حمید صالحی نیا

Breast cancer patients experience high levels of distress due to fear of recurrence, worry about mortality and outcomes, anxiety related to treatment, as well as experiencing physical and financial problems. One of the intervention methods used for psychological support of cancer patients is mindfulness-based treatments. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the effect of mindfulness training on emotional regulation and distress tolerance in women with breast cancer.

The present interventional study t was conducted on breast cancer patients in Birjand in 2023. this study recruited 30 subjects in two control and intervention groups (15 people in each group) using the convenience sampling method. Mindfulness training took place in the intervention group for eight weeks (one session per week and one to one and a half hours per session). The Gross and John (2003) emotion regulation questionnaire and the Simmons and Gaher (2005) emotional distress tolerance questionnaire were used to collect information. Data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 26) using independent t-tests and paired t-tests at a significance level of 0.05.

The mean age scores of patients in the control and intervention groups were 46.9±12.0 and 45.8±11.7 years, respectively, and no significant difference was observed between the two groups (P=0.795). The results of the present study demonstrated that after the mindfulness-based interventions, subjects in the intervention group obtained higher scores than the control group, which was statistically significant (58.1±6.2 vs. 50.1±7.3; p=0.003). Nonetheless, these interventions did not display a significant effect on distress tolerance scores in both control and intervention groups (6.4±33.8 vs. 6.6±31.5; P=0.334).

As evidenced by the results of the present study, the intervention based on mindfulness has significant effects on the regulation of emotions in patients with breast cancer; therefore, the implementation of educational programs based on mindfulness can be of great help in reducing the emotions of patients with breast cancer.

Dentists are at the forefront of viral infections such as the new coronavirus. Considering the need for dentists to increase their knowledge about emerging diseases, this study compared the impact of education through the infographic with the multimedia in informing the dentists and dental students of Birjand City about the 2019 coronavirus disease.

An interventional study was done in 2022 on 196 dentists and dental students in Birjand city, who were randomly divided into groups of education through infographic (n = 98) and education through multimedia (n = 98). The educational content was the same for the groups. A 40-point test was performed before and after the educational intervention, and the results were analyzed using chi-square and independent t-tests at a significance level of P < 0.05.

The average pre-test scores in the infographic and multimedia groups were 28.69 ± 5.38 and 28.04 ± 6.47, respectively. There was no significant difference between the knowledge scores in the two groups before the intervention (P = 0.44). The average post-test scores in the multimedia and infographic groups were 38.83 ± 1.14 and 31.11 ± 3.19, respectively. The results of the statistical tests showed that there was a significant difference between the knowledge scores after the educational intervention (P = 0.001).

Multimedia education is more effective than infographics in improving the level of knowledge, so the establishment of this educational method by health policymakers is recommended as an effective educational method in the field of emerging diseases.

Paying attention to different aspects of students' mental health paves the way for their academic achievement, at the same time, self-confidence and stress in students are very important aspects in academic performance and other aspects of their lives. The present study aimed to examine the relationship between self confidence and stress in students of Birjand University of Medical Sciences in 2019.

In this study, 348 students were included. Due to the prevalence of corona virous and lack of face-to-face contact with students, data were collected through the Gadzell Student Stress Questionnaire (51 questions) and the Moradi Confidence Questionnaire, which has 30 questions designed by google form. SPSS software and t-test, analysis of variance and correlation coefficient were used to analyze the data.

The mean age of the subjects was 21.34 years with a standard deviation of 1.74 years. In terms of gender, 68.8% were female and the rest were male. Based on the results, a significant relationship was observed between self-confidence and gender and college. Based on the correlation coefficient test, a positive correlation was observed between r and stress (r = 0.431 and p = 0.001).

Students who have a higher level of self-confidence have lower levels of stress, therefore, their stress level can be reduced by strengthening students 'self-confidence, and therefore, holding courses to increase students' self-confidence. It is useful.

