فهرست مطالب حسین اسماعیلی

The purpose of this research is to investigate the civil responsibility during the epidemic of widespread diseases, according to the abilities and powers that governments have, they can prevent the spread of infectious diseases. People who fail to cause another disease should be compensated for the material or spiritual losses that have occurred. let them compensate.

Methods and Materials: 

The current research has been carried out in a descriptive, analytical and library form, the main question of the research is which natural or legal persons are responsible for the damages caused by widespread diseases?

What has been extracted from the religious and legal texts shows that if the government or the people fail in their duties to prevent and control infectious diseases, they should be responsible and bear the responsibility for the damages caused, these damages can be self-retribution if it is intentional, or compensation is awarded if it is unintentional. The issues that are addressed by those who transmit contagious viruses to others, which affect those who transmit contagious diseases, affect people who are aware of their illness, and if a person is not aware of his illness and causes the spread of a contagious disease, it can be justified. proved it.

The findings of this research showed that the people and the government have the duty to prevent widespread diseases, therefore, people who have a certain virus must be careful not to transmit this virus to others. bring up There are many legal documents to prove the duty of the government against communicable diseases in domestic and international laws and regulations, which should be reviewed based on them and legal bases.

In many transactions or contracts, the parties specify Waiver of right of termination due to the value of the goods (right or option of deception). The courts have disagreed about the scope and effects of this matter, as some have considered it related to the right of termination to any extent, Some other courts, by interpreting the will of the parties to the contract, limited the right of cancellation to the conventional and intended amount And by distinguishing it from too much, the claim of termination or rescission of the contract in case of realization of a large difference in value, even if the mentioned option of termination Waivered, has been considered to be heard and processed. The Supreme Court of Iran, in the position of resolving the dispute of the lower courts, without stating the relevant argument and in a short decision, relying on the interpretation of the will of the two parties to the contract and referring to some Jurisprudence, rejected Waver of the option of termination and the opinion of the third branch of the Supreme Court has been confirmed. In this article, with a legal review of the subject and relying on the opinions of Dr. Mohammad Jafar Jafari Langroudi, examined various opinions of the subject and criticized the decisions of the Supreme Court, and concluded that the distinction between high and excessive deception in price has no legal basis and it will cause problems in the transactions and will increase the number of lawsuits.

People have an inherent inclination to procreate and ensure the continuity of their lineage. However, some young couples face the challenge of infertility, disrupting their lives and potentially leading to separation. In contemporary times, one solution to infertility is the practice of surrogacy. Within the Islamic context, scholars and jurists hold varying opinions on the permissibility of surrogacy. While some reference specific Quranic verses and hadiths to argue its impermissibility, categorizing it as haram (forbidden), others explore the jurisprudential legitimacy of fertility through modern medical methods. This research delves into the central question concerning the fiqhi (jurisprudential) legitimacy of utilizing new medical approaches for fertility. It draws on Quranic verses and hadiths, employing the method of jurisprudential inference based on religious texts and ijtihad. The study also deploys jurisprudential principles such as "compulsion" (iḍṭirār), presumption of permissibility (aṣl al-ibāḥa), hardship and extreme difficulty (al-ʿusr wa-l-ḥaraj), and presumption of guiltlessness (asl al-biraʾa). The aim is to demonstrate, based on religious and legal grounds, that surrogacy can be deemed legitimate, as long as it adheres to sharia laws in its preliminary stages.

This paper investigates the situation of foreign trade to compensate for water shortage problems in Iran. Using input-output tables of 2011 and 2016 tables, the changes in virtual water trade balance in this period were investigated. Results indicate that in spite of the positive trade balance in these years, international trade caused virtual water to enter the country. However, both the value of the trade balance of products and the trade balance of virtual water in 2016 decreased compared to 2011. Overall, despite the increase in the import of virtual water due to the decrease in the total backward linkage of final products and the change in the share of exports and imports in the foreign trade balance; changes in the trade balance, the intensity of direct water consumption, the structure of production, and the structure of traded goods, respectively, contributed the most to the reduction of virtual water imports.

