حسین شکاری

The primary objective of the current study was to examine the correlation between narcissism and the potential for addiction, with shame and attachment pattern serving as mediating factors. This research employs an applied-practical approach, utilizing a descriptive-correlational methodology. The statistical population of the research included all Tehran University students from 2021 to 2022. From this population, 423 individuals were chosen as a sample through available sampling method. During the initial phase, the students completed the following questionnaires of Rizvi Shame Inventory (RSI), Pincus Narcissism Inventory (PNI), Zargar's readiness for addiction, Hazen & Shiver’s attachment style (AAS). Following a one-month interval, 90 individuals were chosen for the second stage of the study.These individuals were assessed using the Cohen's Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Rizvi Shame Inventory (RSI) and Barzegar addiction readiness questionnaires. Each participant's vulnerable narcissism score exceeded the average of 85. The statistical software SPSS and AMOS were utilized to analyze the data. According to the findings of the study, the mediating role model comprised of attachment and shame was significantly associated with narcissism and addiction. In general, the results of the present study indicate that comprehending the vulnerable and grandiose narcissistic pathway with addiction requires an awareness of the connection between shame and attachment style. Moreover, this relationship should be taken into account when developing clinical interventions for young adults who are at risk.

The problem of addiction potential experienced by young adults is usually accompanied by narcissistic personality traits. Research has confirmed two distinct forms of narcissism: grandiose and vulnerable. Meanwhile, shame as the main emotion and attachment style plays an essential role in these disorders. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of reviewing research on addiction potential and the role of narcissistic factors, shame experiences, and attachment patterns. Using the Google Scholar database, key words such as Addiction Potential, Narcissism, Shame and Attachment Style were searched. PubMed was searched for Addiction, Narcissistic Personality Disorder, shame, and Attachment Styles. All time periods were used for this review and more than two hundred documents were reviewed and extracted based on the criteria.

The results showed that in some studies, a significant relationship was observed among potential for addiction, narcissism, shame experiences, and attachment patterns; in some other studies, potential for addiction was predictable through narcissism, shame experiences, and attachment patterns.
In general, we can conclude that addiction is a big problem that is affecting many societies today, by identifying how these factors are formed in children and development paths affecting it, a big step can be taken in the direction of educating parents and communities.

According to high prevalence of depression in armed forces personnel and lack of researchs on their mood status, study of mental health in soldiers and military personnels is very important. This study was conducted to compare the frequency and severity of depression in Bandar Lengeh air defense forces.
Methods and Materials: A population of military forces of Bandar-e Lengeh air defense group were included in the study, including personnel, military students and soldiers. Beck depression inventory was used in this study. The severity of depression was compared among the personnel group, students and soldiers. In addition in the personnel group, the relation between severity of depression and military rank, marital states, years of service and age was evaluated.
The mean and standard deviation of depression score were 12.19 and 11.25 respectively. In total, 53.7% were normal, 16.4% had mild depression, 22.4% had moderate depression and 7.5% had severe depression. The percentage of people with severe and moderate depression in the conscript group was higher than the personnel, and the percentage of healthy and mild depressed people in the personnel group was more than the conscripts. Mean intensity of depression in the conscript group was higher than personnel group, but there was no significant difference between the student and the soldier groups. There was no significant relationship between the severity of depression, military rank, and years of service in the personnel group.
Discussion and Depression in the conscripted forces is more common and more severe than permanent military personnel. Therefore, more considerations should be given to the mood of the forces and other aspects of mental health dimensions should be considered in personnel.

The aim of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of tactical defenses management based on intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy on the interpersonal conflicts.
The study was a quasi-experimental with a control group by using pre-test and post-test with the two months follow-up period.Sixteen young people aged 20-40 years who had criteria for entering the research were randomly selected and assigned to control and experimental groups. The intervention took 12 sessions of intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy for cases. The Weeks, Fisher, and Ury questionnaire (1994) were used. The reliability of the questionnaire was0.77, 0.69, by Cronbach’s alpha and splitting method, respectively. The data were analyzed using analysis of covariance and paired sample t-test.
Findings: Data analysis showed that there is a significant difference between the pretest and posttest results of the experimental group in the interpersonal conflict score, but no difference was observed in the pretest and posttest of the control group. Also, the results of the T-test in the experimental group showed that the effectiveness of the intervention was stable for 2 months. management of tactical defenses by intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy had notable and persistent effectiveness to reduce the interpersonal conflicts.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate the attachment styles of people with opioid abuse disorders and their relationship with mindfulness and sleep quality.
In this study, 120 male opioid males, who were sampled by accessible method, responded to the scale of attachment, mindfulness and sleep quality styles. After determining the frequency of each attachment styles, the relationship between the level of mindfulness and the quality of sleep was determined in people with different attachment styles. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA. In case of observing a significant difference the post hoc Tukey test was used.
Mindfulness level in subjects with safe attachment was higher than those with anxiety and ambivalent attachment (p=0.03). No significant difference was found between the level of anxiety and insecure attachment and ambivalent attachment (p>0.05). The lowest mean score of sleep quality was for those with safe attachment style, then ambivalent and, lastly, avoidance. There was no significant difference in the level of sleep quality among people with different attachment patterns (p>0.05).
Individuals with safe attachment style have higher scores, and those with ambivalent attachment style have lower scores. Sleep quality is not affected by mindfulness.

According to the importance of mental health among soldiers, this study focused on association of mental health and addiction and/or self-injury.
This study was performed on a group of new recruit army soldiers in the south of Iran in 2015. The subjects were physically examined, interview and asked to answer general health questionnaire. History of addiction and evidence and history of self-injury were noted and data analyzed using student t-test and ANOVA.
General health was not different between addicted and not addicted subjects, but depression score was higher for addiction group. Self-injury group had higher scores of general mental health and four subgroups, significantly. Addiction and self-injury, together subjects had significant higher depression scores
Previous self-injury is associated with broader impairment of mental health. Previous Addiction is mainly interact with mood status.