فهرست مطالب حمیدرضا بهرامی طاقانکی

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of adult mortality in many developing countries. This study aims to compare the estimation of the ten-year relative risk of cardiovascular events using the Framingham criteria with a native model.

This population-based cross-sectional study was conducted in 2014, focusing on the adult population (≥16 years) of Mashhad. Stratified random cluster sampling was employed to gather participants' information based on Framingham's criteria. Data mining, utilizing the decision tree algorithm design, was evaluated using Rapidminer v5.3 software and the cross-validation method.

Out of 2978 individuals, 1930 (64.9%) were women and 1041 (35.1%) were men, with a mean age of 43.5±14.7. Applying the Framingham criteria, the ten-year risk levels of cardiovascular disease were estimated as follows: 77.8% at a low-risk level, 13.4% at a medium-risk level, and 8.8% at a high-risk level. Regarding data mining, model number (1) achieved an accuracy of 79.56%, indicating that the predicted risk levels using the Framingham algorithm matched the observed values at 95.24% for the low-risk level, 90.8% for the medium-risk level, and 33.13% for the high-risk level. As for model number (2), an accuracy of 82.78% was obtained, with the matching values being 98.20% for the low-risk level, 0.42% for the medium-risk level, and 53.01% for the high-risk level.

The Framingham criteria demonstrate limited effectiveness in predicting medium and high-risk levels in the Mashhad population. According to the local model, smoking and high blood pressure in adulthood are the most significant factors in predicting the risk of cardiovascular diseases in young individuals.

Decreased sleep quality is one of the most common complications of radiotherapy in cancer patients. Although soaking feet in warm water and foot reflexology are two easy, inexpensive, and accessible ways to improve sleep quality, which one is more effective, has not been evaluated in existing studies. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of soaking feet in warm water and foot reflexology on sleep quality in patients undergoing radiotherapy.

This two-group randomized clinical trial was conducted on 62 cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy at Reza (AS) Medical Center in Mashhad in 2020. Patients were randomly allocated into two groups of soaking feet in warm water and reflexology. In the group of soaking feet in warm water, patients soaked their feet in 41 °C water for 20 minutes every night from the seventh day after starting radiotherapy for two weeks. In the foot reflexology group, the intervention was performed from the seventh day after starting radiotherapy for two weeks every night for 10 minutes for each foot in three areas including solar plexus, pituitary gland and pineal gland. Sleep quality score was assessed using the Petersburg Sleep Quality Questionnaire on the seventh day of radiotherapy (pre-test) and then 7, 14 and 28 days later. Data were analyzed by the SPSS software version 20 using descriptive/inferential statistics.

The results showed the total score of sleep quality in the two groups decreased significantly over time (P<0.001), and this reduction was from 13.81±1.33 on the pre-test day to 4.86±1.73 on the day 28 for the reflexology group, and from 13.55±1.23 to 7.92±1.97 for the group of soaking feet in warm water. It should be noted that a decrease in the score of Petersburg questionnaire means an improvement in sleep quality.

Foot reflexology and soaking feet in warm water improve sleep quality in patients undergoing radiotherapy but foot reflexology is more effective in improving sleep quality. Therefore, using this method is recommended.
Clinical trial registry: IRCT20190625044009N1

Diabetes is considered as one of the most common endocrine disorders worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate the factors associated with diabetic complications.

A case-control study was performed on the data of 70089 diabetic patients (4622 cases and 53613 controls) extracted from the SINA Electronic Health Record (SinaEHR®) in a population covered by Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in 2018. The effect of independent variables on the likelihood of diabetic complications was investigated using single-variable and multivariate logistic regression models with the control of the potential confounding effects.