Negative Affect is an action occurring when an individual is involved in a mutual interaction, triggered by verbal and non-verbal power in order to make the person to comply with the orders and ultimately, it accompanies with gaining benefits. Negative Affect in workplace in recent years has drawn lots of attention because it results in serious consequences for the individuals and the goals of the organization. For this reason, Negative Affect is viewed as one of the severe forms of organizational and interpersonal misbehaviors in organizational environments. Of such Negative Affect behaviors, we can mention some passive behaviors like: negligence, intentional inattention and active behaviors such as: overt and covert threat. Negative Affect at workplace lowers the staff’s efficiency and performance in the organization since this phenomenon is associated with job dissatisfaction, anxiety, depression, burnout and reduced job commitment. Of course, being exposed to bullying is viewed as a critical source of stress. On the one hand, one of the outcomes of bullying is psychosomatic complaint originating from psychological processes of human beings. Negative Affect is also characterized as a threating factor to the nurses’ health in hospital settings. The findings of a study revealed that by strengthening resilience and hope, it’s viable to control the consequences of encountering bullying on the psychosomatic health of the nurses. As the conducted studies suggest, various factors such as: lack of understanding among fellows and manager, personality traits, major changes in practice bring about bullying. The research by Johnson et al. (2019) suggested that Negative Affect outbreak is high among nurses and as Negative Affect increases, the quality of care provided by the nurses decreases and client’s safety declines and job burnout increases. Since one of the tasks in this profession is to maximally maintain people’s health, thus the nursing staff have to be equipped with maximum level of health. In particular, due to the nature of the ward, the nursing working in special wards are more exposed to the situations like the patients on the verge of death, emergencies and unpredictable conditions, noisy monitoring equipment and conducting clinical and drug administration processes with advanced and efficient devices. Despite the studies performed about hospital workplace related Negative Affect, nothing as exclusive has been discovered so far dealing with bullying association with special wards’ nurses’ mental health. This gap emphasizes the necessity for further studying. Consequently, the current study has been designed and performed pursuing the goal to outline the relationship between Negative Affect and special wards’ nurses’ mental health in the educational hospitals affiliated with MazandaranUniversity of Medical Sciences.

This study is a descriptive-analytical research done as cross-sectional in 2020. The statistical community is made up of all (ICUs, CCUs and dialysis wards) nurses from five educational hospitals of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. The nurses were selected through proportional and simple random methods, which overall resulted in 195 nurses. The data collection consisted of three questionnaires as the demographics, bullying and mental health. A) The demographics questionnaire including age, gender, hospital, marital status, job status and working history. B) Bullying (Negative Affect) questionnaire developed in 2001 and psychometrically assessed in Iran by Salimi et al. (2017). C) General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) was developed in 1972 and psychometrically assessed by Tehrani et al. (2011) in Iran and its reliability was reported as 0.93 using Alpha-Cronbach. The ethical considerations observed in the present research involved not requiring the name to be mentioned in the questionnaires, giving the samples information about the research objectives and the optional participation in the study. Having acquired the permit from Ethics Committee of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, the questionnaires were distributed in Google Form in the social networks of the nurses in the study hospitals and after completing and collecting the questionnaires, the obtained data were analyzed using SPSS -21 and descriptive statistics indices (frequency distribution tables, mean and standard deviation) and and correlation coefficient (predicting the random variable in terms of another variable) was analyzed.

The mean and the standard deviation of Negative Affect imposed on the CCU nurses got the max score as 62.53±14.90 and that of the ICU nurses got the min score as 55.68±15.77 and 72.6% of the participants were exposed to moderate rate of bullying. The mean and standard deviation of the mental health of the CCU nurses got the max score as 33.03 ±8.09 and that of the dialysis wards’ nurses got the min score as 29.11±2.61. Regarding the subscales of the General Health Questionnaire, the social area with a frequency of 93% was identified as the most prevalent disorder and depression with a frequency of 1.6% was detected as the least common disorder. According to the study findings, a significant positive correlation was discovered between Negative Affect and its dimensions and mental health and its dimensions (P≤0.00). Besides, in some cases, the correlation between the mental health dimensions and Negative Affect each other was achieved as poor: the correlation coefficient with social area was gained as 0.875 and with depression area as 0.225.

