materials are discussed through an interpretive – analytical approach by emphasizing an explanation of the modernization of Iran and the explanation of the policies and educational programs for women.

During the Qajar period, due to the emergence and expansion of capitalism and the globalization of the economy, the country's border gates were opened to other countries. In the meantime, Kermanshah, as one of the most important border routes in the country, had a significant share. And in confrontation and interaction with the Ottoman government and through it, in contact with other European countries. The arrival of representatives of foreign countries (merchants, Orientalists, religious missionaries, etc.), the establishment of offices such as the Telegraph, the bank, the consulate, etc. The import of Western goods (British fabrics, Turkish tobacco, Danish beers, etc.) led to Manifestations of Western culture are prevalent in this state. The new urban structure and architecture, the grounds for further expansion of Shiism, the introduction of antiquities at the world level, etc. were other cultural consequences of these relations. This research has been done based on travelogues, memoirs, documents, and other sources in an analytical-descriptive and library method. The purpose of this study is to investigate the cultural developments in Kermanshah province in relation to foreign relations in one of the most important periods of Iranian history. Findings show that Iran's foreign relations with European and Ottoman countries, caused other cultural developments such as health promotion, the establishment of schools with new educational content, the formation of the Kermanshah dialect and

Following the confrontation of modern thinkers with modernity, the votes of the hijab protestors were raised as preparation of intellectualism and modernity requirements. The present article by using a documentary-analytical method investigates the development of the hijab critics’ theories during the 1227 to 1320 period by describing their beliefs and performances to explain the influential factors on the revolutionary criticism development to the traditional clothing of Iranian women. Findings indicate that the central core of reformist votes was formed after the Naserid and the constitutional period in protest against the traditional forms of hijab. After that, the change of attitude about the limits and kind of coverage was reflected and developed in the education process. Then, by changing the monarchy from Qajar to Pahlavi aiming to protest against hijab, two minimal and maximal attitudes were proposed. The minimal attitude emphasized modern wearing and optional hijab, and the maximal attitude emphasized removing the traditional hijab. The maximal approach in the first Pahlavi period tended to remove the public hijab, and as a result of the confrontation between these two attitudes, modern religious and reformist thinkers with the characteristic of the western women central model appeared.

Japan was an important and influential trade partner of Iran during the Pahlavi II era. However, no studies have been conducted on the effects of this country and its trade relations with Iran. The present study attempts to deal with the ups and downs in Japan’s trade relations with Iran during that era and evaluate its political impacts based on available documents. Furthermore, the discussions also include the types of cargo, their amount, their value and the dimensions of the trade between the two countries. According to the results of the study, the ideological affiliation of Iran and Japan to the Western bloc was effective in the development of trade relations between the two countries. Thus, Japan became the main importer of Iran’s oil and Iran employed Japanese experts for its economical and industrial activities. Therefore, several contracts were signed between the two nations. Nevertheless, the trade balance was in Japan's favor. The Iranian government’s efforts to balance the scales were successful in a few instances; however it failed in the long run. In conclusion, Japan became Iran’s third trade partner in this era.

With the collapse of the Ottoman Empire following World War I, a part of its territory was split among the Allies, leading to the formation of many countries, including Iraq. Iran regarded the territory of Iraq up to the Euphrates as a part of its territory since ancient time and had clashed with the Ottomans for centuries to achieve this goal and saw the Versailles Peace Congress to raise this demand after the conclusion of the war. However, the great powers, particularly Britain, had envisaged a different destiny for Iraq, and as a consequence, Iraq became Iran's western neighbor. Therefore, it is clear that, from this point on, Iran's stance toward the newly created Iraq was impacted by a historical backdrop which caused the Iranian government to refuse to recognize this country for years. This prompted the Iraqi government, fomented by the British Empire and seeking to consolidate its influence, to exert pressure on Iran through measures such as the deportation of Iranian religious scholars who criticized British trusteeship, canceling the capitulation of Iranian citizens in Iraq, as well as border disputes. Finally, this turmoil, combined with other national and international issues, compelled Iran to recognize Iraq. As a result, the problem of the present research is to know why and how the newly established Iraq was recognized by Iran after many years. Also, this research employs a descriptive approach, drawing on Persian and Arabic texts and sources from the historical era in question to study and explain the causes or factors impacting these relationships, as well as their shifts and evolutions.

