حسین آذرنیوند

the purpose of this research is to prioritize business plans. It is sustainable in line with the development of rural entrepreneurship with an emphasis on pasture ecosystem services. For this purpose, in the present study, 393 pasture users were selected from four villagesin Maneh and Samalghan cities.First, the economic valuation of four main rangeland functions was carried out using the available questionnaire and random sampling method, then the potential of attracting income in each of these functions obtained. In the next step, the costs of each of these businesses were collected with the help of survey information. In the next step, the financial evaluation of business plans was done with the help of financial indicators, including NPV, B/C, ROI, and IRR. The results showed that the three businesses of animal husbandry, beekeeping and the establishment of eco-tourism accommodation have economic justification, and the business of packaging and processing medicinal plants has no economic justification.Prioritization of these four businesses by the indicators of the previous stages of the research by scoring each of the indicators Done. The results showed that in order of businesses; 1-Establishment of ecotourism residence, 2-animal husbandry (sheep breeding), 3-beekeeping and 4-medicinal plant processing have the first to fourth priority in order to empower the beneficiaries in the target villages.

Terrestrial ecosystems depend on vegetation to connect water, soil, air, and other components. Using remote sensing technology, this study explores vegetation dynamics in Khorasan, including their response to land use changes and climate changes between 2001 and 2020. This study aimed to investigate and analyze the effects of climatic factors on vegetation dynamics.

In this study, satellite and climate data are used. The National Meteorological Organization provided climate data, and the USGS provided satellite data on vegetation indicators. This research used monthly NDVI and EVI indices to investigate the vegetation cover from 2001 to 2020. These monthly images with a spatial resolution of 1 km were prepared from the MODIS terra sensor satellite. Using the IDW interpolation method, the climate data of 39 investigated stations were prepared, and their maps were prepared in ArcGIS. Linear regression simulated trends in vegetation index and climate parameters over 2001-2020 in QGIS. NDVI and EVI indices were correlated with climatic parameters to investigate changes in vegetation cover.

Based on the trend of land use changes in Khorasan, the main land uses are barren lands, agricultural lands, forests, rangelands, open shrubland, savanna, and built-up areas. During this period, barren lands, agricultural lands, forests, and rangelands decreased by 2.57, 0.41, 0.0009, and 1.02 %, respectively, while open shrubland, savannas, and built-up areas increase by 3.98, 0.0031, and 0.0072 %. Examining the change slope of the vegetation cover index and climatic parameters in these 20 years showed that the change slope of the vegetation cover index EVI and NDVI in these 20 years are positive and increasing, respectively 72.81% and 85.46% of Khorasan, which can be said in general According to these two indicators, vegetation cover is increasing in more than 85% of Khorasan's natural lands. Examining the slope of rainfall and temperature changes in this period of time showed that these indicators had positive and increasing changes in 76.59 and 58.71% of the area of Khorasan, respectively. The correlation results between EVI and NDVI vegetation indices with rainfall show that there was a positive correlation between these two indices in 87.27 and 90.71 % of Khorasan. Correlation between vegetation indices EVI and NDVI and temperature showed that there was a negative correlation of about 74.27 and 77.26% respectively in the studied area. Most land use areas barren lands, agricultural lands, rangelands, and open shrublands have a positive correlation between the EVI vegetation cover index and rainfall in semi-arid, dry, and semi-arid climates. These correlation results show open shrublands, rangelands, and barren lands had 49.18, 80.96, and 100% positive correlations, respectively. The results of this correlation in the semi-humid climate in rangelands and forest land uses were positive at 95.30% and 1.15%, respectively. The results of the correlation between EVI and temperature in the semi-arid climate in semi-arid, dry and semi-arid climates show that this relationship in most barren lands, rangelands and open shrublands is negative. Also, the results of this correlation in the Mediterranean climate show that this correlation is positive in the use of barren lands, rangelands and open shrublands 40.99, 91.02 and 23.08 %. The results of this correlation in the semi-humid climate show that this relationship is 100 and 98.06 % positive in barren lands, and rangelands, respectively, and 1.94 % negative in open shrublands. In the majority of areas, such as barren lands, agricultural lands, rangelands, and open shrublands, there is a positive correlation between NDVI and rainfall in extra-arid, dry, semi-arid, and Mediterranean climates. In the Mediterranean climate, barren lands, rangelands, and open shrubland use are all 100% positive, 62.15 and 77.0.1 respectively. In semi-humid climates, barren lands and pastures are used 52.56 % and 38.63 %, respectively. A negative correlation was found between NDVI and temperature in extra-arid, dry, semi-arid and Mediterranean climates in most of the land use areas barren lands, agricultural lands, rangelands, and open shrublands. Based on the results of the correlation, barren lands, rangelands, and open shrublands are 99.60, 93.66, and 100% positive, respectively. According to the correlation results between NDVI and temperature in semi-humid climates, barren lands and rangelands have a 100% positive correlation.

The destruction and restoration of vegetation have become a major challenge in Iran. Land degradation and desertification conditions will increase due to the interaction of human activities and climate change. North Khorasan, Razavi and South Khorasan were studied separately and in detail at the climate and land use levels. Consequently, the findings of this study can be very useful and necessary for the implementation of policies and projects to promote vegetation restoration by men and politicians in the field of natural resources and the environment.

Rangeland management is the science and art of range management and administration, which requires technical and managerial foundations in decision-making and planning to protection, reclamation and sustainably use it, in parallel with each other and in accordance with the range ecological conditions and beneficiary's socio-economic conditions, especially the pastoralists, should be considered. In the technical basics section, there are always several key projects, including planting, plowing, grazing management, Inter Seeding, Seeding, fertilizing, pitting, ripping, and contour furrowing, each of which has criteria and indicators. Has its own characteristics. Considering the vast area and variety of physiography and geomorphology of the rangelands, any tool that can help experts in selecting improvement and restoration projects by combining indicators can be useful. The purpose of this research is to use the geographic information system to locate suitable areas for range improvement and management projects in the Chahtalkh watershed.

For this purpose, based on the range condition and range condition trend, a range method was developed for each plant types. For types with excellent to good condition, equilibrium method was recommended, and for types with moderate condition, natural method and consequently grazing systems were recommended. Artificial or improvement range management, were considered for types that were poor and very poor. In the next step, the homogeneous baseline maps were prepared by combining altitude, slope and direction maps. Subsequently, the homogeneous layer was combined with plant types layer and the final homogeneous units. Based on the rangeland condition and suitability yield of plant types, geological maps, soil characteristics, iso-therms, iso-rain and water resources, the characteristics of each homogeneous unit were extracted in GIS environment. Considering effective ecological and environmental criteria and indices to perform range improvement and management operations and to match the characteristics of each homogenous unit, the type of rangeland management and management operations in each homogenous unit was proposed and based on this, a round map was prepared. Finally, by superimposing the map of range improvement and management operations and customary systems, the range management model of the region was presented.