Anthrax caused by Bacillus anthracis is a zoonotic disease among humans, domestic and wild animals, and human infection occurs after contact with infected animals or products of infected animals. In humans, the disease may occur in three forms: cutaneous, gastrointestinal and inhalation. The aim of the present study is to describe cases of human anthrax in order to emphasize the need to raise the level of awareness of livestock farmers and to ensure compliance with safety principles when dealing with sick livestock.

In a flock with 510 sheep in Varamin region, 5 of them died acutely and subacutely. In this flock, two shepherds developed two wounds with a black center on the forearm and finger. After sampling from the wounds, infection with the anthrax bacterium was investigated using Giemsa staining and PCR method .

None of the dead and slaughtered animals showed signs of bleeding from the natural pores of the body. In Giemsa staining, bacilli surrounded by a reddish capsule were observed, which confirmed the infection with Bacillus anthracis by the molecular test.

Conclusions and suggestions:

 Considering that currently, anthrax vaccination is done only in highrisk areas, it is necessary for sheep farmers to be aware of the importance of anthrax and its similarity to the very common disease of enterotoxemia through effective training.

The causative agent of Q fever in human is Coxiella burnetii, a gramnegative bacterium that has been reported in most parts of the world. The bacterium is capable of infecting a wide range of host species and causes an important zoonotic disease. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the infection of parturition discharges and bedding of Saanen and Alpine goats during the breeding season, which will give attention to the environment in the transmission of the agent to humans.

In a flock including Saanen and Alpine goats, twice a week for a period of three months, a sample was prepared from the bedding and parturition discharges on the bed using a sterile swab. Then, using PCR method, the presence of Coxiella burnetii was investigated.

All the 24 samples were positive for Coxiella burnetii in PCR test. During the study period, the births of the goats were normal and no case of abortion or stillbirth was observed.

Conclusions and suggestions:

 Considering the of Q fever infection in human, especially its chronic form and the lack of vaccination in both animals and human in Iran, it is necessary to pay attention to sanitary measures to prevent the disease. The most important way to prevent the transmission of Coxiella from animals to humans is to reduce the load of environmental pollution, which, along with educating people at risk and appropriate management of small ruminant, can be effective in preventing human infection.

Studying Christian theology and confrontation of ideas in the West and theorizing about issues such as the nature of revelation, how the Quran was revealed, and the method of understanding it, the new intellectual current tried to create harmony between religion and modernity, which sometimes caused some aspects of religion and the Quran to fade in modernity. Mahdi Bazargan and Abd al-Karim Sorush are among the representatives of this current who, despite the difference in their views, had common foundations in the tendency towards modernity. Examining some foundations of modernity such as liberalism, humanism, secularism, positivism, religious pluralism, rationalism, pragmatism, historicism, and contemporary and philosophical analysis in the thought of these two religious intellectuals, the present article studies the language and method of understanding the Quran. According to the results of the research, although the way these two religious intellectuals deal with the theoretical foundations of modernity has similarities and differences, it has had a similar effect on the roots and context of their theorizing. The methodology of understanding the Quran from the point of view of Mahdi Bazargan can be analyzed in the framework of the simple components of modernism, but Sorush's theological approach goes with postmodern logic and the movement of libertarian theology.

The problem of water shortage has caused countries to pay attention to the water used in the production of products and their other advantages in the production of goods and services. This has to do with the water consumed in the production of imported or exported products. Although most of this water generally remains in the producer country, it is required in production processes. This paper seeks to calculate the amount of direct and indirect water consumed in the exported goods and service production in Iran. In addition, the amount of water saved on the imported products for intermediate and final uses is calculated.

An input-output model is developed to measure the direct and indirect virtual water that is required for exported and imported products. The latest survey based on the input-output table of Iran for the year 2016 is employed as the database of the research. The rest of the data are obtained from the statistical yearbook of the country for the year 2016.

