حسینعلی شمس آبادی

In no-tillage, the coulters are the best way to cross the plant residues, which, along with the furrow openers, prepare the soil for seed placement. So four available tiller models in front of a mechanical row crop planter were installed and a two factor randomized complete block design using strip plots with four coulters (sweep, nail, narrow chisel and T inverted) as factor A and the three factors related to the speed of tractor (4.8, 7.2 and 9.4 km.h-1) as factor B were performed. The planter units were adjusted on 50 cm distance between rows. The sweep model with 24.4 and 7.3 cm had the highest width and depth of disturbed soil. T inverted tiller at the specified depth with the least amount of standard deviation got the highest uniformity of seed distribution on the row that was 80.4% and did not change depth of seeding by speed increasing but increased the distance between two seeds. Also, the highest quality of feed index (42.7%) and the lowest multiple index (46.8%) were related to this treatment and its miss index (10.5%) has been around other tillers. Although T inverted tiller in the forward speed of 4.8 km h-1 has better performance in terms of planting indices, but the nail tiller is more suitable because of simplicity and performance as well as its low cost compared to other tested tillers and it passes through plant residues more easily.

In this research, draft requirement of subsoiler tine plus fuel consumption, slippage, drawbar power, traction efficiency and overall energy efficiency of MF399 and JD3140 tractors at four speeds of 1.8, 2.3, 2.9 and 3.5 km/h and two depths of 40 and 50 cm were compared. Tractor type, speed and depth plus interaction effects had a significant effect on all parameters other than draft and drawbar power. Generally, JD3140 showed a better performance as the increase in speed from 1.8 to 3.5 km/h caused the increase of draft, fuel consumption, slippage, drawbar power and overall energy efficiency in two depths of 40 and 50 cm of 7, 4, 23, 108.3 and 89%, respectively but caused the decrease of traction efficiency of 13.8%. Furthermore, 10 cm increase in depth caused the increase in draft, fuel consumption, slippage and drawbar power of 21.3, 31.6, 20.6 and 21.4%, respectively but caused the decrease in traction efficiency and overall energy efficiency of 9.7 and 25%, respectively. The results of optimization of studied parameters using response surface methodology (RSM) show that depth of 42.9 cm and speed of 2.4 km/h resulted in the optimized condition about the performance of the tractor-subsoiler set.