With the rise of the Pahlavid dynasty, the modern education of women became a necessity for the innovation project in Iran. Therefore, women education became pivotal in the discourse of modernization advocated by the Pahlavid dynasty. Due to the political standoff as a result of Reza Shah’s exit from Iran, the modern education for women underwent discourse turmoil. With the empowering of the rival discourses and their arrival on the political scene, the dominant discourse for women education lost its vigor and the central focus of innovation which was predominant in Reza Shah’s era lost its force. This led to the formation of the concept of “Muslim Woman” versus “Modern Woman”. This historical era, regarding the education of women, is the time of the formation of policies and educational programs which finally led to the educational revolution in 1345 S.H. This Study employing the traditional continuity concept in history through a descriptive – analytical approach intends to survey the plans, and the pace of the changes in girls’ educational programs as reflected in high school text books, in order to identify the identity of women and their role in the modernization of Iran.Key Terms: Women education, Innovation, Educational policies, Mohammad Reza Shah

The second phase of modernization in Iran began with the compilation of the fundamentals and principles of the White Revolution. The education of women which was formerly considered a part of Iranian innovation program gained momentum and went under consideration and investigation. The innovative discourse of the Reza Shah era that was formed under women emancipation and included the education of women was also affected by the White Revolution and the political, social and economic situations of that period. “National education” as the most significant educational policy of this period along with the concept of women emancipation led to the formation of the programs and plans for women education. Therefore, in this period. the education policy of women’s education was a movement from house and family to social and economic and political aspects. This new study employing the traditional continuity concept in history and through a descriptive analytical approach, follows the plans and programs for women education in the textbooks of this period in order to illuminate the identity of the modern woman and the application of this identity in the process of modernization in Iran.

In addition to natural treatments, Iranians in the Safavid era also believed in supernatural therapies; In a way that the majority of society believed in this type of treatment and use it in their daily lives. Explaining this method of therapy based on the propositions of social history, to understand the therapeutic status of this era, which in addition to conventional medical strategies, other methods were used; Is one of the worthy topics of research; A lesser-known dimension of therapy; Whereas in the society of Safavid era, it was widespread among the people of that era and most of layers used to apply it. The present study, using first-hand historical sources and some new researches, has described and analyzed this style of therapy with a library method and then a qualitative method and shows Iranians at this era, in addition to natural therapy methods, also have been using transcendental healing methods for therapy.The findings of this study show that transcendental therapy methods have been widely used among the different classes of society In Safavid era; Such as writing prayer and amulet, spell and magic, jinn and fairy, pilgrimage and recourse, healing by the royal force,

The coup against Dr. Mohammad Mossadegh supported by foreign powers on August 19, 1953, was the beginning of a new era in Iran's parliamentary history of Iran. After this incident, the parliament and elections were completely under the supervision of the government and its officials. The province of Kermanshah, located in the west of Iran, due to its geographical location and special importance, and a branch of the British and Iranian Oil Company was operating there, was greatly affected by this coup, and this, willy-nilly, also led to the political action of the city's activists. The present article, with a descriptive-analytical method and relying on available sources, documents, and official papers, attempted to answer the question: “what was the process of holding the 18th National Assembly elections in the Kermanshah constituency, and what was the result?” The results of the research show that the political participation of the people and the former activities of this city in the elections decreased after the overthrow of the national government, and with their isolation, the result of the elections was determined by the government and local influential related to the government. The elections of this period have been the first stage of complete governmental and legislative elections, which continued until the end of the Pahlavi period.

"Numismatics", defined as the knowledge of cognition, study and explanation of the structure and essence of tangible currencies, is one of the emerging sciences that has received special attention from Iranian researchers, particularly in recent decades, and prominent works on the introduction of the country's historic coins have been written as a result of their efforts. Among these works, the books written about coins minted from the Safavid period onwards are the most varied. Undoubtedly one of the most important of these publications is Persian Copper Coins, From Safavids to Qajars written by Bahram Alaedini in 1391 SH. The authors of this research are trying to investigate the scientific and research aspects of the mentioned work with a descriptive-analytical approach to answer this main question: what are the most important positive and negative features of this book? According to our research, Bahram Alaedini, due to his many years of numismatic experience, has succeeded in writing a reference book about the Iranian hammered coinage during the contemporary historical period. The advantages of this book are as follows: introducing the various coins minted in approximately 50 Iranian mints, recording the exact weight of the coins as well as the author's diligent effort to correctly read the contents of the coins. However, there are some flaws in Alaedini's book, including the following: ignoring scientific referencing which is essential, his failure to refer to the copper coins of some southern cities such as "Kangan" and "Lengeh", and finally the author's overreliance on his personal collection and neglect of reliable sources such as books published by "Krause Publications", collections of the "American Numismatic Society" and the "Ashmolean Museum" at Oxford University.