According to the results, a wide range of rangelands have poor and very poor conditions that require artificial range management. The resulting management model showed that in 10.6% of rangelands, contour farro, in 8.3%, pitting and in 5.9%, ripping is recommended. In 29.3% of rangelands, grazing management and in 14.6% prevent livestock from entering (exclosure) are recommended.

The model presented in the Chah Talkh watershed, which was obtained by combining the layers of RANGE condition and range condition trend, suitability yield of plant types, land use, soil texture and depth, elevation class, slope and direction, temperature and rainfall lines, and the map of customary systems, can play a significant role in provide a comprehensive and all-round management. The model enables quick and easy access to all ecological and environmental criteria and environmental parameters for effective range improvement and range management. In this regard, weighting indicators and using multi-variable decision-making tools can play an important role in more precisely choosing suitable places for range improvement and revitalization projects.

Awareness of human about the existence of environmental pollution crisis and its effects on his own destiny can have a positive effect on changing the course of these crises. Sangan mines release dust particles and pollutants into the soil and air, which will have huge consequences for environmental pollution and even endanger human Health, including the spread of skin and respiratory diseases. Environmental assessment is considered as one of the most efficient methods to evaluate and predict plans and projects on environmental components, so the present study aims to Environmental impact assessment of Mine Utilization Using Iranian Leopold Matrix (Study area: Sangan Khaf Mines). The main tool for collecting research data for the study area is a library and a field survey based on a questionnaire that was completed among the community of experts. The statistical sample population is 30 experts who were familiar with environmental issues. The results showed that the number of negative algebraic mean effects in the column is equal to 10 and the number of negative algebraic mean consequences in the row is equal to 14, among which the number of negative consequences less than -3.1 in the column is only related to the effects of dust diffusion. The most important negative effects among the environmental components are related to dust diffusion activity with an average classification of -3.1 with an algebraic sum of -50.

Evaluate non-market functions and services of the environment, including tourism for many reasons, including the recognition and understanding of environmental and ecological benefits by humans, presenting the country's environmental issues to decision makers and planners, adjusting and modifying the set of national calculations such as GDP It is important to nationalize and prevent the indiscriminate destruction and exploitation of natural resources.The purpose of this study is to estimate the economic value of rangeland tourism function of 4 villages of Maneh and Samolghan counties of North Khorasan province, using conditional valuation method. the logit model was estimated using the maximum likelihood method. The required data were collected by completing 133 questionnaires and face-to-face interviews with visitors from all four areas. The sample size was obtained using Cochran's formula and the sampling method used is random sampling. Based on the results of the model used to determine the factors affecting the value of tourism in the region, the variables of marital status, employment status, proposed amount and rangeland attractiveness are significant at 5% probability level and effective factors in the WTP rate of visitors to use rangelands Are studied. the average WTP as input price for each visitor to use the rangelands of the region was 5880 Tomans and the recreational value of each hectare of rangelands in the region was 49556 Tomans per year. the rangelands of the studied villages have significant tourism value, which can help plannersand executives in planning, protection and sustainable use of rangelands in the region.

The watershed as a planning and management unit considering all socio-economic, physical, ecological, technical and organizational dimensions, has been accepted by the scientific community, which is being damaged and degraded due to the stresses caused especially by climate change and human activities. In such a way that climate  and land use change, damage to biological diversity, inceasing waste water and soil erosion along with many other issues indicate inappropriate human intervention. Therefore, the effective management of watersheds requires understanding the connections between its different components and dynamics in order to achieve the desired output. Apparently, the most fundamental step in watershed management plans is to recognize the potential threats to find out their causes and, as a result, identify the main management solutions. Therefore, before formulating work plans, it is necessary to investigate the root of the threats and determine the management scenarios.

The purpose of this research is to determine the management options using the DPSIR approach, which first identifies the problems of the watershed and then provides management responses. In this approach, the investigated components are driving forces, pressure, situation, impact, response and the relationship between them. Prioritizing the components through the preparation of a Likert scale questionnaire based on a descriptive-analytical study, library studies, holding meetings with experts, watershed residents, village councils, asking questions, discussing, exchanging opinions, visiting the area and the use of Friedman's test has been done.

The findings of the research show that five effective driving forces in the watershed have caused 12 influential pressures, which have resulted in four situations and nine important effects that have resulted in 18 responses. Moreover, the result shows that out of the five influential driving forces in the watershed, the development of orchards and agriculture and climate change are the most important and influential factors with an average rating of 3.74 and 3.16, respectively, which cause pressure on the watershed and reduce the natural vegetation of the area. Overgrazing, excessive exploitation of water and soil resources are important pressures that lead to increasing soil erosion, flooding, and also a decrease in water yeild of the region, which will result in a decrease in fodder production, habitat destruction, and increase in the living costs of the communities in the watershed area. Therefore, the response to these components, including the consequences and pressures, and consistent management practices can provide promising results in improving the watershed, environment, and current communities.

The results of providing educational and extension programs of natural resources behavior, employment generation and creating alternative jobs, watershed management measures at the with an average rating of 12.7, 12.16 and 12.04 were the most important solutions in this research

 The germination and establishment of plants resistant to drought is one of the most important and effective aspects of rangeland improvement. Investigating changes in rangeland species' morphological and physiological characteristics under different pretreatments under laboratory, greenhouse, and field conditions is necessary. As a result, elite and promising species can be selected, and improvement efforts can be evaluated favorably.

 This study investigated the effect of different pretreatments on the germination and establishment of Sanguisorba minor and Elymus hispidus under drought stress. In this regard, the effect of priming treatments with distilled water, polyethylene glycol, potassium nitrate, and silver nanoparticles was studied to improve germination characteristics and establishment of species under agricultural capacity. The experiment was conducted as a factorial in a randomized complete block design in four replications. To conduct the research, 168 pots were used, and ten seeds were planted in each pot. The measured attributes included the percentage and velocity of seedling appearance from the soil, establishment and survival, length and weight of root and stem, vigor, proline, carotenoid, soluble sugar, total chlorophyll, catalase, and superoxide dismutase enzymes. After sampling the studied traits in the greenhouse and obtaining the results in the laboratory, variance and data analysis in SPSS software. A comparison of mean data with Duncan's multiple range tests at a 5% level for the studied traits was performed on both species.