The positive correlation between Negative Affect and mental health indicates that as bullying score increases, the nurses' mental health decreases. Moreover, the findings revealed that the mental health of women and single individuals is more exposed to danger. Since one of the obligations in this profession is to maintain and promote people’s health, then the nursing staff have to be at the maximum level of health so that to be less affected by the consequences of this phenomenon when facing Negative Affect. Therefore, it’s imperative for the medical health system management to develop some programs to lower Negative Affect in nurses’ workplace environment. Regarding the significant relationship existing between Negative Affect and mental health, it can be inferred that by workplace bullying increases , the individuals’ mental health gets impaired .According to the study derived findings about the mental health of women and single individuals, it’s recommended to screen the organizational Negative Affect behavior in the professional health services of the organization, or to develop on-the-job training courses or some courses during their studies at university to increase their mental health and preparedness for Negative Affect behaviors among this group of people so that to be equipped with favorable mental health when encountered with Negative Affect behaviors. Moreover, to determine the proposed approaches’ effectiveness, it’s imperative to develop and conduct an intervention study.  Of the present study limitations, we can report lack of controlling the confounding factors of Covid-19 pandemic effect on nurses’ mental health which results in being cautious about generalizing and interpreting the study findings. Therefore, it’s required to perform extensive studies about Negative Affect and mental health of the nurses in other province located hospitals and also employ other tools such as qualitative approaches like interview in order to boost the accuracy of post-Covid-19 pandemic study findings.

Learning is an experience that causes stress in learners and on the other hand, procrastination in the educational situation is a very common phenomenon. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between student-life stressors and procrastination in students living in dormitories of Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2016. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 267 students living in dormitories of Tehran University of Medical Sciences who were selected by stratified sampling. Data were collected through Gadzella’s 51-item student-life stress inventory and Schwarzer and Diehl’s 10-item procrastination scale. Descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation coefficient were used to analyze the data at a 0.05 significance level. The mean age of the participants was 23.39±3.56. As to gender, 39.7 percent of students were male and the rest were female. According to the correlation coefficient test, there was a positive and weak correlation between student-life stressors and procrastination (p<0.001, r=0.30). There was also a negative and very weak correlation between GPA and procrastination (p=0.028, r=-0.13). Students who are exposed to a great number of stressors tend to procrastinate more. It is therefore possible to reduce procrastination by identifying and controlling student-life stressors.

Research self-efficacy is the main factor influencing successful administration and pursuing of research by postgraduate students. This study aimed to determine research self-efficacy among postgraduate students at Birjand University of Medical Sciences (BUMS) in 2015-16. This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 master and PhD students at BUMS in 2015-16 academic year who were selected by census method. Data were collected by means of Phillips and Russell’s research self-efficacy questionnaire whose validity and reliability had already been confirmed. The collected data were analyzed using independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, and multiple linear regression. A total of 154 questionnaires were analyzed. The average age of students was 30.51±6.3 years. The mean score of research self-efficacy was 180.43±53.1 (out of 297) and showed a significant difference in terms of education and marital status being significantly higher in PhD students (223.24±18.84) and single students (189.45±33.52). However, no significant difference was found in research self-efficacy scores in terms of gender, residential status, and faculty. There was a significant direct relationship between grade point average and research self-efficacy (r=0.290, p=0.0001). The results showed that the research self-efficacy of the postgraduate students at BUMS was at an average level and appropriate educational interventions are required to enhance research self-efficacy.

Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men. This type of cancer is the second leading cause of death and is of the highest prevalence in men. Therefore, having a general picture of the characteristics and changes of the cancer epidemiology is essential for this type of cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiology of prostate cancer and its incidence trends in Iran.
This cross - sectional study conducted on date extracted from cancer registry system in Iran during 2003 to 2009. After separation of the data for prostate cancer, number of cases, incidence, and standardized incidence were studied, and the epidemiological characteristics of the disease during the studied period were presented.
Incidence of prostate cancer in Iran has an increasing trend, so that the number of cases recorded in 2003 and 2009 are 1548 and 3856 cases, respectively. The lowest age-standardized incidence rate (ASR) observed in 2003 whit 5.4 and the highest ASR observed in 2009 whit 12. Among provinces, Tehran has the highest cases of prostate cancer and Sistan and Baluchistan province has the lowest cases. The highest incidence rate reported in the age group above 50 years.
Prostate cancer is a disease of older men that its incidence is increasing in Iran. Due to the changing in lifestyle of the people and the aging of the population, planning to conduct epidemiological and etiological studies about this cancer and early detection of disease by using screening test seems necessary.

Introduction and Researchers pay more attention toward mental health status of elderly due to increased life expectancy and aged population. Therefore, this study aimed to identify prevalence of mental disorders and its related factors among elderly at the Birjand city.
This cross sectional study was conducted among 389 elderly at Birjand city using multistage sampling method. Data were collected using Goldberg's General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28). We used SPSS version 18 to analyze data using t-test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficient.
Findings: Participants in the present study aged 63.65±3.74 years old in average. Slightly more than half (51.2%) of elderly was suspected to mental disorders, 3.3% had depressions, 14.1% had anxiety, 15.2% had physical dysfunction and 14.1% had Social dysfunction. Prevalence of mental disorders among older age, female, low education, unemployed and disabled elderly was significantly (p=0.001) higher than their counterparts.
Our findings indicated high prevalence of mental disorders among elderly. Therefore, it is recommended to utilize screening tools for early diagnosis of mental disorders especially among women, low education, unemployed and disabled elderly.

Motorcycling is one of the most important factors of causing injury and motorcyclists are assumed to be as a vulnerable group of road accidents. Evaluation of epidemiological characteristics of traffic accidents in motorcyclists provides valuable information to be used for determination of research priorities. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology of country-level traffic accidents among motorcyclists in 2013.
In this Cross-sectional study data was collected and studied from the national accidents record program in 2013. All traffic accidents, that injured people has received medical services in any private or public hospitals, were considered. Incident rate of accidents in motorcyclists was calculated per ten thousand. For the occurrence of accidents, GIS software package was used and data analysis was done by Ecxel 2010 and Stata 11.
In the present study, all injured motorcyclists included 168239 male and 23222 female. Number of traffic accidents in men was higher than women [87.9% and 12.1%, respectively] and the most affected people were in range of 20-24 years old group. Also, most of the traffic accidents has occurred on streets and alleys (84.12%).
Most of the traffic accidents has occurred in young people and urban areas. To reduce the risky behaviors and therefore decrease in the rate of motorcyclists’ traffic accident, development of strict laws and improvement of the cultural awareness should be emphasized more strongly.

Information literacy is a critical requirement for access to information in the communication age in the community. Through using critical thinking skills, valid and reliable information can be obtained. This research was conducted to determine the relationship of critical thinking with information literacy among student of the School of Management and Medical Information Sciences of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran.
This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on 338 students of the School of Management and Medical Information Sciences of Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2014. The valid and reliable California Critical Thinking Skills Test-Form B (CCTST) and the Information Literacy Standard Questionnaire were used for collecting data. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and correlation coefficient test in SPSS software.
The critical thinking skills among students were at a low level. A weak relationship was observed between the mean score of critical thinking and information literacy (P = 0.050). In addition, student's information literacy had a positive correlation with inference components (r = 0.12, P = 0.040) and analysis components of critical thinking (r = 16, P = 0.006).
Given the low level of critical thinking in students and the relationship between the components of critical thinking and information literacy, the implementation of programs to improve student's critical thinking is recommended. This is necessary due to the dependence of the increase in student's information literacy on critical thinking.