The symmetrical input-output table of Iran for the year 2016 has been prepared for 89 activities. This table was the basis for the research calculations. According to the results, the total imported commodities of the country were over 2662.56 trillion Rials, whereas the total export of the country in 2016 was 3008.85 trillion Rials. Thus, the trade balance of the country was 366.29 trillion Rials. About half of the imported goods and services were consumed as intermediate demand, and the other half were final demand. The majority of the imports consisted of the products used for the production of machinery and equipment not classified elsewhere in the amount of 254.5 trillion, which was 9.6% of the country's total imports in the year 2016. In contrast, the extraction of crude oil and natural gas was in thefirst place with the value of 1280.05 trillion Rials, which constituted 42.54% of the country's exports in this year.In addition, according to the results, the virtual water export of the country in 2016 was 8514.59 million cubic meters, compared to the country's virtual water import of 15062.83 million cubic meters in the year. So, the country's trade balance of virtual water in this year was -6548.24 cubic meters, which leads the country to be a net importer of virtual water.It is notable that, in contrast to the positive trade balance, the balance of the virtual water trade was negative. To investigate this circumstance, one should note that the production of 353.4 thousand Rials worth of exported products needed one cubic meter of water. However, the country was exempted from one cubic meter of water for 176.8 thousand Rials worth of imported products. On the other hand, the country attempted to import products that need more water in contrast to export products that need less one. So, the imported products of the country were about two times more water-intensive than the exported ones. Based on the calculations, due to the high correlation between the direct water coefficient of the activities and their water multipliers, the correlation coefficient of these two indicators was 0.95. Meanwhile, the activity of agricultural and garden crops, with the highest direct coefficient of water intensity, had the highest multipliers of water intensity as well. Thus, despite the export not achieving the first rank, the import and trade balance ranked first by a long distance among 89 production activities in 2016.The correlation coefficient of the virtual water multipliers of the sectors with the value of their exports and imports were -0.05 and 0.12, respectively. Thus, in the sectors where the multipliers of water are higher, there was relatively less export, whereas the products of these sectors were relatively more imported. The lower multipliers indicate that other factors have also been involved to determine the amount of exports and imports.

According to the findings of the research, the water intensity of products was relatively considered in the foreign trade of Iran. So, the imported products need two times more virtual water compared to the exported ones. As a result, in contrast to the positive trade balance of the country, there was a negative virtual water balance. However, due to the attention paid to other factors in the foreign trade, the correlation coefficient between the virtual water multipliers of the sectors with the value of their exports and imports is small. In addition, some activities deal with water in nature. As a result, they have high water multipliers. According to this characteristic, along with the promotion of water efficiency in production processes, it is necessary to avoid exporting products with high water multipliers as well as importing these products.

Desert plants cannot provide all the animals’ requirements for calcium and mineral deficiency in camels. This condition is mostly aggravated in dry seasons. The present study investigates hypocalcemia in pre-parturient and post-parturient camels.

In a camel herd, 25 out of 96 pregnant animals showed clinical signs of hypocalcemia within a week after parturition. Two camels had abortions, and 9 animals that gave birth died. The blood samples were collected from the animals, and their calcium and phosphorus concentrations were measured using a commercial kit.

The clinical and necropsy signs resemble a decline in blood calcium, and the level of calcium and phosphorus had fallen below the normal range in all tested blood samples. Most camels recovered after the administration of injectable calcium and adding supplementary nutrition.

Paying attention to mineral balance, especially in the last months of pregnancy and in recently parturiated camels, is crucial.

The purpose of this research is to criminalize the spreaders of the corona virus, the spread of the coronavirus and the lack of specific laws in this regard to criminalize and punish its contagious behaviors have made it necessary to take refuge in the existing criminal laws. This research is organized in this context to examine the crime of the spreaders of the coronavirus. 

Methods and Material:

 The present research has been carried out in a descriptive and analytical way. Subjects such as the transmission of infectious diseases, intentional homicide, pseudo-intentional murder, and combative behavior can be cited. Is it a special law or is it enough to use the titles of the current criminal law? It seems that the approval of a specific law can increase the clarification of its legal practice. This research investigated different criminal titles. 

What has been extracted from the religious texts shows that if the intentional transmission of Corona causes the death of an innocent person, it can be prosecuted, and the intentional transmission of Corona can be considered a criminal offense under Article 183 of the Islamic Republic of Iran - Muharibeh and Corruption on Earth. It seems that the approval of a specific law can increase the clarity of its legal practice. This research investigated different criminal titles. 