 The results showed that drought stress significantly differs in characteristics, such as the dry weight of aerial parts or the length of plant roots. The mutual effects of priming and stress were significant on the traits of emergence from the soil, speed of emergence, establishment, survival, and dry weight of aerial parts. Still, it affected several other traits as well. The application of silver nanoparticles had positive or negative effects on seeds' vegetative characteristics, and seedlings grown from the seeds of the studied plants did not show significant changes to characteristics such as plant root length under different priming treatments at a specific moisture level. Some characteristics, including ability, had significant changes due to humidity levels varying up to 20 percent. The positive effects of polyethylene treatment and the negative effects of high nanoparticle concentration were evident. Applying polyethylene glycol and potassium nitrate in E. hispidus and polyethylene glycol and silver nanoparticles at a concentration of 30 mg/l in S. minor showed the highest positive effects on plant resistance under drought stress. Application of silver nanoparticles at concentrations of 60 and 90 mg/L showed negative effects on the vegetative and physiological characteristics of the two studied species.

 drought stress caused negative effects on the structural characteristics of the studied species, and using hydropriming treatments, potassium nitrate, polyethylene glycol, and silver nanoparticles (with a concentration of 30 mg/liter) reduced stress adverse effects. The reason for this is mainly the changes in the physiological factors, such as the amount of proline, catalase, and superoxide dismutase enzymes, and the application of various pretreatments causes positive changes in pretreatment factors and increases the species' drought resistance. The results related to the effect of different pretreatments on the germination of the mentioned species under laboratory and field conditions also confirm this issue.

Rangelands are ecosystems with various services and functions in addition to providing forage. Among the most important uses that can be made of rangeland are tourism, livestock grazing, and beekeeping. In this study, livestock grazing, tourism in customary systems, beekeeping, and exploitation of medicinal plants in the Lar Absar rangeland of Mazandaran were studied, and the suitability of the rangeland for each type of use was scored. Rangeland management methods and grazing systems were presented according to the condition and orientation of the rangeland and taking into account soil limiting factors. Then, the priority of using the rangelands was determined for each of them. Expenses, income, and net profit for each type of use were calculated based on market day conditions and the exchange rate in 1400 for 100 days. The results showed that livestock grazing is one of the appropriate exploitations in Lar Absar rangeland, and the best grazing livestock (according to vegetation and environmental factors) is sheep. Some types of plants can be well managed by using the natural grazing method and another part of the rangelands with the balanced grazing method and intermittent and delayed grazing systems in order to increase the level of productivity and improve the condition of the rangelands and with a plan for the productivity of the management. It is possible to properly and cheaply manage the rangelands of this system and improve its plant composition. The results showed that if livestock grazing is done in the rangelands, 42.7 million Tomans of income will be grazed, and tourism, beekeeping, and extraction of medicinal plants will be implemented. Around 380 million Tomans (15200 $) will be added to the ranger income. This increase in income can improve the livelihood of the user. In rangeland, fencing, beekeeping, the use of hives, and medicinal use, the machine for harvesting medicinal plants is recommended.

Sweet Ferula assa-foetida is an important medicinal plant in Iran with various therapeutic properties. This study aims to identify the ecological and phenological characteristics and chemical compounds of sweet Ferula assa-foetida in three natural habitats of Kerman province, including Ravar, Kerman, and Kuhbanan.

Three 500 m long transects were established in each sampling area, and ten 2×2 m plots were randomly selected at 50 m intervals in each transect. Density and percentage of canopy cover were measured. Phenological characteristics were studied for 10 shrubs randomly selected and marked in each habitat. Germination time, leaf emergence time, blooming time, seeding, and drying time were recorded every 15-10 days. Soil samples were collected from 0 to 30 cm depth to study soil properties, and sweet Ferula assa-foetida latex was prepared by water distillation. Chemical compounds of the essential oil were identified using gas chromatography with a mass spectrometer. Data were analyzed using SPSS 11.5 software.

Altitude range of sweet Ferula assa-foetida varied between 1750-2100 m above sea level, and rainfall varied between 100-130 mm in the studied habitats. Soil analysis indicated that this plant is not dependent on specific elements for growth and development. Soil had a sandy loam to clay loam texture, and soil acidity ranged from 7.8 to 7.5. Electrical conductivity (EC) showed a significant difference and was varied from 0.7 in Kuhbanan pastureland to 2.30 in Ravar range pastureland. Soil organic matter was low, ranging from 0.3-0.14%. The average day and night temperature decreased with increasing altitude, and the temperature required for each stage of vegetative growth was delayed. The longest and shortest interval from emergence to autumn were in Kuhbanan habitat (2075 m) and in Ravar habitat (1750 m), respectively. Cooling and washing the seeds increased seed germination by 95.3% compared to control treatment. A total of 70 chemical compounds were identified in the essential oils of sweet Ferula assa-foetida in the habitats.

The quality of chemical compounds in sweet Ferula assa-foetida can be affected by genetic or non-genetic changes in response to ecological differences of habitats. Various climatic, edaphic, and physiographic conditions of habitats affect the metabolic pathways and biosynthesis of active substances, resulting in various secondary metabolites being synthesized under different environmental conditions.

Soil is a crucial component of ecosystem function and productivity in rangeland areas. Cyanobacteria, as one of the living microorganisms in soil, play an essential role in increasing soil fertility by fixing nitrogen and carbon. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of different concentrations of cyanobacteria on soil fertility in Golgangak rangelands in Jamabroud watershed and determine the optimal concentration of cyanobacteria to improve soil fertility.

We collected cyanobacteria from the soil surface horizon (0-2cm deep) and identified three dominant genera of cyanobacteria, including Nostoc, Phormidium, and Osillatoria. We prepared three different concentrations of cyanobacteria, including 1012, 1010, and 108 cyanobacterial cells per liter of BBM suspension and sprayed them directly into the field. We evaluated soil fertility factors, including nitrogen, potassium, organic carbon, and pH, by resampling soil samples at 15, 30, 45, and 180 days after inoculation.

The results showed a significant relationship (p <0.05) between control and inoculation plots. Nitrogen, potassium, and organic carbon showed an increase of about 21.3%, 51.3%, and 51.3%, respectively, at the end of the experiment, while pH decreased by 0.4. The concentration of 108 liters was determined to be the optimal concentration to improve soil fertility in terms of nitrogen, potassium, and organic carbon.

Our findings suggest that spraying cyanobacteria in Golgangak rangelands can increase soil fertility factors. The concentration of 108 liters was determined to be the optimal concentration to improve soil fertility in terms of nitrogen, potassium, and organic carbon. This research can be considered as the first step in investigating the possibility of using effective and fast environmental methods to improve soil fertility in different ranges, especially degraded ranges. However, it is crucial to determine the optimal concentration of cyanobacteria for each range to ensure the effectiveness of corrective measures.