Olive is one of the plants, that has been cultivated for long in Iran. The average extracted oil is about 65 kg per tree. Four to five kg olives give approximately one liter oil. Olive harvesting problem, is one of the obstacles to development cultivation in Golestan province. Concurrency olive harvesting time with a number of field crops, seasonal precipitation and a lack of the workers are some limitations for development of this fields. Investigative study of the alternative methods instead of the traditional can be desirable strategy for cultivation development of this product. But gardeners are not eager to use this equipment due to lack of harvesting machine. With regard to the afore-mentioned items, the objective of this study was to determine the appropriate method, the optimal time and interaction effect of the two afore-mentioned factors on the measured traits in order to damage reduction during harvesting time. This research was conducted with the two factors, i) date of harvesting and ii) harvesting method. In this regard, harvesting operation carried out at the three dates including; i) 19 December, ii) 3 January and iii) 18 January in 2015. At the three afore-mentioned harvesting dates; olives were harvested with the three methods including; i) traditional (hitting with the long wood by worker), ii) manual comb and iii) motorize pneumatic comb shaker. The measured traits during operations before and during the harvesting time were the abscission naturally percentage, at the start and the end of the harvest, amount of harvesting (harvested fruit percentage), the remaining fruits percentage on the tree, damaged fruits percentage and damaged fruit index. The experimental design carried out in this research was a split plot based on the randomized complete block design, with three replications. The main plots attributed to olive harvesting time at three levels. The sub-plots attributed to types of olive harvesting method at three levels. After sampling and data collection, the data were set in the Excel software. The obtained data analyzed by using SAS software. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and comparison of means extracted from the output of analysis of the data with a probability level of 5%. Interaction effect of harvesting time and harvesting method on maturity index was significant at 1% level (Table 1). The lowest and highest value of maturity index occurred at the time of 19 December and 18 January (2.28 and 4.07), respectively. The effect of harvesting time on naturally abscission percent was significant at the 5% level. The lowest (1.16) and highest (2.21) naturally abscission attributed at the time of 18 December and 18 January, respectively.
The effect of harvesting method on the percentage of the remaining fruits on the tree was significant at the 1% level. The lowest (2.71%) and the highest (5.89 %) value of the remaining fruits occurred in the manually comb and traditional methods, respectively.
The effect of harvesting method on the amount of remaining fruit on the tree per kg of harvesting was significant at the 1% level. The highest (62.86 gr) and the lowest (27.92 gr) value of this trait yielded in the traditional and manually methods, respectively.
Interaction effect of the harvesting time × harvesting method on the damaged fruits was significant at 1% level. The highest and the lowest values of the damaged fruits took place in 19 December and in the traditional and the manual comb methods, respectively.
The effect of harvesting time on abscission leaf percent was significant at the 1% level. The highest value of 13.2% and the lowest value of 4.47% occurred in 18 January and 19 December, respectively.
Interaction effect of harvesting time and harvesting method on the damaged fruits index, was significant at the 1% level in 18 January. The highest (1.002) and the lowest (0.424) yielded in traditional and manually comb methods, respectively. The results showed that in order to percentage of remaining fruits on the tree, remaining amount on the tree per kg, damaged fruit and damaging fruit index, the best method of olive harvesting is the manually comb method. The lowest percentage of leaves abscission naturally occurred on 19 December. The Lowest percentage of leaf abscission was on 18 January. So the best of olive harvesting method (variety Koroneiky) in the study area, the use of manual comb with maturity index 3.58 is suggested.

In order to investigate the effect of different tillage methods on some soil physical properties and crop yield, an experiment in a randomized complete block design with four replications was conducted at the cotton research farm, located at Hashemabad of Gorgan in 2012. Three levels of tillage methods include surface tillage (disc harrow), minimum tillage (cyclo tiller + disc harrow) and conventional tillage (mouldboard plow + disc harrow) were taken as independent variable and soil physical properties include of particle density, humidity, fragmentation (MWD) in two depths (0-15 and 15-30 cm) also, cone index, residue burial and cotton yield as dependent variables were investigated. Results showed that the depth has a significant effect on soil bulk density, fragmentation and soil cone index as in first depth, surface tillage had the maximum bulk density (1.4 g/cm3), minimum fragmentation and maximum cone index (1723 kPa), additionally, conventional tillage had minimum bulk density (1.19 g/cm3), maximum fragmentation and minimum cone index (912 kPa). During all stages of cotton growth, tillage methods had no significant effect on the humidity in both depths. Residue burial, minimum and maximum values were relative to surface tillage and conventional tillage, respectively. Amount of crop yield in surface tillage as 1534 kg per hectare was higher than other tillage systems. Keywords: Tillage, Soil physics, Cone index, Cotton yeild

The problems of drying in the paddy factory is lack of unuiformity drying in the paddy rice that creates stress temperature and moisture and thus will cause fractures in the later stages. The purpose of this research was to develop a performance history rice healthy white paddy drying in the shortest time.

The problems of drying in the paddy factory is lack of unuiformity drying in the paddy rice that creates stress temperature and moisture and thus will cause fractures in the later stages. The purpose of this research was to develop a performance history rice healthy white paddy drying in the shortest time.

The problems of drying in the paddy factory is lack of unuiformity drying in the paddy rice that creates stress temperature and moisture and thus will cause fractures in the later stages. The purpose of this research was to develop a performance history rice healthy white paddy drying in the shortest time.

In this study, to reduce losses and increase the drying rate of a rotary dryer machine utilizing the innovative laboratory. Response surface methods and central composite design software for modeling and design expert was used to obtain the optimum condition. Independent variables include temperature (40 to 80 °C), rotating cylinder rotation speed (2 to 10 rpm) and the full cylinder (25 to 66%) was rotary dryer. The quality parameters percentage of breakage, percentage of crack and drying time were used as response parameters to develop predictive models and optimize the drying process.

