حمیدرضا روح افزا

This article is an update on our previous review of clinical studies on the role of polypills in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). We also present the preliminary results of the Persian Polypill study.

Persian Polypill is a randomized clinical trial with two parallel arms on hospitalized patients due to acute myocardial infarction (AMI). It is planned that 1100 patients will be randomly assigned to one of the two arms of Polypill or usual care and will be followed up for 34 months. The primary outcome will be a composite clinical outcome of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), and the secondary outcome will be the cost-effectiveness of polypill treatment.

We identified ten completed studies and two ongoing trials in which at least 10% of participants had CVD. The evaluation of these studies showed the lack of research in low- and middle-income countries about the role of polypill in secondary prevention of CVD and limited information about cost-effectiveness resulting from clinical trials. In Persian Polypill, so far, 624 patients admitted to three hospitals due to AMI have been included in the study. The average age of patients is 60.9 ± 8.7 and 506 are male (81.1%). Overall, 94.4% of the patients underwent percutaneous coronary intervention in the hospital, and 26.3% had hospital complications.

The final results of this study can compensate for the gap in the past studies. They may confirm the role of polypill in the initial management of AMI and long-term secondary prevention in these patients.

Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is considered as a widespread chronic pain disorder of unknown etiology. Since personality traits can play an important role in the development of FMS, this review article was conducted in order to increase the understanding of personality traits related to FMS.

This review article was conducted by searching articles based on PRISMA guidelines for studies published from 2000 to September 2021 in authentic databases using the keywords fibromyalgia syndrome, chronic widespread pain, personality, and personality tests. The results of 30 eligible studies aimed at identifying personality traits in patients with FMS were reviewed and summarized.

According to the theoretical model used, the articles that used the TCI tool reported high traumatic avoidance and low self-regulation. High scores in hypochondriasis, hysteria and depression have been observed using the MMPI questionnaire. Moreover, other studies showed a high score in neuroticism using NEO. In this systematic review, some personality traits related to FMS were identified and explained. In other words, many patients with fibromyalgia show personality traits that are related to the mechanisms involved in FMS.

The findings provide evidence that personality traits can play a key role in the development and persistence of this syndrome. However, studies lack sufficient evidence to support an "FMS personality." The results expand our knowledge about the complex nature of this disorder and facilitate the effective treatment of FMS patients. Overall, these findings support the need for a comprehensive personality model to better understand FMS.

Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in developing countries. Inflammation significantly contributes to the process of atherosclerosis. Therefore, evaluating White Blood Cells (WBC) and platelet counts as markers of inflammatory as well as hematocrit as a marker of blood viscosity may predict coronary events. The present study aimed to evaluate the relationship between hematological indices and the incidence of cardiovascular events.

This study was based on the results of the Isfahan Cohort Study (ICS) which was a long-term, population-based study of 6504 adults over the age of 35 years with no history of CVD who were followed up for any incidence of CVD from 2001 to 2015. Basic levels of hematological indices were measured by entering the study.

About 49.5% of the population were male. The mean age of the population and individuals with CVD were about 51 and 57.6 years, respectively. Significant relationships were observed between systolic and diastolic blood pressures, fasting blood glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) levels, and waist circumference with the incidence of cardiovascular events (P<0.001 for all). Hematocrit, hemoglobin, RBC, and WBC measures were significantly associated with the incidence of cardiovascular events (P=0.002 for all). There was no significant relationship between platelet levels and the incidence of cardiovascular events.

Hematological indices including WBC and RBC counts as well as hemoglobin and hematocrit levels can predict the incidence of cardiovascular events.

 By examining the relationship between job stress and the physical and mental health status of employees in the workplace, valuable information can be provided regarding the physical and mental health status of employees in the workplace, which can be used to improve the quality of work in industries. Can be used. In several studies, the effect of stress on fat and sugar consumption in individuals has been studied, but in general, studies on the relationship between job stress and health risk factors have been done more in non-working occupational groups. Also, among the studies conducted in Iran and other developing countries, no study has examined the relationship between job stress and obesity among groups working in the industry, and therefore the need to address this issue was felt. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between job stress and obesity in a large sample of male employees of Isfahan Steel Factory. The present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between job stress and obesity in Isfahan Steel employees.