One of the most important environmental challenges in the Middle East and Iran is the phenomenon of dust Coexistence between plants and mycorrhizal fungi can have positive results on vegetation establishment.The aim of this study was to improve plant development in reducing wind erosion. after sampling of rhizosphere soil of Rhizosphere, Haloxylon, Tamarix and Nitraria seedlings in two levels of inoculation with and without mycorrhizal fungi, three levels without water stress, moderate water stress and severe water stress and three standard soil types, Soil No. 1, EC=0.5 and soil No. 2, EC=6 were conducted as a greenhouse in a factorial design.wind tunnel tests, morphological characterization of plants and mycorrhiza colonization experiments on the roots of plants were studied. Mycorrhiza inoculation significantly increased shoot and root fresh and dry weight, root area, root volume, shoot and root length, and decreased soil loss. The results of comparing the mean of Haloxylon (increase of 18 to 40, decrease of 10%) and Tamarix (increase of 1to3% and increase of 1to3%) and Nitraria (increase of 1 to3% and decrease of 1%) indicate the effect of fungus Mycorrhiza has been based on the vegetative traits of the plant and the amount of soil wasted. e interaction of plant species and water stress in Haloxylon plant also had a reduction of about 35% in vegetative traits relative to normal water stress and 15% relative to moderate water stress .Regarding the interaction of plant species and water stress Tamarix, there was a decrease of about 18 to 35% in vegetative traits compared to normal water stress and 9 to 20% relative to water stress. Due to the interaction of plant species and water stress, Nitraria plant also had a reduction of about 25% in vegetative traits relative to normal water stress and 38% relative to moderate water stress.

The stability of the soil structure shows the ability of the soil to resist erosive forces and rebuild after destruction. Considering that the soil is one of the important components of the rangland ecosystem, it is important to maintain its stability. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of range restoration activities on soil stability was using seven-factor, scoring and Emerson indices in ranglands of the Yazd province, evaluate these indices, and provide a suitable and compatible method for rangland. For this purpose, first among the biological and biomechanical projects implemented in the ranglands of the province, the Crescent water catchment, Furrow and Contour Trenching, were selected in three traditional systems. Sampling of soil and vegetation was done using systematic-random method with the establishment of transect and plot. In order to compare the effects of different reclamation methods on soil stability indicators by entering the data into the SAS environment, nested variance analysis was used. Then, by using Statgraphics software, the relationship between soil factors and vegetation was investigated and the classification of soil stability for the studied ranglands was done. The results showed that all soil parameters, except organic matter and lime, have significant differences in the studied areas. The most important soil parameters affected by remediation include SAR, ESP, pH, sodium, calcium and magnesium content with special values ​​of 0.30036, 0.30035, 0.2928, 0.2907, 0.2898 and 0.2894, respectively. Considering that the soil of the studied areas was mostly sandy, sandy-loamy and loamy-sandy, it did not agree with the textures mentioned in the classes of the seven-factor soil stability index. So this index was not suitable for determining soil stability. On the other hand, the algebraic sum index of four soil factors and Emerson's method can not show the changes of soil stability within each region (control, intra-operation and inter-operation) well. Finally, the classification method of soil stability in arid ranglands was proposed based on the results of this research.

One of the sustainability challenges is the gap between sustainability guidelines and action-based decision-making by the target communities. Farmers' behavior as a decision-maker is also a factor influencing the future of sustainability. Interdisciplinary approaches such as human-environmental systems are effective for sustainable management and solving the challenges of sustainability. For this purpose, this study was conducted to investigate the sustainable behavior of agricultural stakeholders and evaluate the separation of behavioral antecedent levels of capability based on sustainability indicators in the form of five capitals and individual characteristics of farmers. The statistical population of this study included 5024 agricultural stakeholders of Ghalehgang County, of which 389 people were selected as a sample by stratified sampling method with appropriate proportion, and two behavioral antecedents of perceived usefulness and perceived compatibility were measured. The research tool was a questionnaire and its validity and reliability were assessed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient and confirmatory factor analysis using Lisrel 8.80 software. The statistical method for distinguishing and predicting the status of behavioral antecedents was binary logistic regression using SPSS 25 software. The overall result of the research shows that physical stability indicators are an important variable in predicting the behavior of users. It also turned out that the residence location is effective in predicting behavior. Regarding the individuals' perceived usefulness component, human indicators and the type of water source are significant, while for the perceived compatibility component, social indicators and the type of agricultural activity have a more significant predictive effect.

Tourism within traditional rangeland organization systems is a neglected service of such natural resources. The present study explores the criteria and indices affecting the suitability of rangeland areas with special attention paid to the capabilities of traditional rangeland organizations. As a case study, the tourism activities of Lar Absar rangeland in Mazandaran Province are examined over the period 2019-2020. The findings are expected to raise awareness of, and draw more attention to, the potential attractions of the local traditional rangeland organization, thereby encouraging rangeland owners to direct more efforts toward the development of tourism within their rangeland territories. The attractions of the local rangeland organization have not yet been duly considered in the definitions of rangeland tourism indicators and criteria. Focusing on these aspects, the current study provides a review of research findings reported elsewhere, carries out field observations, and conducts interviews with rangeland owners and tourists to open new horizons in and to draft new guidelines for rangeland tourism. The results show that the proposed guidelines duly account for the present infrastructure, environmental and ecological issues, and the socio-economic aspects of the study area and are practically effective for tourism development in Lar Absar rangeland system.

Nowadays, an unprecedented need is felt for considering groundwater quantity and quality in water resource management plans in all ecosystems. The availability of adequate and proper water resources for various uses is an important factor of sustainable development in arid and semi-arid regions such as Minab Plain in the south of Iran. Given the climatic conditions of this plain and the overuse of groundwater tables for various uses, it was decided to investigate the variations in the quantity and quality of groundwater tables and simulate their future trend to find out their impact on the rate of desertification and land degradation. There are diverse traditional methods to assess the quantity and quality of underground water, but they are not economical in time and cost. Today, modern groundwater quantity and quality determination methods have mostly resolved this problem to be informative about the future trend of these variations. Hydrological models were used to estimate groundwater variations trends. Different scenarios were applied to plan and manage these irreparable resources in the future. The present study evaluates groundwater tables' quantitative and qualitative variations using the MGS software package and the Modular Three-Dimensional Finite-Difference Groundwater Flow Model (MODFLOW) code.  The variations of these irreparable resources were simulated in Minab plain to study the rate of desertification in the past, present, and future. Finally, the managerial approaches were proposed to prevent the further depletion and quality loss of groundwater tables in this plain and adopt strategies tailored to determine the desertification rate in the future.