Using the multivariate logistic regression, the odds of developing diabetic complications were 0.35 (0.31-0.38) for living in the city, 0.73(0.67-0.79) for living in the suburbs and 0.31(0.28-0.33) for living in rural areas relative to the metropolises, 0.84 (0.78-0.91) for illiterate subjects, 0.70 (0.66-0.75) for physical activity, 1.51(1.34-1.71) for stage 1 hypertension and 1.87 (1.43-2.44) for stage 2 hypertension relative to normal blood pressure, 0.79(0.74-0.85) for uncontrolled low density lipoprotein and 1.42(1.33-1.51) for uncontrolled hemoglobin A1C.

Various risk factors were identified to increase the odds ratio of diabetic complications. The most important risk factors were uncontrolled glycosylated hemoglobin and stage 1 and 2 hypertension. Control of these factors can reduce the chance of diabetic complications in diabetic patients.

 Stress and anxiety are common in patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). These complications exacerbate the symptoms of MS. This study aims to evaluate the effect of acupressure on stress and anxiety of MS patients.

 In this randomized clinical trial, participants were 106 MS Patients referred to Multiple Sclerosis Society in Mashhad, Iran. After signing an informed consent form, they completed a demographic form and stress, and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale - 42 items (DASS-42). Then, they were randomly assigned into intervention and sham groups by tossing a coin. Participants in the intervention group were asked apply a pressure on the Shenmen and Yin Tang acupoints for one month (once per day for 15 minutes), while the sham group applied pressure 2.5 cm below the Shenmen acupoint and 3 cm above the Yin Tang acupoint. Participants in each group were then completed the DASS-42 again one hour after the final session. Data were analyzed using chi-square test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, independent t-test, and Paired t-test.

  In the intervention and sham groups, there was no statistically significant difference between the mean pre-test scores of stress (34.73±5.80 vs. 33.06±6.42) and anxiety (27.09±6.99 vs. 25.31±6.88), and neither between the mean post-test scores of stress (29.20±6.21 vs. 33.73±9.44) and anxiety (22.79±5.68 vs. 25.21±6.72) (P>0.05). However, comparison of DASS-42 scores between groups showed that the mean scores of stress and anxiety in the intervention group were significantly lower than in the sham group (P< 0.05).

 It seems that acupressure can be used along with other therapeutic and pharmacological interventions to reduce stress and anxiety in patients with MS.

The lack of evidence-based information and guidance hasprevented the development and authorization of traditional/ complementary/ alternative medicine methods and has not extend the development of its systems. The tendency to research in the field of traditional/ complementary / alternative medicine is the result of the desire of health professionals to create scientific evidence in this field and to transform the experiences into evidence from scientific experiments and research. On the other hand, there is a need for the community and the interest of researchers in this matter. The theses are registered and defended from valuable scientific documents in the university that can complement the course of the interest of students and professors of various specialized fields to the field of applied medicine.

From The total of 7858 titles of the library theses of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, 418 titles were related to traditional medicine/ complementary/ alternative medicine. That is, for each 19 theses titles one title was about traditional medicine/ complementary/ alternative medicine.

In this study, the growth of theses on the subject of traditional medicine is quite evident, as the total number of theses in 1380 with 458 titles increased by  23.53% to 599 titles in 1395. In this comparison, the growth rate of the number of traditional / complementary / alternative theses has risen from 24 titles to 43 in the year 1395, ie, with the increase of 16.69% between the first and the last year.

Despite the good growth of theses in the field of traditional medicine/ complementary/ alternative medicine in recent years, it is still not favorable in comparison with the total number of dissertations. With the help of advocacy and information policies, the trend towards this subject can be promoted among theses of the University of Medical Sciences.

