فهرست مطالب حمید نژادسلیمانی

The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of climatic conditions on the genesis and morphological diversity of karst rocks of carbonate formations in Kalat Basin in the east of Kopeh Dagh. For this purpose, the experimental method (geomorphometric overlap) based on climatic zoning model and laboratory studies (calcimetric and lime purity percentage) have been used. In the research process, first, the climatic zoning map of the basin was prepared through 25 stations with a statistical period of 35 years in the GIS environment and four climatic zones of the region were determined. Then, using geomorphometric techniques, ground samples were collected on 240 samples of three types of Karen with different morphology (linear, Pitcarn and Triticar). The results showed that the more humid the climate of the karst rock, the more not only the number of carnations per unit area will increase, but also the morphological diversity and evolution will increase. In fact, climate change has a very effective role in the genesis and development of surface karst Carns and there is a direct relationship between wetter climatic zones and morphological diversity and evolution of Carns in karst-forming formations, as in the climate zone (Q4). In humid climates, a variety of linear, depth and width of linear carnivores, triticarmens and peatcarns in temperate and humid climates (Q4.Q3) located at high altitudes to three to 10 times the size of carnivores Arises in arid and semi-arid climates (Q1, Q2).

With regard to the capabilities of the artificial neural networks, applying them in a variety of engineering and geologic fields has been developed remarkably. In this study, for landslide zoning across Bar Basin in Neyshabour, the multi-layer perceptron model of back propagation (BP) were used. In order to assess the neural network created, data of 32 landslides were entered into the system. This database include information about slopes, aspects, lithology, digital elevation model (DEM), map isohyets, distance from the fault, and landuse. To feed these data to the created neural network, they were normalized based on the highest rate of each data in the database between zero and one. Then, normalized data were fed to a three-layer feed forward perceptron neural network with back error propagation algorithm. The abovementioned data were primarily trained in the network and then were tested. The final structure of the network has seven neurons in the middle layer and one neuron in the external layer. Among them, 80 Percent of the data were used for training and the remaining 20 Percent for tests. Finally, considering the external weight, zoning map of landslide were drawn in five ranks from very high risk, high risk, medium risk, low and very low. The results show that the geologic structure developed due to the grey marns with lime layers (Delichai construction) and also the faults of the tectonic area caused the Bar basin to have a high capability in terms of landslide formation.

Khorasan Razavi province with neighboring Afghanistan and Turkmenistan in addition to cultural and economic consequences in border towns, particularly in the strengthening of the security challenges facing the city’s passive defense. The most important factors related to the security challenges in these border towns, the lack of full identification of specific geographical factors and geomorphologic characteristics of the topography of the principles and strategies for urban passive defense. Identifying and environmental constraints can be a more effective role to play in these cities design principles and passive defense. Zavyn city in North Khorasan province is considered one of the towns close to the border with special topographic features. The goal of this study was to examine the topographic and geomorphologic approach of passive defense and security challenges and problems topographic analysis of the study area is the use of GIS. The results indicate that the formation geomorphologic powers topography and urban form
of the current fragmented and decentralized Zavyn city, in such a way that the core triple Zavyn in terms of defense, by strengthening and empowering tissue and converting linear paths access to the network graph in the status quo is acceptable.

The land surface is always changing because of natural disasters especially human factors. This event is resulted from lack of attention to the time scale at the time of exploiting the environmental base resources. The land surface temperature (LST) is a very important factor in the global studies especially the temperature change and balance. In this research, the time-based spatial dynamics of LST was analyzed for Taleqhan Basin in Alborz province by means of the Landsat satellite data in relation to land cover/ land use in the region. The temperature degree obtained from LST is very Similar to the data obtained from meteorology. The SEBAL method used to obtain LST from the ETM data has shown that the difference between the real temperature degree in Taleghan meteorology or Climate forecast station and the estimated temperature is less than two degrees. Using the LST data obtained from the satellite images is advantageous from this point of view that it covers the area or the region completely. Furthermore, we can consider each pixel in the time-based map of LST as a Virtual meteorological station to analyze the data obtained about temperature. The research results show that LST is very sensitive to the plant coverage and the soil humidity. Hence the land uses with a high plant coverage distribution have a lower LST. Then this method can be used to detect the changes in LULC in a particular period of time. However, LST is related to human actions, too. It can be predicted that the LST will be increased in Taleghan in future regarding the effects of land use changes especially urbanization, deforestation and soil erosion in this region. The land uses with a low temperature has decreased while the land uses with a high temperature has increased. The research results can be important for the decision-makers especially the government organizations such as Agriculture Ministry, Water organization, Natural Resources Managements and etc. And finally the managers cooperation and a help by all groups of people are essential to stop worse changes and dissertation and also to prevent global warming.

The main problem imposed on the lands managers all around the world is the slope instability in steep mountainous areas. The problem cause life harms and money damages in the roads. Studying the slope features and the slope stability analysis are important in detecting and knowing their roles in the landlide phenomenon. The analysis is done by evaluating the phenomenon risk in the aquifer basins. The purpose of this research is analyzing the role of road building in occurring the surface slides in the natural slopes by using the FLAC SLOP model which finally results in offering some guidelines to manage the region in an optimal way. From the point of view of slides. Or landslides. In this research, at first 7 sliding slopes next to the roads were determined. After that, all the parameters related to slope stability model and its analysis with the field studies were detected. Next the soil sampling and analyzing the topography of the slopes were extracted. And next, these parameters were incorporated into the slope stability model to determine the slopes factor of safety(FS) and the FS was obtained. The research results showed that slope stability model is very effective in determining instability in the slopes which were slid because of the road making. Because the factor of safety(FS)was obtained to be less than 1(one) for the sliding slopes. Moreover, road constructing in slopes with acuter steepness(more than 17 degrees)decreases the stability of slopes. By using this model, the unstable slopes could be detected and some protective mechanism could be specified to increase the stability factor or factor of safety. In this way, the nails vaccinating mechanism in the slope number 5, a location 37 ° 5 '3" north latitude and 59 ° 40' 27" east longitude increases the factor of safety from 0/67 to 2/75 and the tracing mechanism in the slope number 4, With geographic coordinates 36 ° 59 '31 "north latitude and 59 ° 41' 56" east longitude increases the stability or safety factor from 1.10 to 1.93. And finally we can determine the best way to do the protective mechanism.