For this research, data of hydrology and geology of the Minab Plain aquifer were supplied by Iran Water Resources Management Company for 2003-2018. After data collection, GMS10.5 was employed to study and model groundwater resources and their future condition. First, the variations in groundwater quantitative and qualitative parameters in Minab Plain and their past, present, and future states were examined. New scenarios of use increase of 5%, 10%, and 15% higher use were used in GMS10.5. Then, the IMDPA model was employed to assess the rate of desertification of groundwater tables in the plain in the past, present, and future.

The results showed that the highest depletion was -3.16, -12.87, -23.89, and -30.30 in the base years of 2003, 2008, 2013, and 2018, respectively. It has happened due to the digging of deep and semi-deep wells. The highest increase in water level balance over 2003-2035 has been -59.5, -61.3, and -63.2 m under the scenarios of 5%, 10%, and 15% higher use, respectively. Prediction of the qualitative parameters of EC and SAR for 2019, 2024, 2029, and 2035 indicates that these parameters will increase in 2035. The resulting pollution will move from the south towards the north. The weighted mean of quantitative values of the factors influencing water resource degradation shows that desertification occurs in the studied region at different rates. Over time, the desertification rate of water criterion will expand towards the north, south, center, and west of the area. The results for different periods are depicted in a figure. It can be asserted that a great part of the region is in the low desertification class in the base period, but the area of this class decreases. The medium desertification class expands over time. The area of the medium desertification class has been 0, 32.37, 46.35, and 123,48 km2 km2 in 2003, 2008, 2013, and 2018, respectively. The very low desertification class has been 125.93, 6.54, 0.23, and 0.07 during this period. In the 5% higher use scenario, the very low, low, and medium desertification classes have decreased by 2.64, 45.47, and 72.04 km2 over 2009-2035.  The very high desertification class has increased by 120.14 km2 in this scenario. It was the same for the scenarios of 10% and 15% higher use. The very low, low, and medium desertification classes have decreased by 0.06, 72.18, and 48.00 km2 in the 10% higher use scenario and by 47.96, 0.06, and 72.14 km2 in the scenario of 15% higher use over 2019-2035. The very high desertification class has increased by 120.189 and 120.187 km2 in these scenarios, respectively.

The results revealed that desertification is happening across the plain at different rates and will continue at a higher rate in the future. It can be summarized that all components of nature are chained to one another. A change in one component entails a change in the other parts of the system so that a decline in groundwater quantity reduces its quality. So, approaches should be adopted to prevent the further quantitative and qualitative decline of groundwater tables, and mechanisms should be taken to minimize damages to the whole ecosystem. Finally, some executive approaches for preventing land degradation and desertification based on the regional water criterion include reforming cropping patterns, adopting modern irrigation methods, and feeding the bed of the plain by flooding.

Lake Urmia is one of the centers that has suffered a water shortage due to natural and man-made factors, and in case of lack of appropriate measures, apart from security problems, it can also impose exorbitant costs on the country. This issue requires more attention and conducting more comprehensive studies from various aspects, especially intelligent basin management and integrated studies of water and soil resources and the implementation of specialized and timely programs for the supply of agricultural, drinking and industrial water. Investigations carried out during the last two decades show that the water level of Lake Urmia has decreased by more than eight meters and its area has decreased by more than 80% and has been subjected to complete drying (Shadkam, 2017). Currently, the water level of Lake Urmia is 1271 meters above sea level, the volume of water is 3 billion cubic meters and its area is between 2500 and 3000 square kilometers, and to reach the water level of 1274 meters and an area of ​​4300 square kilometers, it needs 14 billion cubic meters of water. Also, in order to reach the ideal water level, i.e. 1276 meters and an area of ​​5700 square kilometers, the volume of water should increase to 30 billion cubic meters (Asri and Ahmadi, 2018). Also, the drying of this lake can have a great impact on the life of the population living in the basin, the organisations inside the lake basin. Agriculture and economy of the region, climate change in the region and  proper management of water resources and accurate knowledge of water balance components are of particular importance (Abdali et al., 2018). Since the drying up of this lake can have a great impact on the life of the population living in the basin, the organisms inside the lake, agriculture and economy of the region, climate change in the region and even political adversities, therefore it is necessary to apply proper management in order to adapt to the existing conditions and carry out basic planning. is inevitable (Fazli, 2014). Therefore, the mainreason for the lack of water and the drying up of Lake Urmia is the lack of foresight and long-term planning, and more importantly, the lack of discipline in the management and guidance of operational plans at the basin level (Mahdavi Damghani, 2019). Basically, strategic management includes 3 stages of strategy setting, strategy implementation and strategy evaluation, which the QSPM matrix (quantitative strategic planning matrix) is proportional to the first stage, that is, strategy setting. SWOT analysis includes the systematic identification of factors with which the strategy should have the best compatibility. The logic of the mentioned approach is that an effective strategy should maximize the strengths and opportunities of the system and minimize the weaknesses and threats. If this logic is used correctly, it will have very good results for choosing and designing an effective strategy (Zangiabadi and Mousavi, 2012). In 1989, Johnson et al., in a study, introduced SWOT as a tool used in the early stages of decision making. This matrix is ​​effective in implementing development plans if specific goals and required indicators are available (Johnson et al., 1990).In this research, it is tried to determine the management strategies of Urmia lake basin in order to adapt to water shortage and drought in the process of comprehensive basin management using strategic management models (SWOT and QSPM). Therefore, it is necessary to first identify the strengths and weaknesses, as well as the opportunities and threats of the basin, and then determine the practical strategies, and after analyzing them, using the QSPM model, prioritize strategies to modify or complete the plans. In progress, he suggested to the relevant officials. Quantitative strategic planning matrix QSPM is an analytical method that determines the relative attractiveness of strategies. With this method, it is possible to objectively determine the various strategies that are among the best strategies, and the results of the matrix of internal and external factors are used to prepare a quantitative strategic planning matrix. In fact, this technique determines which of the selected strategic options is possible and  then prioritizes these strategies (Zarrabi and Mahboob Far, 2012).Regarding the innovation in the research topic, in general, most of the studies have been done, they have discussed why the lake dries up and also provide solutions to improve the problem of dryness of Lake Urmia. Some studies have also addressed the problems caused by the drying up of Lake Urmia and its possible damages in the future and have concluded that it is important and necessary to try to revive this lake. Also, the researches that have been carried out in fields such as water shortage or drying up of Lake Urmia have mostly focused on the environmental, economic, health and sustainable development and even political, security and geopolitical aspects, but so far not much attention has been paid to the issue of strategic planning of Lake Urmia. and so far, a detailed assessment of the strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats in the comprehensive management of the Lake Urmia basin has not been done. Therefore, this research has a scientific innovation from this point of view.
Research and analysis