 In a cross-sectional study in 2016, 2803 male employees of Isfahan Steel were selected by multi-stage random cluster sampling. Obesity was assessed using body mass index and job stress using a 23-item job stress questionnaire validated in Iran and demographic information of individuals with a self-administered questionnaire. In this study, the numerical variables of the reports were reported as the mean±SD(standard deviation) and for the qualitative variables as the percentage. The normality of the data was checked by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Q-Q plot. Comparison of quantitative variables with normal distribution was performed using the parametric test, Studentchr(chr('39')39chr('39'))s t-test, quantitative variables with abnormal distribution with the non-parametric test, Mann-Whitney, and comparison of qualitative variables distribution in normal and overweight/obese groups were performed using Chi-square test. In this study, the relationship between the independent variable of job stress (in three categories: low, medium, and high) and the dependent variable of obesity at both normal and overweight/obese levels in four models in the presence of confounding variables of demographic, lifestyle and job using the model Logistic regression was evaluated. Logistic regression results were reported in the form of odds ratio(OR) and 95% confidence interval (OR, 95% CI). SPSS 22 software was used for data analysis.

 The mean age of participants was 36.89 with a standard deviation of 7.35 years. In this study, job stress is classified into three categories based on the ER Ration index score: the first third includes low job stress scores, the second third has average scores and The third trilogy is high scores. Also, the subjects were classified according to body mass index with BMI≤25 into the normal group (n=1209) and individuals with BMI≥25 into the overweight/obese group (n=1593). In this study, with increasing job stress, the chances of obesity/overweight also increased. After adjusting an important set of confounding variables, a positive and significant relationship was observed between high job stress and obesity/overweight, and the chance of obesity in people with high levels of job stress was 19% higher than those at low category (OR= 1.19, 95% CI: 1.03 – 1.41).

 The present study provided valuable information about the level of job stress of industrial workers and concluded that there is a significant relationship between job stress and obesity; Therefore, in order to improve the physical health of employees, special attention should be paid to the issue of job stress, so that job stress should be given priority in periodic studies of the physical condition of employees working in industries. Therefore, holding training classes on stress control and reduction, psychological counseling sessions, employing psychologists, and providing job security with regard to the existing infrastructure, can be effective measures in advancing the goal of reducing job stress and improving the physical condition of employees. Therefore, by managing the job stress situation of industrial workers through training classes, psychological counseling sessions, and job security, we can take action to improve health indicators, including employee obesity, and thus increase their productivity.

The present study was performed in order to investigate the association between shift work and having second job, with quality of life in a large sample of male employees in Isfahan steel company adjusting for the effects of demographic, lifestyle and job stress confounders.

This cross-sectional study was carried out on 3063 employees of Isfahan steel company, who were selected through a multistage cluster sampling among 16000 employees in 2016. Demographic and lifestyle data were obtained from a self-administered questionnaire. Relatively, for evaluating the quality of life (QoL), EQ-5D, for job stress, the Effort-Reward Imbalance (ERI) questionnaire and for physical activity IPAQ were used. Latent class regression was used for data analysis.

In study sample, 57.7% were shift workers and 10% had second job. Participants were classified into two classes, high (80.49%) and low (19.51%) QoL, and this variable was considered as the response variable in latent class regression. Shift workers had17% lower odds for being in high quality of life class in adjusted model (OR=0.83; 95% CI: (0.683, 1.015)). No significant relationship was observed between second job and quality of life

The present study showed that the shift workers has significant lower quality of life, while no significant association was found with the second job. Through moderating the effective factors on quality of life, it is possible to enhance it and as a result, increase the productivity of this population.