The results showed significant effects of the variables of interest on the amount of waste and the temperature has the greatest impact on the amount of waste and drying times, also decreased with increasing rotation speed drying time. The results of the optimization process with a minimum amount of waste (percentage of breakage and percentage of crack) and drying time in the inlet air temperature 56.53 °C, the speed of rotation of the cylinder 10 rpm and the full cylinder 54.20% was found.

The condition of drying process have important rule in final quality properties and waste of paddy rice. The study revealed that RSM could be used to develop adequate prediction models for describing quality changes in paddy rice during drying. The changes in the quality parameters were adequately described by quadratic model. Successful optimization for the paddy rice drying process can also be made using desirability functions in RSM

Drying is one of the most common techniques for agricultural production processing which improves shelf life of the final product. The drying experiments were conducted in a laboratory cylindrical non continuous rotary dryer equipped with automatic temperature and full rate control devices. Drying temperatures from 30 °C to 65 °C and occupancy rate between 25 to 66 % were assessed in the process. In this study the effects of hot air drying temperature (30, 45 and 60°C), and occupancy rate (25, 50 and 75 %) at constant air velocity (0.8 m/s) on failure force, color of watermelon seeds, sensory attributes (color), germination rate on the samples and energy consumption were investigated. Results showed interaction effect of the two factors (temperature and fulling rate hopper) was significant on germination rate samples, energy consumption dryer and color parameter (a). Temperature effect on all measured traits and also the effect of fulling rate hopper were significant for all traits except failure force in vertical load direction. Dried samples at 30°C with 50% fulling rate hopper had the highest percentage of germination with cylindrical dryer. The highest value of color parameter (a) occurred in the condition of temperature 45°C with 50% fulling rate hopper. In each one of drying temperature, with increasing fulling rate hopper, energy consumption for drying the samples increased. Optimal temperature and fulling rate hopper for drying watermelon seed for providing market (nuts) and seed consumption with cylindrical dryer, the samples should be dried at 60°C with 25% fulling rate hopper, and 30°C with 50% fulling rate hopper respectively.

Drying is one of the most common techniques for agricultural production processing which improves shelf life of the final product. Corn (Zea mayz) is a high nutritional value food and is an essential source of minerals and vitamins; thus it makes a substantial contribution to human nutrition. In this study the effects of hot air drying temperature (35, 50, 65 and 80°C), drum rotation speed (2, 6 and 10 rpm) and final moisture content of kernels (13 and 17 %) at constant air velocity (0.8 m/s) on drying time, percentage of broken kernels of corn, and percentage of crack of corn kernels were investigated. For this propose, the laboratory batch rotary dryer is designed. The results showed that increasing the temperature form 35 °C to 80°C, the percentage of broken grains and percentage of cracked grains increased and the drying time was decreased. Increasing the rotating cylinder rotation speed increased the drying time and the percentage of broken grains, but not significant effect in percentage of cracked grains.. The drying time, percentage of broken grains and percentage of cracked grains is lower in grain with 17 % db than the sample with 13 % db To obtain the desired quality parameter, the optimum drying for production of dried corn was determined as 65°C for 2 rpm and 17 % db.

This research carried out in order to corn kernels drying by using a discontinuous rotary drum dryer. This research evaluated the effect of drying air temperature and velocity of the rotating cylinder parameters on the drying time, breakage percentage, cracking, burn kernels and the disruptive energy of corn kernels. For this purpose, a batch dryer rotating cylindrical drum rotation is designed and developed. Intake air temperature parameter Was considered at four levels of 40, 60, 80 and 100 °C and the drum rotation speed at three levels of 2, 6 and 10 rpm. The results indicated significant interaction effect of temperature and speed rotation cylinder on maize grain drying. The lowest time kernels corn drying and the cylinder rotation speed was at 100 °C and 2 rpm, respectively. With increasing temperature of dryer from 40 to 100 °C, grain drying time is reduced to less than a quarter but; with increasing rotation speed of the cylinder drying time was increases. During the drying process, the interaction of temperature and rotation speed of the cylinder has no significant effect on broken kernels-corn. The maximum percentage of broken grains of corn is in 10 rpm rotation speed. Interaction of temperature and rotation speed of the cylinder is significant at the one percent level on cracked and burned grains. The More of the cracks and burn is in 100 °C temperature and 2 rpm of rotation speed.