Timely diagnosis of brucellosis especially in non-endemic areas is accompanied with delay diagnoses or mistake. This study was aimed at identifying factors associated with delay diagnoses of brucellosis in the North and North West Iran.
This was a cross-sectional study. Data from the first 6 months of 1393 for all reported cases of brucellosis by health-care providers (public and private) were studied. Data on disease reporting forms were collected by health professionals in health centers. To examine the changing role of the delay in diagnosis, a logistic regression model and to evaluate the relationship between qualitative variables, chi-square test was used.
In total, 2585 cases were reported by the patient care in the areas under study. Of these 1599 (62%), were male, and 2471 (95%) identified as new cases. The majority of cases 1017 (39.35%) attributed to age group of 25-44 years. Diagnostic delay significantly correlated with age and disease type (p The findings of the study showed that more is delay in the diagnosis of new cases and the group 25-44 years. Strengthening disease surveillance and reporting system, disease transmission ways and clinical symptoms training in order to reduce the delay in diagnosis is essential.

Mastalgia is one of the most common breast problems. Due to the lack of studies on the etiology of mastalgia and unknown etiology of this disorder, this study was performed with aim to assess the relationship between depression and anxiety with the severity and length of cyclic mastalgia in women. This cross-sectional study was performed on 322 women aged 18-45 years old referred to Tabriz health and treatment centers in 2014-2015. The questionnaires of socio-demographic, Nominal Day Breast Pain (NDBP), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) were used for data collection. General linear model was used to estimate the effect of each of the independent variables (depression, anxiety and socio-demographic characteristics) on the dependent variable (severity of mastalgia). Data was analyzed by SPSS software (version 21), and Pearson test, t-test and ANOVA. P According to the results of bivariate tests, there was a significant correlation between the length and severity of mastalgia with anxiety and depression (P<0.05). According to the general linear model, the scores of anxiety and depression were the predictors of length and severity of mastalgia. Anxiety and depression are of the effective factors on the severity and length of cyclic mastalgia, therefore, psychological and emotional support for reducing the level of anxiety and depression should be included in the treatment protocol in this regard.

Leukemia makes up about 8% of all cancers. Understanding the epidemiology of leukemia is very effective in planning for this cancer. According to lack of information in the field, the present study aimed to investigate the epidemiology and trend of incidence of leukemia in Iran during 2003 to 2010. This cross-sectional study was conducted using the analysis data from the Iranian National Cancer Registration System and Disease Management Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Education during the years 2003 to 2010. The incidence rates were calculated by age and gender and the trend of incidence of the disease by sex during this period was achieved. Evaluation of cancer registration data in the years 2003 to 2010 showed the ascending trend of leukemia in Iran. 21814 cases of leukemia were recorded in the whole country that increased from 1734 cases in 2003 to 3461 cases in 2010. The highest and the lowest incidence in women and men were reported in years 2009 and 2003, respectively. In the provinces of country, the highest reported incidence in women was in Yazd and the lowest incidence was in Semnan, Kermanshah, Qom and Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad; and for men, the highest incidence was in Yazd and the lowest incidence was in Zanjan, North and South Khorasan, Semnan, Ardebil and Kohgiluyeh and Boyer Ahmad. The sex ratio of male to female was 1.64. Based on the results, the incidence of leukemia in Iran is rising. Although a proportion of this increase may be due to improvements in cancer registration system but the probability of increase of incidence of leukemia exists because of the associated risk factors. Thus, the identification of the risk factors in different regions of Iran to prevent and to detect the disease at an early stage in recommended for disease control.

Brucellosis is a common zoonotic disease, which spread from infected animals to humans. This study aimed to determine the epidemiological characteristics and incidence rate of brucellosis during 2012 in Isfahan province, Iran. This cross-sectional study assessed all the patients with diagnosis of brucellosis in Isfahan province during 2012. We used t and chi-square test for data analysis. The incidence rate was calculated based on per 100’000 of at-risk population. Totally, 575 patients with brucellosis were identified of which, 69.9% were men and 87.7% were from rural areas. Housewives-ranchers and children were the most and least at-risk individuals, respectively. The incidence of the disease was 11.13 per 100’000 of at-risk population in the province, 4.15 in male, 9.64 in women, 1.7 in urban areas and 12.9 per 100’000 of at-risk population ear in rural areas during 2012. In addition, there was significant association between the type of disease (new or recurrent) and county of residence and history of contact with animals (P < 0.05). The incidence of brucellosis in the Isfahan province was less than the national average, and this province classified to have very low incidence. In addition, there were clear differences in the geographical distribution of disease in the province.