 The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of an educational intervention - course of "smoking and oral health"- on knowledge and attitude of dental students about the complications of smoking and the role of the dentist in smoking cessation.  A quasi-experimental study was conducted on 62 dental students from Isfahan University of Medical Sciences as control group, and 63 dental students from Isfahan Azad University as experimental group. Volunteer students filled out a self-administered questionnaire about their knowledge and attitude regarding dentist’s role in smoking cessation. During the ongoing semester, educational intervention was conducted. Then, the students filled out the questionnaires again. Paired sample t-test، Independent sample t-test ، Chi square، and Fisher exact test served for statistical analysis.  Before the intervention, no significant difference existed between two groups regarding their knowledge score (P=0.46). Following the intervention however, knowledge score in intervention group was significantly higher than control group (P<0.001). Students' attitude was not significantly different between two groups before the intervention (P=0.93). Following the intervention, attitude score was significantly higher in intervention group than control group (P<0.001). Following the intervention, the mean scores of attitude increased significantly in both groups (P<0.001). However, the increased score of knowledge and attitude in intervention group was significantly higher than control group (P<0.001).   Course of “Smoking and Oral Health” improved students’ knowledge and attitudes towards smoking cessation. Although, students’ performance was not evaluated, it seems that educational programs may improve their performance as well.

Stressful life events can lead to psychological problems, heart disease, stroke, etc. Multidimensional nature of stress calls for advanced statistical methods that could evaluate these dimensions based on symptoms of stress. Therefore, current study aimed at identifying and redefining the dimensions of the stressful life events (SLE) questionnaire using a higher order factor model. This cross-sectional study was done in 4763 people participating in a project called SEPAHAN in Isfahan, Iran 2010. The perceived stress level was evaluated by the Iranian version of SLE questionnaire. First and second order exploratory and confirmatory factor models were applied for data analysis using AMOS V20. According to exploratory factor analysis, 11 domains of stress (first order factors) were extracted from 44 items, which explained 51.42% of the total variance. Based on these domains, two dimensions were identified as second-order factors (stressors), including individual and social stressors that explained 17.3% and 25.6% of total variance, respectively. The similar structure was identified both in total sample and in men and women separately. Also, the results in exploratory factor analysis were confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis (CFI =0.78, GFI =0.89, RMSEA =0.05). It was found that the second-order factor model well fitted to the dimensions of the questionnaire identified. SLE questionaire has11 domains and two higher dimensions (individual and social stressors). Studying the types of stressors could be used in preventive strategies against mental health problems and also in training useful copying styles.

Investigating the quality of life and its determinants provides a general prospective about the health status and contributes in health planning. The present study aimed at investigating the relationship between mental health and quality of life, adjusting for the impacts of potential confounders in Isfahan Steal Company's employees.
In a cross-sectional study in 2016, 3063 people of Isfahan Steal Company's employees were selected through multistage cluster sampling and investigated. Required Information were obtained by EQ-5D questionnaire for evaluating quality of life, GHQ-12 questionnaire for evaluating mental health, IPAQ Questionnaire for evaluating physical activity, job stress questionnaire for evaluating job stress and demographic characteristics of study participants. Latent class regression analysis with Mplus7 software was used for data analysis.
Based on the results 95.4% of participants have normal mental health score. Two classes were identified with latent class analysis based on quality of life; class 1 (good quality of life: 79.7%) and class 2 (poor quality of life: 21.3%). People with good mental health status had higher quality of life (P The present study provided valuable information about quality of life in industrial employees. This research showed that mental health has a significant association with quality of life. So, through improving the lifestyle, quality of life and life satisfaction would be increased

Investigating the quality of life and its determinants provides a general prospective about the health status and contributes in health planning. The present study aimed at investigating the relationship between sleep duration and quality of life, adjusting for the impacts of important confounders, in Isfahan steal company's employees. In a cross-sectional study in 2016, 3063 people of Isfahan steal company's employees were selected through multistage cluster sampling and investigated. Required Information were obtained by EQ-5D questionnaire for evaluating quality of life, IPAQ Questionnaire for evaluating physical activity examination, job stress Questionnaire for evaluating job stress and demographic characteristics of study participants. Latent class regression with Mplus7 software was used for data analysis. mean (SD) age (year) and sleep duration (hour) of participants were 36.74 (7.31) and 7.11 (1.17) respectively, and 91.5% were male. in terms of quality of life, results of fitting LCR with 2 classes indicated that 79.7% and remaining were being in high and low quality of life classes, respectively. A direct significant association was found between sleep duration and quality of life. In crude model, odds ratio (OR): 1.2 (95% CI for OR: 1.12 - 1.3). after adjusting for potential confounding variables the observed association was remained statistically significant, OR: 1.2 (95% CI for OR: 1.1 – 1.3), indicating an hour increase in sleep duration, increase 20% odds of beings in high quality of life class. through improving the lifestyle, quality of life and life satisfaction would be increase; so identifying the impact of factors related to quality of life in such specific community leads to focusing the interventions and health advices on the mentioned factors, resulting the modifying of stressful situations and improving quality of life and finely increasing the efficiency