The cotton picker harvesting machines are expose to the limitations as follows: Inappropriate space between the planting rows harvester head, utilizing the deciduous before harvesting; high prices, being of imported cotton harvesting machine and exit the currency of the country; the small size of the most farms and the cultivation of non-linear and non-acceptance negligible loss machinery by the farmers. Therefore, it is necessary to design and developed a cotton-harvesting machine that it can apply under the afore-mentioned limitations. For this purpose, a self-portable machine with three-wheel designed. It has a special harvester unit. Picker unit have made with the number of bars such as the finger. It can rotate by an electrical motor. This unit moves by the worker between the bushes and pick the cottons. Cottons can be picked by harvester unit and then transmit them to the reservoir via transmission tubes, with the two mechanisms, suction and blow. The gathered cottons inside the big gunnydischarge at the end of the farm. The objective of this study was design, construction and evaluation of a semimechanized cotton picker-harvesting machine. In the evaluation of this machine, compared to the traditional cotton harvesting (manually). This machine designed first by the SOLIDWORKS software, and then made. To evaluate of this machine and its comparison with the manual method, the two varieties of cotton, Golestan and Khorshid harvested in four rows at the length of 36 m, with three replications. The evaluated properties were field capacity, field losses, impurityamount and fiber length. The experimental design carried out based on the randomized complete block design with the two factors, harvesting method at the two levels (manually as control and semi-mechanized machine) and variety at the levels, Golestan and Khorshid. The test results and evaluate showed that the field capacity of cotton harvesting of this machine was 18/7% more than the handpicked. Moreover; the fiber quality not only does not reduce, but also in some cases, such as the fiber length increased and showed significantly at 5%level with this machine, when compared to manual harvesting method. Increase at about 3 percent in purity and significant increase in the fiber length at 5 percent level was the other result of this machine.

Plant appropriate nutrition is one of the most important factors in improving the quality and quantity of product. Providing adequate and balanced of plant nutrients is essential for achieving maximum potential production. Potassium is one of the essential elements to plant’s growth. Therefore, knowledge of soil potassium status is so important in order to optimum usage of potassium fertilizers. There are several methods to measure soil K. Ammonium acetate method to extracting the plant usable potassium is not efficient in all kinds of soils and high cost of sodium tetra-phenyl boron is also the negative point of this method for extracting numerous soil samples.
Considering this matter that Extraction method with ammonium acetate in Loess soils with high specific surface area in Golestan Province is less accurate compared to the method of sodium tetra-phenyl boron extraction; and on the other hand sodium tetra-phenyl boron extractio is time-consuming and costly; We have to select a different method to estimate K which is more accurate and time and costs are lower. The aim of current study was to determine the feasibility of a low-cost index as potassium excess in determination of soil available potassium in some rain-fed wheat in Golestan province with limited usability of ammonium acetate. Forecast wheat yield with using artificial neural network in a farm limited unit in order to achieve the ultimate goal, the application of potassium excess doneto estimate fertilizer requirements.
This study was done in a piece of land (922m2) in Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources Farm one. Plots were divided into 40 plots and wheat (var., line17) seeds were drilled. During one stage (before planting) soil samples from each of 40 plots harvested and transferred to the laboratory for further analyzes. At the time of harvest, plants were harvested each plot separately. Potassium was measured by three methods of ammonium acetate, sodium overload and sodium tetra-phenyl boron. Artificial neural network model was used to estimate the predicated yield. In this model output yield and potassium intake was measured by three methods mentioned.
According to the results, the correlation between yield and the three extractor ammonium acetate, sodium tetra-phenyl boron and potassium excess, are 0.62, 0.78 and 0.77 respectively. Accordingly, the extraction method with an overload of potassium, has higher correlation with grain yield, than ammonium acetate extraction method, and has close results with extractor sodium tetra-phenyl boron.
The studied soil extraction method with an overload of potassium compared to the current (in the region) by ammonium acetate extraction has greater accuracy and efficiency. As a result of using less fertilizer and potassium excess not only increase the yield per unit area will be sought, but also will reduces environmental pollution due to excessive use of chemical fertilizers.