Cardiovascular disease is the main cause of death and disability worldwide and is known as one of the major threats to human health. Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate the changes in mortality from cardiovascular disease in Iran. This cross-sectional study was done using analysis of data published in the mortality profile in Iran (29 Provinces) over the years 2006 to 2010. The trend of mortality due to cardiovascular disease in both sexes was drawn during the period of the study according to age groups in the 2010 and their frequency distributions. The WinPepi software was used for data analyses. Evaluation of the mortality profile in Iran (29 Provinces) over the Years 2006 to 2010 is shown that, during these years, the number of deaths from all causes in the country was 1,172,278, which 46.04 percent of them (539,679 cases) were due to cardiovascular disease. Also, according to the data on the mortality from cardiovascular disease, a decreasing trend was observed in the country during 2006 to 2008, while an increasing trend was observed the years 2009 to 2010. Highest number of deaths due to cardiovascular disease was reported in 2006, 115,985 cases, while least number was reported in 2008, 104,126 cases. Because the risk of death from cardiovascular disease increases with ageing, medical interventions for the prevention of cardiovascular disease risk factors in childhood and adolescence and, also, in-time treatment of the patients can be used for preventing from mortality resulted from these disease.

The results showed success of the health system to detect suspected cases of the measles and appropriate sampling from suspected cases that were more than expected. In addition, per every one million population of Iran in 2014, 1.27 of cases of measles were reported; that a numbers of confirmed cases observed in Afghan refugees. Low levels of immunization coverage in eastern neighboring countries and high immigration to Iran, are the main challenge of measles elimination in Iran. The gradual accumulation of susceptible individuals, due to lack of proper vaccination or failure to respond to immunization, may underlie the development of outbreaks of measles in Iran.

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that causes acute or chronic necrotizing involvement of various body organs, especially the lungs. The relatively high annual incidence of TB and its mortality rate is a major health problem in developing countries. This study is focused on TB trends and associated factors in Hamadan. This descriptive - analytical study included all cases of TB in Hamadan province during 1384-1389. Data consist of 694 TB patients which their age, sex, place of residence and conditions were measured. Data analysis included logistic regression and trend chi-square test. Spss16 software was used for the statistical analysis. 50.4% of patients were female. Patients mean (SD) of age was s 52.2 (21.9) and 56.2% of patients were over 50 years of age. 68.6 % of patients had pulmonary Tuberculosis. There is no difference in TB incidence in different years. Place of residence (urban - rural) and gender had no effect on incidence (p>0.05), but the effect of age on the tuberculosis incidence was significant (p <0.05). education about risk factors and symptoms of TB and also more accurate case finding in this age groups is recommended with the hope to decrease the incidence of TB.

Community assessment is a key tool for improving and promoting the health of the community. The role of community assessment is to identify the most important factors affecting the population health. To get a comprehensive picture of problems, priorities and suggested community health action plans in Iran, this review aims to summarize community assessments in various areas of Iran conducted between 1992 – 2013. This study was a retrospective review in which community assessments were compared and the results of several studies conducted in different regions of the country covering both rural and urban health centers were analyzed. Since 1999, department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics has conducted these community assessments in eight phases and follows 2002 North Carolina Community Health Assessment model. Assessment teams typically included MPH students and/ or PhD and masters (epidemiology) students from the School of Public Health. Data was collected through observation, interview, and focus group discussion. Assessment teams in each region prioritized the list of problems using Hanlon method and Nominal Group Technique. The results identified substance abuse, economical, and water-related problems as the most important problems in different parts of the country which indicates the need for developing a comprehensive action plan andimplementing measures. A review of the community assessments performed in this study shows the ability of community assessment to detect community health problems in all aspects. Therefore, this approach is recommended to evaluate and prioritize health problems and to formulate action plans.