There are different methods and models to investigate and analyze this issue. Each of these models has its own concept and insight and follows a special technique and instructions. Among them, the SWOT matrix, which evaluates the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the system, is more common and famous (Hill, T. and R. Westbrook, 1997). The SWOT model is one of the group decision-making models used in It is designed to determine long-term or short-term strategy and make big and key decisions about various issues and topics. The main task of the mentioned model is to determine the strategy to improve the efficiency or the situation (Bazrafkan and Ekhsish, 2015). Therefore, the application of SWOT analysis in the field of basin management in determining the optimal conditions and logical guidelines with appropriate executive and legal support, alignment between legislative, executive, supervisory organizations and the interpretation and analysis of the current conditions governing the basin, especially in the field of comprehensive studies and even The evaluation of the system letters and the description of the study services will be in different stages of justification, semi-detailed and detailed-executive (Chang, 2006 & Huang). Therefore, the use of new methods in the review of plans and programs can be very beneficial in order to achieve the goals of management. Based on the SWOT model, appropriate strategies are developed to achieve maximum strengths and opportunities and minimize weaknesses and threats (Nikolaou et al, 2010). It is necessary to set laws and extensive trainings and simultaneously conduct studies with the mentioned approach to understand the results obtained from it (Afkhami, 2018). In this research, SWOT and QSPM models were used to determine the appropriate strategies for determining adaptation patterns to water scarcity and drought in Lake Urmia. After collecting and analyzing the information obtained from the questionnaires using SPSS software, the total and average scores obtained for each factor were calculated, as well as the normalized weight along with the weighted score using EXPERT CHOICE software. Then, based on the ranking of the weighted points from the highest to the lowest, the top 5 strategies were determined in terms of the highest weighted points for each of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Then the factors identified in the four modes of SO (offensive strategies), WO (conservative strategies), ST (competitive strategies) and WT (defensive strategies) were linked.

In order to carry out the applied model of the research, first the current situation of the basin was investigated, then based on the models and patterns of management and strategic planning, environmental and internal factors were investigated, and by determining the strengths and weaknesses, threats and opportunities, it was analyzed. The findings of the analysis using the SWOT model and its related matrices include: evaluation matrices of external and internal factors and the combination of both, and finally, the QSPM quantitative strategic planning matrix is ​​prepared. To determine the strategy, examining the internal and external factors alone is not the answer, and to identify the areas that can be improved, in addition to the SWOT model, it is necessary to analyze it using the quantitative strategic planning matrix or QSPM. For this reason, after examining the SWOT matrix, the QSPM analysis method is used. In fact, the research application model is obtained from the combination of the two matrices of SWOT strategic analysis and QSPM quantitative strategic planning.

The studies conducted show that 10 factors have been identified as strengths and 17 factors have been identified as weaknesses to determine patterns of adaptation to water scarcity and drought based on the strategic management approach. Also, among the external factors (opportunities), 15 factors have been identified and 9 factors have been identified as threats.The most important factor among the strengths of 1-preventing new development in the agricultural sector and 2-stopping all dam construction projects has been identified in the study. On the other hand, the most important weaknesses have been identified: 1- the creation of a future research center in the environmental organization and 2- the pathology of the social effects caused by the drying up of the lake. The most important opportunity for Lake Urmia 1- Education and raising awareness 2- Applying ecosystem-based management has been identified in contrast to the most important threat to the basin of Lake Urmia 1- Increasing water extraction from underground sources (drilling illegal wells) and 2- The planting of non-native and aquatic species has been identified.Also, based on the sum total of internal and external factors, the scope of determining the strategy was determined. As explained in the methodology section of this research, the IFE-EFE matrix is ​​used to determine the range, and according to the calculations, the strategy range was placed in a conservative position. Therefore, WO strategies will be used for ranking and prioritizing strategies for the consistent management of Lake Urmia.In the next step, quantitative strategic planning matrix or QSPM was formed. In the quantitative strategic planning process, different strategies are examined and the best ones are selected. Meanwhile, in order to evaluate the attractiveness of each of the strategic factors in Table 4, a quantitative matrix for determining strategies compatible with water scarcity and drought for the management of Lake Urmia along with the attractiveness scores and other calculations is provided.

In this research, which was carried out in order to formulate and prioritize the strategy and patterns of adaptation to water shortage and drought in the Urmia catchment area, according to the different coefficients assigned to different internal and external factors, each of the influencing variables in the form of standardized matrices (matrix of internal factors and foreign) were measured and evaluated. The results obtained from the total weighted points of the matrix of internal factors showed that the management of the Urmia Lake catchment area has weaknesses in terms of adaptation to water shortage and drought in terms of internal factors, and in fact, the amount of weaknesses is more than the amount of strengths. Also, the results obtained from the total weighted points of the matrix of external factors showed that the compiled patterns are facing opportunities in terms of external factors. In other words, managers' advancement opportunities have a higher influence than threatening factors. The simultaneous analysis of internal and external factor matrices showed the general situation of the strategies related to the pattern of adaptation to water shortage and drought in the conservative area.QSPM matrix calculations in Table 5 showed that among the optimal WO strategies, priority is related to WO5, WO2, WO3, WO1 and WO4 strategies respectively. Therefore, in order to develop patterns of adaptation to water scarcity and drought in Lake Urmia, first of all, policies should be applied in the direction of changing the cultivation pattern by identifying salt-tolerant species suitable to the conditions of the region. Then apply ecosystem-oriented management by studying and implementing the national park's ecological protection program. In the next stage, the preparation of the plan to increase employment and alternative livelihoods should be done with the participation of the people, and finally, the prevention of unauthorized withdrawals from surface water should be implemented by applying integrated management and reforming the structure of the country's divisions, as well as organizing wells and installing volume smart meters in order to establish the water market.