Based on the principle "exist of crop differences in the field", a field of several hectares have basic variants in different parts of the agricultural potential. Accordingly, plant growth and development in various parts of the field is different. According to importance of wheat culturing in country, high area under cultivation, amount of consuming of this crop, fertilization costs, and destructive effects of residues of fertilizers used in Wheat field in contaminating the environment; identifying and studding on wheat needs to fertilizer requirement in different stages of growth is necessary and recommended. Use the right amount of fertilizer according to GPS (i.e. global positioning system) points and following the precision farming methods will cause to increasing of yield, decreasing of fertilizers utilization and environmental pollution due to excessive use of fertilizers. In first time starting accurate fertilization, is required to detailed information from soil available potassium in the GPS points. As a results of last researches on studied soils, plants have shown different sensitivity to potassium deficiency. Therefore with detailed knowledge and point to point of field in crop improvement stage, field conditions will be investigated and take steps to improve the uniformity of the field. To achieve the goal, the land area of 922 square meters, located on the farm 1 of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources was considered. The area study was divided into 40 plots and dry-land wheat (line 17) were cultured. In two stages, before planting and before heading, soil samples were taken from each plot and were stored to analyze the data. Our result showed that different parts of the farm had different requirements and performance and needs to apply different fertilizer levels in each part of the farm. The results indicated that the minimum and maximum amount of yield were 2999 and 4585 kilogram per hectares, respectively. Furthermore, measured potassium content in this stage had the highest correlation with the samples before planting. The minimum and maximum of potassium content were 180/25 and 483/93 milligram per kilogram. Based on the results, there is a good overlap between the wheat yield and the amount of soil potassium concentrations which obtained from the measurement. This overlap in time before the culture is better than the time before heading. According to the results in the under study area, in wheat crop management practices for sustainable production by adopting precision farming techniques recommended. That Using it can be more accurate and more appropriate estimate of the need to apply fertilizer to the soil.

The main objective of this study was to obtain the highest rain-fed wheat yield in front of optimum tillage method. In this regards, different tillage methods were applied in order to increase the income and reduce the production costs. Therefore, an experiment was carried out on the research farm of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, in 2009-2010. The statistical analyses of the experiment were carried out based on randomised complete block design at four replications. The plots attributed to five tillage methods namely: a) mounted moldboard plough with three bottoms followed by disc harrow; b) rotavator, alone; c) disc harrow, alone; d) chisel plough, alone and e) no-till. Wheat seed was planted in these plots under the afore-mentioned tillage methods. The results showed that no-till method was not suitable for rain-fed wheat yield; because it led to a considerable yield reduction. Grain and straw yields in no-till plots was 1305.6 and 3072.1 kg/ha, respectively. The income obtained from grain and straw in no-till method and as well the total income was 4,700,160, 3,072,100 and 7,772,260 Rials/ha, respectively. With considering of the yield and tillage fees in these methods, the net benefit in moldboard plough followed by disc harrow was greater than other tillage methods. The ploughing cost at this intensive tillage was greater than others due to more fuel consumption. Moreover, the income in the moldboard ploughed plots followed by disc harrow was 12,671,020 Rials/ha and ploughing cost was 600,000 Rials/ha. Therefore, the net benefit was 12,071,020 Rials/ha. Seed and fertilizer consumption and their costs in these various tillage methods were similar. The results also showed that increase of the intensity of tillage operation, and/or soil disturbance between the rows after planting led to reduction in potassium fertilizer requirement.