Skin cancer is the most common cancer in the Iran. The first step in planning for the prevention and treatment of cancers is collecting information about their incidence and trends. The present study aimed to investigate the epidemiology of skin cancer and its trend in southern Iran.

This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted by analyzing the existing data obtained from the National Cancer Registry System in Iran. The data included all records of skin cancer cases in southern Iran. Then, the incidence rates were standardized using direct method. The data were demonstrated in frequency tables and Cochrane-Armitage test for linear trend was used for evaluation of the incidence trend.

Skin cancer had a high incidence in the southern provinces of Iran. A total of 6230 cases of skin cancer during 6 years (2003-2008) were recorded in those provinces and the incidence rate of skin cancer was increasing (P=0.001). In all years of the study, skin cancer incidence was higher in males than women. In terms of frequency, Fars, Khuzestan, Bushehr and Hormozgan provinces had the highest age-standardized incidence.

Considering the high incidence of skin cancer and its relationship to sun exposure, educating people on the correct sun protection, educating and empowering physicians and the people about early detection of skin cancers seems to be important in preventing its increasing trend.

The aim of this study was to investigate various aspects of the treatment in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran in the first half of 2014. This cross sectional study was conducted on the existing data of 3684 patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis, whom were registered at the Disease Management Center of the Iranian Ministry of Health in the first half of 2014. Version 11 of Stata was used for statistical analysis and the level of significance was considered equals to 0.05. Of 3684 patients entered into the study (%55.1) were male and the mean age of the patients was 27±18 years. More than 34% of patients were treated with intralesional injections of meglumine antimoniate (MA) and 25% of patients recieved systemic MA injections. There were statistically significant correlations between the size and number of the lesions and the chosen treatment regimen (P<0.001). Thirty-five percent of patients treated with systemic MA between 7 to 10 days and 43.3% of patients recieved intralesional MA injections for 5 to 8 weeks. More than %99 of patients fully recovered without complication or treatment failure. It seems that Iranian patients suffered milder CL in comparison with some other coutries.

Clinical education can be seen as facilitator of learning in clinical environment. Recognizing the problems in this field is the first step to improve educational programs. So this study aimed to determine nurse and midwifery students'' satisfaction of clinical education in hospitals of Zahedan in 2014.

In this cross-sectional study، 142 senior paramedical students including (Nursing، midwifery and operation room) that were selected by census method from nursing – midwifery school of Zahedan university of medical sciences participated data was collected by valid and reliable questionnaires and analyzed by descriptive statistics and t-test and ANOVA، through SPSS.

In the ​​ training scope، (76. 8%)، consent of the instructor scope (70. 2)، ​​ dealing with student’s scope، (33. 9%)، the learning environment scope (24. 6%)، and the monitoring and evaluation scope 43% of student’s were reported unsatisfied situation، and the relationship between gender and satisfaction with clinical education was significant، but there was no significant relationship between satisfaction and field of study.

according to low level of student satisfaction about performance coach، programs، and evaluation method; revise the curriculum according to the educational needs of students and integration methods for evaluating students in internship is suggested

Road traffic accidents, which are predictable and preventable events, have emerged as the serious health problems due to high costs for developing countries. The study of the epidemiology of traffic accidents provides valuable information for identifying research priorities. This study aimed to evaluate the epidemiology of road traffic accidents in Iran in 2013. In this cross-sectional study, all traffic accidents which the injured (about 189329) referred or admitted to the public or private hospitals were selected and studied by using data from accidents record system in 2013. The rate of pedestrian accidents was estimated per ten thousands. Also, for data analysis EXCEL-2010, Stata 11 and GIS were used. In this study, all drivers (129506 male and 59823 female) who were injured in road accidents were studied. The results showed that men involved in more traffic accidents than women (68/40% and 31/60% respectively); also, most affected people were in the age group of 20 to 24 years, and most accidents occurred on the street (55%). Damages caused by traffic accidents in drivers are very high in the country and prevention is essential. Therefore, identifying factors with relevance to traffic accidents will be helpful in order to make effective interventions.