The research of this study showed that if it is used as a tool to kill another person, it can be considered a criminal offense of intentional homicide. If it is accepted without the intention to kill and without knowledge of the contagious condition of the person, but the condition of the person is such that he will get the disease, the legal article to prevent infectious diseases will be approved by the parliament.

However, Rumi in response to the question "What is the meaning of life?" Does not speak explicitly, In practice, everything that is said in Masnavi deals with life and its meaning in some way. Because Masnavi has a lost audience from the beginning to the end, Who feels the emptiness of meaning in his life; But the preoccupations of material life have blocked his entry into the spiritual life. Because everyone gives meaning to life in a special way, Rumi wants to help the audience find these components by presenting a picture of the components of his meaningful life. But, of course, it is not easy to find the signs in the glorious, deep and extensive life of Rumi, according to the disturbed order of Masnavi. But since Rumi's worldview is based on the two sources of wisdom and love, He considers these two as decisive categories in giving direction to the life of every human being. The present article begins with the assumption that the intellect, love, and gentleness of each, as two reciprocal and interacting categories that are the main components of meaningful life, have the ability to first determine any meaning that is ultimately emotional or intellectual. , Pass through their filter and secondly have the capacity to interpret any mutual thought with their help. This article, whose data have been qualitatively analyzed and described, has been written with the aim of showing the interconnectedness of reason and love as the two main components of human material and spiritual life. The most important achievement of this research is that the life of every human being can only be meaningful in the connection between reason and love.

The relation between lawsuits leads to mergers of litigations. One of the conditions for this to happen is the existence of jurisdiction for the trial court. In such cases, there is a conflict between the provisions governing jurisdiction and the provisions governing the conduct of related litigation. In order to resolve this issue and take the right measures, the civil procedure law has in some cases adjusted the jurisdiction regulations, both inherent and local, in favor of the related litigation regulations in order to provide the ground for simultaneous integration. In other cases, the supremacy of jurisdiction rules overrides and the litigation is handled by adopting mechanisms such as suspending one case until a decision is made in another. In this article, with emphasis on the rules of jurisdiction, both inherent and local, the manner of handling the mentioned conflict in Iranian civil procedure law has been studied and also similar provisions in French law have been considered. it seems that the path in civil litigation law is to make further adjustments to the jurisdiction in favor of the expansion of merger cases. This means the gradual dominance   of the complex litigation organization over the rules of jurisdiction.

Digestive system of ruminants is adapted for digesting diets that mainly consist of fodder. Feeding diets with high amounts of grain materials to ruminants causes gastric acidosis and liver abscesses. The aim of the present study was to identify bacterial agents isolated from liver abscesses and to investigate its prevalence in slaughtered cows in Semnan abattoir. In this study, a total of 200 cows were sampled. Rumen acidity was measured immediately after slaughter with a portable pH meter. During the inspection of the carcass, the liver of the cows was examined, and if there was an abscess, the related information was recorded. Then the abscess was completely separated from the liver along with a part of healthy tissue and transferred to the laboratory with ice. In the laboratory, culture of liver abscesses was performed according to the standard method. Out of 200 cattle, 63 (32.5%) had subacute acidosis, of which 40 (31.4%) were males and 23 (31.5%) were females. A total of 12 cattle (6.5%) were suffering from liver abscess. Fusobacterium necrophorum was isolated from 9 (69.2%) abscessed livers and Troperella pyogenes from 6 (46.1%) abscessed livers as the most common cause of abscess. The prevalence of subacute acidosis and liver abscesses in cows slaughtered in Semnan abattoir is 32.5% and 6.5%, respectively. Fusobacterium necrophorum and Troperella pyogenes are the most important causes of liver abscesses in cattle.