In order to evaluate the growth characteristics, yield components and yield of sweet corn affected by different tillage operations, planting densities and planting patterns, a field experiment was conducted as factorial of 2×3×3 treatments based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at university Putra Selangor, Malaysia during growing season of 2007-2008. The factors were three tillage methods including, (moldboard plow and disk harrow (T1), disk plow and disk harrow (T2), and rotary cultivator (T3) only as control), three plant densities (of 63000 (D1), 41600 (D2), and 31500 (D3) plants ha-1 only as control) and single row as control (P1) and double row (P2) planting patterns. The traits of dry weight of root, plant height, ear corn height, cob corn dia, stem dia, ear dia, kernel depth, fresh weight husked, row length of kernel, number of kernel per row, number of row, fresh weight husked, ear dia dehusked and yield were investigated. The results revealed that the main effect of tillage operation was significant (p≤0.01) on growth characteristics and yield of sweet corn. Interaction effects of plant densities × planting pattern were significant on yield at 5 percent level. The maximum corn yield attributed to the plots plowed with disk plow followed by disk harrow (T2) with 12503.3 kg.ha-1. Corn yield in P2 was 41% greater than P1 planting pattern. With decreasing plant densities of 63000 to 41600 and 31500, the average corn yield decreased to 36% and 76%, repectively. Maximum and minimum of corn yield obtained to 1443.87 and 7268.89 kg ha-1 from P1D2 and P1D3, respectively. In overal, in order to improve the production and yield of sweet corn as a valuable cereal under Malaysia climatic conditions, disk plow, two-row planting pattern and density of 63,000 plants ha-1 could be recommended.

In order to investigate the effects of different tillage systems, plant density and cultivar on yield of cotton, an experiment was carried out as a split - split plot in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 replications in Cotton Research Station of Hashemabad. Gorgan, Iran. The three tillage systems namely; 1) shallow tillage system (disk harrow), 2) reduced tillage system (cyclo tiller disk harrow) and 3) conventional tillage system (moldboard disk harrow) were assigned to main plots. The two cotton cultivars namely; Golestan and Khordad were considered as sub plot and three plant densities including 12.5, 6.3 and 4.2 plant per m2 were attributed to sub-sub plots. The results showed that tillage systems were no significant effect on yield of cotton. The lowest and the highest values of cotton yield were attributed to conventional and reduced tillage system, respectively. The two systems of reduced and shallow tillage systems yielded the lowest number of sympodia, length of monopodia and plant height; and the highest number of boll and 10 boll weights that caused an increase yield. With decreasing the plant distance from 30 to 10 cm, the number of boll and 10 boll weights were decreased, but the yield was increased with increasing in number of plant in a hectare. The highest value of yield cotton was attributed to Golestan cultivar at the reduced tillage plots and S1, with plant space of 10 cm.

Effects of different tillage systems on soil bulk density، yield، root growth and nutrient uptake by wheat grain and straw was investigated using an experiment with a completely randomized block design. The experiment had 5 tillage treatments in 4 replications and was carried out in the Research Farm of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources، during the growing season of 2008-09. Tillage treatments were: Moldboard plough at 20-25 cm depth followed by one disc harrowing (MP); Rotary cultivator at 12-17 cm depth (RP); Disc harrowing at 8-10 cm depth (DH); Chisel plow at 25-30 cm depth (CP); and No-tillage (NT). Results showed that، throughout the growing season، the lowest and the highest soil bulk densities at 0-8 cm depth occurred with MP and NT treatments، respectively. At 8-16 cm depth، however، the lowest soil bulk density was observed with MP treatment، except for the stages before tillering and at harvesting stage. Soil bulk densities at 0-8 and 8-16 cm depths gradually increased during growing season in all tillage methods. This increase was less in no-tillage than the other tillage methods. The highest and the lowest values of root weights were obtained with MP and NT treatments، respectively، in stages before tillering and at harvesting stage. The highest nutrient uptake by gain and straw was found in MP treatment with maximum yield. MP raised grain and straw yield by 65. 9% and 58. 61%، respectively، relative to NT. Therefore، MP is suggested as the most appropriate tillage method for optimizing production resources (land، moisture، and soil nutrients).