Post-cesarean anxiety is associated with increased pain, using analgesics and increased hospitalization time. Auriculotherapy may be useful as a complementary medicine to reduce anxiety. So, this study was performed with aim to evaluate the effects of auriculotherapy on anxiety in patients after cesarean section.
This two-group randomized clinical trial study was performed on 66 pregnant women who referred to Mashhad Omolbanin hospital for caesarean section in 2015. In the intervention group, 2-3 hours after the operation, Auriculotherapy (in shenmen, subcortex, uterus, pelvic and abdominal points) was performed for 20 minutes. Before, one and two hours after the intervention, anxiety was measured by Spielberger anxiety questionnaire and blood pressure and pulse rate were evaluated. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 16) and statistical tests of independent t-test, paired t-test, Chi-square and Fisher test. P There were no significant differences between two groups in terms of demographic characteristics, mean of state and trait anxiety before cesarean and state anxiety before the intervention (after cesarean) (P>0.05). No significant difference was observed between two groups in terms of mean anxiety one hour after the intervention (P=0.332). Two hours after the intervention, anxiety reduced in auriculotherapy group, but increased in control group, although the difference was not significant (P=0.876). Also, no significant difference was found between two groups in terms of systolic and diastolic blood pressure and pulse rate (P>0.05).
The use of auriculotherapy has no effect on reducing maternal anxiety after cesarean up to two hours after the intervention; therefore, it is recommended to perform further studies regarding the effects of auriculotherapy on anxiety after cesarean for longer time follow-up.

Considering the high prevalence of obesity in the world and Iran, its serious complications, failure of standard treatments in many patients, and recent trends towards complementary medicine, awareness of the effectiveness and side effects of such therapies seems necessary. This research aimed to review the effectiveness, safety and side effects of complementary medicine in obesity.
Databases including MEDLINE, SCOPUS and Scientific Iranian Database were searched in English and Persian languages using “obesity, overweight, herbal medicine, integrative medicine, complementary medicine , agar, psyllium, alpha lipoic acid, conjugated linoleic acid, diacylglycerol, aloe, caffeine, calcium, bean pod, vitamin D, acupuncture, and …” as key words. All randomized controlled trials, in vitro and in vivo studies, systematic reviews and meta analysis were included. Then, information regarding those herbs were searched in the herbal and Persian Medicine references, along with the related products in Iranian pharmacopoeia through English and Persian references.
In total eighty six articles were found related to the subject among which 79 fulfilled the inclusion criteria, entered the study and were reviewed. Among the herbs and supplements used for weight control Agar, psyllium, Alpha lipoic acid, conjugated linoleic acid, diacylglycerol, aloe, caffeine, calcium, bean pod, vitamin D have acceptable scientific evidence for efficacy and safety. Among non-herbal complementary therapies, yoga and meditation have shown promising scientific evidence.
Agar, psyllium, Alpha lipoic acid, conjugated linoleic acid, diacylglycerol, aloe, caffeine, calcium, bean pod, vitamin D, yoga and meditation could be suggested as complementary and integrative treatments besides the standard treatment of obesity, with acceptable effectiveness and safety.

Background and Air pollution and its different health-related aspects pose serious problems for health and medical authorities. Air pollution is also discussed in traditional medicine literature. The present article outlines the views expressed on this subject in olden times by renowned traditional medicine practitioners (called “hakim” in Persian) and the measures recommended by them for dealing with this problem.
Methods and Materials: In this review study, valid Iranian medicine literature and articles published in scientific databases were used based on certain criteria. The relevant Material was extracted by searching certain keywords, and then categorized, reviewed, and analyzed.
In traditional medicine, air pollution (termed “Vabae air” in Iranian traditional medicine) is due to stench and corruption entering the “essence” of air, thus changing its natural quality. The preventive approach in facing such polluted air is defined through the notion of lifestyle modification based on six fundamental health maintenance principles. Of these, air-related solutions, nutrition, [physical] inactivity/activity, and excretion/accumulation of different materials by the body are the most important.
The similarity between emergence of "Vabae air’s” symptoms and air pollution as well as the prevalence of the diseases related to it opens up the possibility of using traditional medicine recommendations to deal with air pollution. Traditional medicine presents preventive measures that can be adapted to individuals in line with the six essential principles of life. New studies also suggest that dietary modification, herbs, and exercise can have numerous protective effects through fighting oxidative stress and boosting our immune system.