Normally, upon rendering the arbitration award and serving it to the parties, the connection of the arbitrator with the case is terminated. However, in many cases the dispute between the award creditor and award debtor concerning the arbitration award, continues through the filing of lawsuit to demand annulment the arbitration award and to be dealt with it during the two stages of first instance and appeal. In practice, regardless of the outcome of the dispute, the arbitrator has very little involvement in the process of the proceedings dealing with the annulment of the arbitration award. This is so while he is the person with a greatest knowledge concerning the arbitration process that has taken place. Moreover, the outcome of the annulment of the arbitration award can damage the personal and professional reputation of the arbitrator or the arbitral body, and may provide the ground for the imposition of civil liability on the arbitrator or arbitral body. In this article, by considering one example of the judicial precedent, we shall examine the legal power of an arbitrator to defend his award during the proceedings of the annulment of the decision or after the final annulment of the arbitration award. In the end, it has been concluded that supporting the presence of the arbitrator during the annulment proceedings and the interaction of the court with the arbitrator is acceptable, and with certain conditions, it is possible for him to object as a third party to the annulment of the arbitrator award, and consequently, the award may be reversed.

There is disagreement in jurisprudence about the validity of litigation or the demand for proof of ownership. Some courts accept such a lawsuit and others issue a non-hearing order. Despite some legal research and judicial efforts, the current issue is still relevant and a well-established scientific perspective has not been formed. In this article, while explaining the issue in a preliminary way, the opinions of the proponents and opponents of the validity of such a claim and the critique of each are briefly presented. Then, an example of a judicial procedure based on opposing the validity of the mentioned lawsuit is given and analyzed. In the end, For reasons such as attention to the existence of a legal dispute in ownership, referring to the decision of ownership in some laws and the non-contradiction of the proceedings of such a lawsuit with the jurisdiction of the state registration office and other reasons, a detailed summary of the author on the validity of the claim for proof of ownership is presented except in exceptional cases and as a result of the superiority of the opinions of those in favor of the validity of the said claim.

Contagious ecthyma is caused by a DNA virus from the group of Parapoxviruses, which is able to cause disease in both humans and animals. Human infection occurs after direct or indirect exposure of a person to an infected animal. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the risk of human infection with Orf in two different methods of small ruminants raising, including extensive and industrial systems.

In this study, the occurrence of contagious ecthyma and human cases of the disease were evaluated in 10 sheep and goat flocks, including 5 flocks raised in an industrial system and 5 flocks raised in an extensive system in Tehran province using PCR method.

The results showed similar infection rate in the animals of both extensive and industrial flocks, but human cases in the industrial systems were significantly more than the extensive ones, in a way that there was one human case confirmed by PCR in each industrial flock and only two human cases of Orf were detected in the extensive systems. 

Conclusions and suggestions:

 Considering the importance of the virus and its high prevalence in sheep and goat in the country, it is necessary to provide sufficient awareness about ecthyma and the ways of its transmission to animal husbandry workers and other people who are at risk of the infection, especially the workers of industrial units.

The culture of any society contains its identity. One of the cultural categories of the tradition-giving community is giving and receiving gifts; This method affects the communication and interaction between human beings and takes another form. Ferdowsi Shahnameh is a rich source of Iranian heritage that expresses Iranian cultural identity and beliefs from the world of mythology, epic and history. By studying this precious work, we find that women, heroes, princes and princes of ancient Iran in different occasions and occasions They offered gifts such as coronation, wedding, birth of a child, welcome and expulsion, world of heroism, and so on. The origin of this culture is ancient and has long been addressed by different Iranian ethnic groups in their own way. In addition to its psychological effects on the individual and society, this tradition has led to better human, cultural and social relations and interactions. The culture of giving and giving gifts is not limited to marriage ceremonies, childbirth, birth and travel baggage; Sometimes due to ransom and prevention of war and bloodshed, sometimes out of respect and reverence, sometimes out of fear and sometimes due to the strengthening of relations, peace and reconciliation. This research uses a descriptive-analytical method of gift, gift, reconciliation and ransom payment occasions, which are sometimes paid out of compassion and sometimes out of fear, for the sake of peace, reconciliation and strengthening relations, as well as examine and explain the function of each. Conclusions.