Identifying people has existed since the beginning of the word, and with the formation of human communities, early humans, in search of their identity, distinguished their tribes with elephant tusks, deer horns, and animal skins. In order to gain political legitimacy, national integration, establishing and consolidating the bureaucratic system, and maintaining the territorial integrity of their territory, the governments always used to create collective identity. This article aims to investigate the historical course of the phenomenon of recognition, identity and general and specific attribution of Iranians before the formation of the modern state and the most important factors shaping this. This article deals with the subject with a descriptive-analytical method based on library and archival sources and with a historical approach. According to the results of this research, before the establishment of the modern government in Iran, there was no place for the Arabs to register the names and recognition of the inhabitants of this land, and this category (attribution and true identity) was subject to titles or titles and more with the registration of the seal of ownership.

In Islam, marriage can be categorized into two groups: temporary (Nikah mut'ah) and permanent. The former was ubiquitous during the Qajar dynasty, always existing in Iranian history and continued when the Qajar dynasty ruled over Iran. Generally speaking, it may be noted that temporary marriage was established in the history of Iran. Depending on various social conditions such as insecurity, famine, economic crises, or peace and quiet and improved economic situations, this type of marriage probably had various functions under different circumstances and historical periods, however. Based on this, the main question of this research is that what were the social functions of temporary marriage seen in marriage contracts during the Qajar dynasty? That is, why did temporary marriage occur during this period? The major claim is that the practice of temporary marriage stemmed from different reasons including to sexual appeal, earning income and addressing women’s basic needs, taking religious tips, female infertility, escaping everyday life, learning marriage etiquettes, the instrumental view of a man toward a woman as an ornament of the house, prosperous men’s efforts on keeping up with the Joneses, females’ contributions in agriculture, and political and economic interests.

A few changes occurred in Iran’s bureaucratic system and this system began to grow gradually compared to the Qajar dynasty in spite of some short coming. However, the happenings and events in Shahrivar 1320, displayed the defects and problems of this bureaucratic system. The official and governmental systems became full of problems which persisted for a long time. At the end of this decade, some measures were taken to improve this system one of which was the sacking of corrupt and disqualified employees in the cabinet members of Saed, Mansour, and Razmara. This study deals with these sacking measures. This study employs a descriptive-analytical approach by relying on the documents, newspapers, and library sources and attempts to probe into the reasons for the laws of sacking the employees. Findings display that by the implementation of this law as an attempt by Pahlavi (II), a sacking commission began to investigate the performance of the high-ranking officials in ministries and governmental offices. After one year, only the files of 900 employees out of the 150000 personals of the governmental offices were investigated and in cases where the law hit the important and influential officials, Razmara, similar to his processors was not able or did not intend, to investigate the cases. Therefore, the corruption and the inefficiency of the bureaucratic system persisted as before.

As primary sources, documents play a significant role in historical research. In this regard, as religious documents derived from Islamic jurisprudence, temporary marriage certificates have certain principles and frameworks, providing a wealth of information on the culture, society, economy, and customs of the past. The main question of the present study was what form and content did the temporary marriage certificates in Pahlavi I era have? And what effect did the new laws have on the content of such documents? The main claim was that the temporary marriage certificates in the first half of the Pahlavi I era, in terms of form and content, were influenced by religious and customary laws, the Qajar tradition of document-drafting, and the social and class status of individuals. However, in the second half of the Pahlavi I era, new marriage laws were adopted. As a result, first, the jurisprudential aspects of such certificates were decreased and their customary aspects were increased.

The endowment letters are among the valuable documents and religiously legal vouchers. The endowment documents of the women in Qajar period are among the most important sources for delineating the social, cultural and religious conditions of the time. In that period, most sections of society with various intellectual leanings would pay attention to endowment. Considering the commonality of endowment, women would also participate in it, and this was one of the contexts for the social participation of the women in Qajar period (Werner, 1378). In that period, endowment letters of men and women were not so much different, but the women's endowment letters were sometimes different for those of men in their use and raqaba, which are minute difference. The present study makes use of a historical approach and the related documents to be composed. Despite the necessity of this issue in Iran's contemporary history, there has been no independent study on the Shiite women's endowment letters in Qajar period. This article seeks to investigate the form and content of the women's endowment letters in Qajar period. The data were gathered from 36 endowment letters extracted from the National Archive of Iran, Astan Quds's Center of Documents and Library, the website of World of Qajar Women, and other library sources and organized with a descriptive-analytical approach.