Primary dysmenorrhea is one of the most common complaints of who referred to the gynecologist. It seems that the effect of acupuncture on dysmenorrhea and also attention to complementary medicine approaches is an effective method to reduce dysmenorrhea pain. This study was performed with aim to compare the effects of acupuncture and Mefenamic acid on pain intensity and absent from work in patients with primary dysmenorrhea.
This clinical randomized trial was performed on 140 patients aged At the end of three menstrual periods, pain intensity significantly decreased as 74% in acupuncture medicine group and 52.7% in mefenamic acid group. Also, absence from work significantly decreased as 42% in acupuncture medicine group and 27% in mefenamic acid group (P Acupuncture medicine reduces dysmenorrhea and absence from work and is introduced as an effective non-pharmacologic method.

Recent studies have shown that high or low maternal weight before pregnancy is associated with pregnancy and neonatal complications. Birth weight is one of the most important indicators of growth in neonates. Therefore, this study was performed with aim to determine the association between maternal early pregnancy body mass index with some complications of pregnancy and birth weight.
This cross-sectional study was performed on 1642 pregnant women referred to the hospitals and maternities of 21 cities which were covered by Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in 2014. Data related to mother and neonate were collected through the questionnaire and hospital records. Data were analyzed by SPSS software (version 19) and Chi- square and Mann-Whitney tests. P
Early pregnancy body mass index showed that 119 mothers (5.6%) were weight loss, 942 (44.5%) natural, 426 (20.1%) overweight and 155 (7.3%) were obese. Mean body mass index was 23.9 ± 4.2 with minimum of 13.49 and maximum of 39.06 Kg/m2. Birth weight was significantly influenced by early pregnancy BMI. The frequency of macrosomia was significantly higher in obese mothers, also increased early pregnancy BMI led to increased stillbirth and caesarean section (P Abnormal BMI can lead to complications in mothers and fetuses. So, assessment of weight and body mass index before pregnancy and at the first visit and providing training and nutritional counseling and required care can play an important role to prevent complications and provide maternal and neonatal health.

Traditional and complementary medicine centers, as providers of health services, have a special responsibility towards patients and clients. With increase in the number of these centers, the role of traditional and complementary medicine has become more important in the analysis, diagnosis, and treatment of illnesses. The accurate and fast performance of medical approaches using evidence-based diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, with consideration of the rights, integrity, and dignity of clients are among the priorities and necessities that can have a significant impact on the satisfaction and acceptance of the scientific and legal institutions, parallel to the deployment of new services provision systems. Lack of sufficient scientific evidence of efficiency and effectiveness, lack of definition and determination of authorities to handle complaints, the legal process of ethical and legal aspects of medical errors has caused challenges for the field of complementary and alternative medicine. Thus, this legal void must be filled through formulation and revision of laws and regulations, defining of the practical and acceptable set of scientific resources, and determination of authorized service centers to resolve complaints and to punish. It is hoped that the results of this review study increase the information of the professionals in this field and attract the attention of authorities of medical ethics to this field.

Background and Medical massage therapy is a common treatment method in medicine and can be applied to many ancient and modern medical schools. The dierent methodologies for evaluation of massage characteristics will also be discussed briefly during three different historical eras of medicine, namely, Chinese, Iranian, and modern medicine .This paper will explore the history of the massage therapy from Persian and Chinese Traditional Medicine.
This article is a review study in which the information was collected through searching PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Civilica, and SID. Clinical articles and related text books without any time limits were studied using specific keywords. Data was then compared, analyzed and adapted and finally a conclusion was drawn.
In Persian traditional medicine the massage that is mentioned as “Dalk and Ghamz” based on its dierent characteristics and described dierent duration of each movement , duration of the pause, temperature , the equality or inequality of force, the regularity of the rhythm . Chinese scientists have been able to update the old massage style, and offered them as an accepted method at the global level.
Chinese and Iranian medicine, massage therapy has been used in a large number of illnesses. The scientific capability of Chinese and Iranian medicine and their common cultural and scientific aspects could help in designing a new pattern for treatment of disease. A consolidated approach and joint researches are suggested for clarifying some hidden aspects of this complication and its treatment.