 Compound litigations, which consist in the multiplicity of litigants, the multiplicity of claims, or both, compel the court to first decide whether to merge or separate the elements they are made up of. If the conditions for the merger of the lawsuits are not met or if after the merger, the court determines that they no longer need to be subjected to a joint proceeding, it will decide to separate the lawsuits. So far, separation and the rejection of merger has not been discussed in detail and independently in Iranian literature, and it is typically viewed as an ancillary subject, meaning that the focus has been on merging or consolidating litigation and the issue of separation of claims has been brought about only as an ancillary matter. There is nothing wrong in this approach per se, but its effect can be that some aspects of litigation, including issues related to the causes and procedures of litigation, will not be studied properly. In order to solve this problem, before dealing with the procedures of separating lawsuits based on their respective types, this article will explore, quite in detail, the causes of lawsuits. The question here will be why it is possible to separate lawsuits and why this should be done. The analysis of the relevant legal rules shows that the separation is mandated by law in some cases and at the discretion of the court in others. According to this study, two general bases for the separation of lawsuits could be found: discretionary or judicial, and compulsory or legal. The first involves the cases where the judge discerns that there are no theoretical foundations for the merger of lawsuits and that the continuation of the trial as a joint proceeding is undesirable. The second consists in the legislator's response to the abuse of rules and to attempts to divert the proceedings. Separation of lawsuits in the general sense include unraveling, or deciding not to merge, lawsuits and to stop their proceeding in the merged state. In the specific sense, separation involves only to dissociate lawsuits already merged. At first glance, the term "separation of lawsuits" refers to a situation in which the court first decides to merge the lawsuits and subsequently, when the co-trial process is under way , for some reason, either the law or the court finds the dissociation of lawsuits as possible or necessary. The reason may be that the court is ready to render its judgment on a part of the lawsuits, that the factor compelling the joint proceedings stops to exist, or  secondary reasons involving the violation of the principle of good faith or of rules of procedure if merger is allowed. Both general and specific senses of the separation of claims will be studied in the present article. After examining the reasons for the separation of lawsuits, the article will deal, in its second part, with the rules governing the procedure of separation of connected or combined lawsuits. It should be noted that when the separation of cases, as one of the administrative arrangements of the proceedings, is concerned, the separated cases should be managed in such a way that their proceedings do not face procedural challenges that delay the process. In his decision over separating lawsuits or rejecting mergers, the judge must, in addition to taking account of the litigants’ preferences and engaging them in the decision making, pay attention to the procedural results of separating lawsuits and its impact on the quality and efficiency of the proceedings. The purpose of adopting arrangements such as separating lawsuits or declining the merger must be to maintain the quality and efficiency of litigation and to simplify lawsuits. As a result, the judge must always evaluate the consequences of using this mechanism and its impact on the course of the proceedings. Prescription of this duty in laws will urge judges to take it more seriously and oblige them to present an argument for their decisions. As a result, in studying how to separate lawsuits, it is necessary to clarify the reasons for it and the desirable degree of intervention of the law, the courts and the litigants and the rules governing each’s role. As the article will argue, Article 65 of the Civil Procedure Act constitutes a turning point in the Iranian procedural system  in terms of the authority granted to the court in administration of the lawsuit; Given this, the next step in terms of enhancing the administrative capacity of the courts in connection to the procedural rules of compound litigation should be to leave further evaluation of the possibility of separation  to the court. After the lawsuit is referred to a court, the judge will decide, as an administrative measure, and by briefly reviewing the claim and considering factors including the presence of a common basis in the lawsuits and, more generally, the level of their connection, whether to accept the merger of the lawsuits or separate their proceedings. Paying attention to the litigants’ preferences and obtaining their opinions before separating the lawsuits is compatible with the new approaches in procedural law, because proper judgments is not possible without effective, lawful and conscientious participation of the litigants. This is particularly vital in proceedings containing compounding elements, as they involve grounds for deviation in the proceedings and the reduction of its quality, and the law has to respond the judge’s violation of this duty with strict sanctions. At the same time, the possibility of independent objections to the court’s decision on the separation will inadmissibly hamper the proceedings . Naturally, the purpose of such research is to clarify the various aspects of litigation, to develop knowledge of civil procedural law, and ultimately to improve judicial procedure. Toward this goal and in collecting the relevant data, descriptive-applied method and library resources have been employed.