The present research aims to assess climate change in the Minab plain and its effect on groundwater level variability in the future period. Climate change was explored by the climatic model CanESM2 using the SDSM4.2 software package, and the effect of climate change on groundwater resources was quantitatively modeled in the GMS10.0.5 software package under the emission scenarios of RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5. The results for the effect of climate change in the future period in the context of these scenarios showed that temperature will increase by 1.88ºC, 2.60ºC, and 4.28ºC and precipitation will decrease by 34.19%, 42.08%, and 59.43% versus the reference year, respectively. The results for the application of the climatic scenarios using the groundwater model revealed that due to the decline of precipitation in this period, mean groundwater level balance in the future periods leading to 2019, 2024, 2029, and 2035 versus the reference year (2003-2004) will be -13.99, -19.003, -22.70, and -25.61 m/yr in RCP2.6, -13.99, -18.95, -22.75, and -24.73 m/yr in RCP4.5, and -14.23, -19.22, -22.003, and -25.46 m/yr in RCP8.5, respectively. This shows that the drawdown will be being aggravated over time. Finally, this decline of precipitation and rise in temperature due to climate change and the subsequent increase in water abstraction for different uses will result in the growing depletion of the groundwater tables in Minab. So, it is recommended to planners and authorities to adopt strategies for adaptation to new climatic conditions and water scarcity and accommodate themselves with future conditions.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of polymer mulches and plant mulch on some soil physical properties. For this purpose, effects of synthetic polymer, natural polymer, natural - synthetic polymer, and litter, On some physical properties of soil at two depths (0-5 cm and 5-30 cm) and two time periods in a completely randomized design with four replications was studied. 10*10 meter experimental plots were considered and mulches covered 2 cm of the soil surface in each plot. The results showed that the use of mulches in the first week of applying, affected the bulk density (3.6% increase in synthetic polymer), porosity (6.01% increase in synthetic polymer), temperature (2.52% increase in litter and 1.85 decrease in natural polymer) and humidity (16.67% increase in synthetic polymer) at the layer of 0-5 cm, Soil moisture (16.67% increase in synthetic polymer) was also affected at the depth of 5-30 cm. Six months after the experiment began, mulches were applied, made a significant difference compared to control in the bulk density (4.81% and 2.12% decrease in synthetic polymer for 1st and 2nd layers respectively), porosity (8.23% increase in synthetic polymer for 1st layer and 4.12% increase in natural - synthetic polymer for 2nd layer) and moisture content of both surface and beneath soil (103.53% and 48.6% increase in natural - synthetic polymer for 1st and 2nd layers respectively), also the electrical conductivity of the first depth of soil (6.23% decrease in natural - synthetic polymer) was affected.

Uncontrolled emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere have been cited as a major reason and threat to climate change. Accordingly, it causes decreasing in precipitation, increasing of temperature, and the occurrence of extreme climatic consequences in the future. Due to the characteristics of communities and limitations, it has harmful consequences. Understanding the trend of these changes in global climate change projects is crucial to understanding future climate change. In this research, based on global atmospheric circulation models has been used a statistical model for regional downscaling. This study has been carried out in the North Kroon basin in order to study the trend of precipitation components and average temperature, to reveal the impact of influence on the region's climate, that the results have been shown in the forecast range of (2100 -2020). Using both optimistic and pessimistic scenarios (RCP2.6 and RCP8.5), the model evaluation performance for the precipitation variable (R = 0.85, MAD = 0.58, MSE = 0.73, RMSE = 0.84) and for the temperature variable (R = 0.93, MAD = 2.2, MSE = 1.5, RMSE = 1.3). All in all, the average precipitation will increase 35.97 mm compared to the observation period under RCP2.6 scenarios and will increase by 73.57 mm under RCP8.5 scenarios. Also, the temperature in both scenarios RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 will respectively increase by 3.01 and 4.79 ° C.

Problems of germination and establishment of plants in drought and dehydration conditions is one of the common problems in arid and semi-arid regions of the country which affects the growth and production of plant communities. Improvement of seed germination and establishment of plants under drought stress is one of the most important issues in success of rehabilitation projects in natural areas. Range species of Sanguisorba minor and Agropyron intermedium are mainly distributed in semi-arid ad semi-humid climates. In this research, the possibility of germination and establishment of these species were investigated under different priming treatments in an arid region.

In this study, the effects of different priming included distilled water, polyethylene glycol (0.1 Mega-Pascal), potassium nitrate (0.2%) and silver nanoparticles (at three levels of 30, 60 and 90 mg/l) were investigated for improvement of seed germination characteristic and plant establishment under irrigation regime of field capacity and drought stress under field natural condition. The experiment was performed as a factorial in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications and in total 56 plots was considered for each species. The dimensions of each construction plot were equal to 1.5 square meters and in each plot, three planting rows with a distance of 30 cm and a length of one meter were considered and 45 seeds were planted in each experimental plot. The measured traits were included the percentage and velocity of appearance of seedlings from the soil, establishment and survival, length and weight of root and stem, vigority, prolin, carotenoid, soluble sugar,  total chlorophyll, catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes. After sampling the studied traits in the field and obtaining the results obtained in the laboratory, analysis of variance and analysis of data in SPSS software and comparison of mean data with Duncan's multiple range tests at 5% level for the studied traits were performed in both species.

Statistical analysis of the results showed that the application of priming has been more effective on soil appearance percentage, appearance rate and establishment and survival of seedlings, but it has also affected other studied traits. Application of silver nanoparticles had positive or negative effects on the vegetative characteristics of seeds and seedlings grown from the seeds of the studied plants. Application of polyethylene glycol and potassium nitrate in A. intermedium and application of polyethylene glycol and silver nanoparticles with concentration of 30 mg/l in S. minor showed the highest positive effects on plant resistance under drought stress. Application of silver nanoparticle at concentrations of 60 and 90 mg/L showed negative effects on the vegetative and physiological characteristics of two studied species as well. Increase of 25% and 13% in biomass production under the treatment of silver nanoparticles with a concentration of 30 mg/l and decrease of 12% and 3% in the biomass under the treatment of silver nanoparticles at a concentration of 90 mg/l, respectively were observed for A. intermedium and S. minor species.

Increasing the rate of water absorption and metabolism in primed seeds leads to more germination, reduces the natural and inherent physiological non-uniformity of buds and increases drought tolerance and plant yield. The positive effect of silver nanoparticles is mainly due to facilitating the penetration of water and nutrients into plant seeds and improving germination properties.Using the results of this research can increase the success rate in the cultivation and establishment of S. minor and A. intermedium range species in arid and semi-arid rangelands and increase the efficiency of biological projects for rangelands improvement and rehabilitation.

Desertification has been considered as a serious threat to arid, semi-arid and even semi-humid climate in recent decades and it is a major obstacle to sustainable global development, so monitoring its changes is urgent. Using remote sensing and GIS is one of the cost-effective, often free and accessible method to monitor changes in these areas. In this study, change vector analysis method was used for evaluation and analysis of desertification change in a part of Ghalehganj county in south of Kerman province. For this purpose, Landsat 8 image bands in two time periods of 2014 (first period) and 2020 period (second period) for March and April was used in Google Earth Engine. Image pre-processing were applied and averaging was done separately for both periods which was followed by calculation of EVI and BSI indices. For the next step, using these two indicators and the change vector analysis method in the GIS software, the magnitude and direction of desertification change trends were determined. The results of the present research indicated the dominance of the reclamation process in the region during the years studied and the overall results indicate that development of cultivated lands and land use change have the greatest impact on monitoring indicators and desertification trends in the region. Thus, degradation of lands around residential areas are witnessed and on the other hand, there is a significant relationship between agricultural activities and rehabilitation areas in the region.