Traditional medicines, according to the World Health Organization, are defined as “the sum total of the knowledge, skill, and practices based on the beliefs, theories, and experiences indigenous to different cultures that are based and developed historically. Due to the increasing uses of traditional medicines worldwide, it seems that cognition of their principles and foundations are necessary.” The two important schools of Traditional Persian Medicine (TPM) and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) have many similar concepts; one of the most fundamental is the theory of Arkan in TPM and theory of five elements in TCM. This is a review study, which extracted, classified and compared related concepts in TPM and TCM, conducted on original sources. To use the experience of other researchers and to find published articles in this regard, the Web databases SID, Magiran, Iranmedex, Google scholar, Pubmed and Embase were searched. The results are categorized under 12 categories. Generally, although there are considerable similarities between theory and functions of Arkan in TPM and theory of five elements in TCM, there are differences between the basic principles and the outcomes of these two theories. The comparison between these two theories shows that although they derive from similar theoretical and philosophical origins, that TPM arises from a monotheistic (not necessarily Islamic) viewpoint while TCM comes mostly from a metaphysical point of view. Furthermore, there are four principles in TPM but five in TCM. In addition, principles in TCM and TPM differ as follows: while in the former, the principles (having interactions in a dynamic process) are assumed to be directly related to phenomena, in the latter, they are explained with the mediated concept of “Mizaj”.

Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) infections are very common in Iran and worldwide and the risk for resistance to anti-herpetic drugs has increased recently. Alternative antiherpetic agents seem necessary to control and reduce the emergence of -resistant strains. Oriental medicine suggests some herbal options for the treatment of herpes lesions. This study reviews some of the common herbal treatments in oriental medicine for herpes and their availability in Iran. In this narrative review, information on in vitro and in vivo studies and clinical trials was searched via international databases including PubMed and SCOPUS, using herpes, herb, Oriental medicine, Chinese medicine and the names of herbs as keywords, which resulted in 45 related articles; of these, 38 entered this review. The inclusion criteria were the in vitro and in vivo studies, randomized controlled trials and reviews with acceptable levels of evidence. Information regarding those herbs in traditional Iranian medicine, their availability in Iran, and the available pharmaceutical products in this country were investigated through Persian references. Among herbs suggested by Oriental herbal medicine for the treatment of herpes lesions, Melia azedarach, Aloe barbadensis, Rheum palmatum, Salvia officinalis, Melissa officinalis, Melaleuca alternifolia, Hypericum perforatum, Crataegus pinnatifida, Punica granatum and Rheum palmatum, are backed by acceptable scientific evidence, and are available in Iran. Considering the evidence and availability of many of Oriental herbal medicines for herpes in Iran, they can be utilized for treatment and research purposes.

Iranian medicine is an ancient medical school with history of thousands of years. Culmination of the Islamic culture led to growth and prosperity of the school. However، the school currently does not have a global spread and is mostly known in the countries lying in the realm of ancient Iran، including India and Arabic countries، with other names. In contrast، traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has received world acceptance، and currently has an international spread; such that it is taught and clinically used in the five continents. Due to the historical neighborhood، Traditional Iranian Medicine (TIM) and TCM have some common concepts and probably had bilateral effects on each other. These two schools of medicine have some similarities and differences in foundations on the basis of the ancient cultures of Iran and China. However، it is important to investigate the strategies and trends the TCM have passed to become global. Then، the experience can be used to spread the TIM. It seems that the following strategies are helpful to put this goal into action: 1- Collection of ancient texts and treatments currently available in folklore، 2- Developing academic education of the TIM، 3- Carrying out scientific studies to confirm the methods and treatments، 4- Integration of TIM and modern medicine and establishing integrated health centers، and 5- Employment of scientifically approved treatments of the TIM in the primary health care system. In this paper، some aspects of the TCM were clarified and the factors effective in its global spread were concerned. In the following، it is suggested that these methods and strategies be selected to achieve worldwide spread of the TIM.