For centuries and millennia, those in power used political marriage as a means to achieve their goals. The most important functions of political marriage were to  end wars and conflicts, seal an agreement or alliance between two political forces, establish succession among dynasties, take advantage of military capabilities of the parties to preserve their interests, etc. The Ardalan Dynasty, in the western regions of Iran, repeatedly used this strategy to pursue its goals, culminating in the thirteenth lunar century. In that century, the rulers of Ardalan entered a marriage contract with the powerful Qajar Dynasty as well as the local Vaziri Dynasty. The present article intends to use a descriptive-analytical method on the effects of political marriages on the development of Ardalan history in the mentioned time period. It seems that the political marriage strategy worked ambiguously for the Ardalan family. Thus, in the short term, it provided the desired interests of this family at various levels, but in the long run became one of the most important factors in the annihilation and eventual collapse of this government in Kurdistan.

This study examined one of the financial instructions in the Qajar era. The purpose was to transcribe and review the instruction, study its content, analyze it statistically, present an overview of its local economy, and determine its drawn up model. This descriptive-analytical was carried out through a desk study. The findings indicated that such documents were provided during the Qajar era based on administrative principles and debt-collection techniques. The instruction content showed that the taxation burden was mostly borne by the people, including the peasants. This was done while most of such revenues were not sent to the central government, but most of them were spent on additional expenses and merely a small amount was spent on state development. The review of the instruction showed how Abdullah Alaa al-Molk had ruled in Hamedan. It also explained a small section of the socio-economic history of the Qajar dynasty in Hamedan, which can be generalized to the financial status of other Iranian states in the said period.

Judicial disputes of the society in the Constitutional period including legal and criminal lawsuits represent events which occurred in the social, administrative and political context in Iran.This analytic-descriptive study seeks to explore the lawsuits and legal claims among the sources especially the judicial documents left from the people of Tehran in the Constitutional period. Property and financial disputes, inheritance and endowment are mentioned in the field of litigation of that period.The findings prove that financial issues were the most problematic ones for the people. The fledgling constitutional regime had growing financial crises since its inception.Among the many reasons for this was the improper performance of the former Qajar government facing economical problems. The value of Iran's currency fell severely in comparison to the other credible foreign currencies.Furthermore, despite the severe monetary fluctuation, the existing liquidity of the country could not meet the domestic needs of the country. This situation affected people and led to many financial lawsuits and legal claims.Furthermore, despite the severe monetary fluctuation, the existing liquidity of the country could not meet the domestic needs of the country. This situation affected people and led to many financial lawsuits and legal claims.Furthermore, despite the severe monetary fluctuation, the existing liquidity of the country could not meet the domestic needs of the country. This situation affected people and led to many financial lawsuits and legal claims

To analyze the process of issuing printing and publishing licenses and to study its formal and content structure from the beginning of Nasser al-Din Shah to the end of the Qajar rule.

The data are extracted from library and archival sources and mainly from the archives of the National Documents Organization, and considering the nature of this type of documentary research, the research method will be descriptive and analytical.

Publishing licenses are of special importance as the initial stage of publishing a magazine and a book. Books and especially newspapers in this period went through a special administrative process for publication. Examining the relevant licenses along with the laws and administrative procedures affecting the licensing process is one of the main and important issues in this article. It should be noted that these documents, in most cases, followed a specific structure, but in some from publishing licenses due to non-completion of documents by the applicant, it is possible to see differences and distinctions in the structure and content of licenses.

"Function" is defined among sociological concepts to mean the result and effect of an event or movement, and "dysfunction" is meaningful when the desired results and objective and observable effects of institutions do not appear in the social arena. The question of this research is: Among the efforts of the Iranian people in the Qajar era to hold religious rituals, especially Moharram rites, what negative results have these religious rituals had in social areas? And why are these dysfunction included in religious rites? To answer these questions, we have examined religious rites from various dimensions, both individual and social, and have concluded that the creation of dysfunctions in religious rites is generally due to changes that have occurred by the people ignoring the religious authorities.