In some contracts, the clause of amicable or friendly negotiation is written as a preliminary solution to the dispute when the parties of those contracts determining the binding methods for resolving the dispute. Of course, when the negotiation and the dispute resolution is failed, the jurisdiction of the court or arbitration, can take its jurisdiction over the case. The problem is where that while the process of negotiations did not taken place and the parties referred the case to court or arbitration; in this situation, the question arises as to whether the existence of a friendly negotiation clause is an obstacle to the judicial or arbitral proceedings. In this article, on the occasion of the judgment issued by Branch 141 of the Tehran Court of Law (Specialized Complex for Commercial Disputes), in which a Court decision of non-hearing the claim was issued due to the lack of friendly negotiations. The Procedural effects of the clause of friendly negotiation on the right to sue and the issuance of a non-hearing decision have been criticized and alternative solutions have been proposed according to the economic analysis of the law.

Gastric cancer is one of the most common gastrointestinal tract neoplasms. Because of its invasion, and nonspecific symptoms and signs, the disease is often diagnosed at an advanced stage with short survival. PRR11 participates in the initiation and progression of lung cancer and breast cancer by regulating important genes involved in cell cycles and tumorigenesis. In this research, we studied the expression of this gene in samples of gastric adenocarcinoma.

In this case-control study, 100 samples including 50 samples of gastric tumor tissue and 50 samples of normal tissue from the patients were prepared. Next, RNA was extracted from tissue and cDNA was made. Finally, using quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), gene expression measurements were performed for PRR11 and GAPDH. Paired t test was used for data analysis. We also performed a data mining study to determine PRR11 expression in gastric cancer patients.

The rate of PRR11 gene expression in tumor samples were significantly increased as compared to normal tumor margins (p<0.001) and 11-fold change up-regulation has been calculated for this gene. Furthermore, the expression level of PRR11 has a positive correlation with gastric tumor size (p<0.001).

Overall, the results of this study showed that the PRR11 acts as an oncogene in gastric cancer and PRR11 targeting could be used as a strategy to counteract the progression of gastric cancer.

The sweet Persian language has its roots in the depths of history, which is the year of Iran. This language is very effective as a weapon, to protect the rich and rich culture of the Iranian people against the destructive events and damages of the time. Now, with the independence of Tajikistan, it has once again shown its strength in fighting foreign language invasion, and has been able to block the entry of foreign slogans and literature, and against the old Persian language, which is free, to a class from that region. Take off your clothes, and be replaced by a foreign language of control, embrace, and take a new path. After years of efforts and struggle to adopt the Persian language and the independence of this independent country, in the works of poets and writers of this method, love for the heritage of the past, ie Islamic culture and Persian language and literature have been clearly observed in this article. The works of contemporary Tajik poets are examined in a descriptive-analytical way.

Canine brucellosis may occur due to Brucella spp. other than Brucella canis. Brucella bacterium is transferred between dogs, ruminants, and humans. Therefore, there is a need for vaccinating the hosts of Brucella, especially dogs.

The present study evaluates the efficacy of Rev.1 against B. melitensis in experimentally infected dogs.

Twelve Brucella-negative dogs were divided into two groups of test and control. The animals in the experimental group were vaccinated with Rev.1. After vaccination, sera of the dogs were tested by the standard tube agglutination test (STAT) and Rose Bengal test (RBT). Five months following vaccination, dogs in both groups were inoculated with 3×109 CFU of B. melitensis biotype 1. Serum samples were taken after inoculating the bacteria and were examined using the STAT and RBT. The specimens of lymph nodes and reticuloendothelial organs were collected for bacteriological culture.

After the inoculation of Brucella, the antibody titer was significantly higher in the control dogs than in the experimental group. B. melitensis biotype 1 was isolated from all the control dogs, but it was isolated from three dogs in the test group.

According to the findings of the current study, we recommend further studies on the immuniza-tion of dogs with the Rev.1 vaccine along with vaccinating small ruminants.