Due to the importance of vegetation cover in these areas, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of drought, on vegetation of HablehRood watershed.Initially, NDVI index obtained from MODIS sensor was used to study vegetation cover and then SPI index based on rainfall data of two basins in two arid and semi-humid climates was used for drought assessment (2001-2018) using image processing methods. The results showed that during this 18-year period, 53% of the region had droughts on average. Also during the period 2001-2003, drought was more severe than other periods (2003-2018). In addition, the highest vegetation index occurred in 2005, indicating that vegetation was affected by rainfall fluctuations in the region. The correlation matrix between the three indices indicated that NDVI had the same correlation with SPI and annual rainfall. The results of this correlation in dry and semi-humid climates showed that the correlation was 0.38 and 0.25, respectively. These results indicate that this relationship is positive and robust in different climates of a region؟. On the other hand, drought class is mainly located in dry and semi-humid climates, with 55.55% and 50% in relatively normal drought class, respectively. Based on the above, it can be concluded that using remote sensing data can monitor the response of semi-humid and dry arid ecosystems to climate change. The study also showed that arid and semi-arid regions are highly susceptible to climate change and human anomalies. Therefore, the destruction of these lands will have many environmental and economic consequences.

Soil salinity has sharply been increasing in recent decades due to improper use of basic resources. This issue has had severe harmful effects in different parts of Iran, especially in arid and semi-arid regions where the accumulation of soluble salts in soil surface has reduced crop yields and destroyed arable lands. Given the significance of this issue, the present research investigated the trend of temporal and spatial variations of soil salinity in Minab Plain for which the satellite images of 2001, 2011, and 2021 were used. The Envi5.1 software package was used to develop the soil salinity maps, and the hybrid CA-Markov model in the TerrSet software package was employed to study the soil salinity changes and predict it for the future period. The results showed that the land salinity would increase in these regions over time so that the area of very high salinity class has been 39.46, 45.26, and 63.09 km2 in 2001, 2011, and 2021, respectively. This increase was even greater in southern and southwestern parts of the plain. Furthermore, the prediction map showed the expansion of salinity in the studied region so that the highest area of salinity change rate in 2021 was found to be related to the very high salinity class (20.24%) and the area of very highly saline lands has increased from 12.20% to 29.62% from 2001 to 2021 whereas the area of moderately saline lands has decreased from 60.47% in 2001 to 13.88% in 2021. In general, an approach for preventing soil salinity aggravation in this region is to change the irrigation system to prevent severe water use and the loss of water quality, which would finally influence the soil to a lesser extent.

Rangeland suitability for livestock grazing is assessed by scoring criteria for vegetation, water resources and soil erosion. In this study, the suitability of Lar Absar rangeland in Mazandaran province for grazing domestic animals and herbivorous wildlife grazing from the rangeland was investigated. Many researchers have examined pasture suitability for grazing cattle, sheep, goats, and camels; But very little research has been done on grazing for wildlife (along with livestock). The purpose of this study is to calculate the actual rangeland suitability for livestock grazing so that high efficiency and more effective management can focus on the rangeland. This has not been done in the research mentioned.

The present study was conducted in a part of Haraz river basin, Mazandaran province, Amol city, Larijan section, Lower Larijan village, Lar Absar rangeland. In July 1398, sampling was carried out in the area representing plant types in a systematic random method with the establishment of two 100-meter transects and 10 plots of one square meter in each plant type; Production of grazable plant species was measured by cutting and weighing. Type and statistics of wildlife were received from Mazandaran Environment Department. The type of plants used was also determined by asking the shepherds. Plant species palatability was determined for wildlife using different sources. The recommended coefficients for appetizer class I were> 0.50, for class II was 0.30 and for class III was 0.20. The list of plant species was written in each type and after applying the coefficient of palatability, the percentage of palatability was obtained for each animal in each type. In the above-mentioned guidelines, vegetation criteria, water resources and soil erosion were examined.

According to the list of plant species in Lar Absar rangeland, 76 plant species from 24 families were identified; Of these, Poaceae and Asteraceae families with 13 and 12 plant species, respectively, have the highest abundance. The results show that wheatgrass and chicory families are predominant among other plants. These plants are important for livestock (35); And provide a large portion of livestock feed (10). The results of this study showed that after the wheat and chicory families, the mint and legume families are abundant in the rangeland. The results showed that the suitability of different plant types for livestock grazing is different and the factor that reduces grazing suitability (domestic livestock and wildlife) is the slope. Plant type 7 is good for grazing livestock and plant type 2 (Fe.ov-On.co) is good for grazing sheep and for other types of livestock.

According to the results of this study, it seems that Lar Absar rangeland is suitable for grazing domestic animals and wildlife. Pasture grazing wildlife is not limited to wild goats and whole rams and wild ewes; Other animals, such as deer, deer, etc., may also graze in the pastures. The difference is the slope, which is a topographical and environmental factor. Therefore, it can be concluded that grazing of livestock and wildlife is possible together and management can provide a correct planning with high efficiency by classifying pasture slope.

Rangeland management method is one of the important aspects of rangeland management activities. In livestock grazing management, according to the grazing system and rangeland management method, it is possible to promote the rangeland condition with low cost and optimal management. Therefore, in this study, for the optimal management of Lar Absar rangeland in Mazandaran province, the grazing system and rangeland management method were considered. In this research, the degree of rangeland condition in each vegetation type using the four-factor method and rangeland trend was also determined by grazing system and rangeland method. The results showed that all vegetation types of Lar Absar rangeland have a moderate and good condition and their tendency is constant and in some types is positive. In vegetation type of (Festuca ovina- Onobrychis cornuta) and (Bromus tomentellus- Hordeum bulbosum). Due to the good condition and positive tendency, range management method of Balanced is suggested and in it, efforts should be made to maintain good rangeland conditions. Premature grazing is prevented by segmenting these two vegetation types and implementing a grazing rotation program and due to the large number of livestock per unit area, forage loss is prevented. As a result, forage grazing will be done uniformly and when the livestock is moved to another plot, the plants in the first plot are given the opportunity to continue growing.In other types of Lar Absar rangeland, the rangeland management method will be natural, so that by improving the plant composition in a natural method, plants will be given the opportunity to regenerate and replacement and while giving sufficient opportunity to the plants, the maximum use of forage is done. Therefore, before any intervention in rangeland ecosystems, the rangeland management method should be selected based on the condition and trend, and as far as possible improved rangeland vegetation naturally and by choosing the appropriate grazing system and avoided other costly methods. It seems that selection of appropriate rangeland management methods and grazing systems in vegetation types can be a useful and effective step for rangelands.