Aim and The purpose of this study was to compare positive and negative psychological states between the two groups of patients with coronary heart disease with and without metabolic syndrome, and to investigate the relationship between these psychological factors and the risk of metabolic syndrome.
Methods and Materials: In this comparative study, the study population consisted of all patients with middle-aged coronary artery disease (35-60 years old) who were enrolled at the Rehabilitation Center of the Cardiology Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Iran, from 2012 to 2016. Totally, 61 patients were selected through purposive sampling in September, 2016. They participated in the research by completing some questionnaires including Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R), Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ), Adult Hope Scale (AHS), the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), and Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS), and performing physiological assessments related to metabolic syndrome. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), Mann-Whitney, and Pearson correlation tests.
Findings: There were significant differences between the two groups of patients with coronary heart disease with and without metabolic syndrome in terms of depression, optimism, hope, and happiness. Moreover, depression, optimism, hope, and happiness had significant relationship with the risk of metabolic syndrome.
The research findings support the link between psychological variables and metabolic syndrome.

Today, the identification of factors contributing to the link between psychological factors and cardiovascular outcomes is a subject of interest to many researchers. The aim of the this study was to investigate the role of psychological well-being indicators in metabolic risk factors in the patients with chronic coronary artery disease. Sixty one patients (47 males and 14 females) were selected through purposeful sampling, and were asked to complete questionnaires including: Life Orientation Test- Revised (LOT- R), Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ), Adult Hope Scale (AHS), Dinner Life Satisfaction Scale (SWLS), and Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS). Physiological evaluations were systolic and diastolic blood pressure, waist circumference, body mass index (BMI), blood glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and HDL / LDL ratios. The data analyzed by Pearson correlation test and stepwise regression. The results of stepwise regression analysis showed that optimism was able to predict 7% significant changes in systolic blood pressure, 11% for BMI and 10% for waist circumference. While 7% significant changes in triglyceride levels was predicted by life satisfaction; and finaly 7% significant changes in fasting blood glucose, 8% for total cholesterol, 14% for LDL cholesterol and 12% for LDL / HDL were predicted by hope. The findings indicated that, some psychological well-being indicators, including optimism, hope and life satisfaction, have a role in reducing metabolic risk factors for cardiovascular health.

Breakfast skipping was related to obesity and obesity has been associated with psychological disorders, but limited data are available linking breakfast consumption to psychological symptoms.
The association between breakfast consumption and psychological disorders, including depression and anxiety, was studied among Iranian adults.
This cross-sectional study was conducted on 4378 healthy adults in Isfahan, Iran. Breakfast consumption was assessed using a validated detailed dietary habits’ questionnaire; and depression and anxiety using an Iranian validated Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) questionnaire. Psychological distress was also examined by means of Iranian validated version of General Health Questionnaire.
Findings: Overall, 611 numbers (13.95%) of study participants had anxiety, 1253 numbers (28.62%) depression, and 1015 numbers (23.18%) probable mental disorders symptoms. After controlling for the confounding variables, participants with every day breakfast consumption had lower odds for depression symptoms (OR: 0.49; 95% CI: 0.36-0.66) compared with those with the least frequent intake of breakfast, even after further adjustment for BMI (OR: 0.47; 95% CI: 0.34-0.63). Frequent breakfast consumption was inversely associated with anxiety before and after controlling for BMI (P This study showed an inverse relation between breakfast consumption and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and probable mental disorders among Iranian adults. Further prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Although lifestyle-related factors have separately been examined in relation to functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs), there is no epidemiologic data on the combined association of lifestyle factors with these conditions. We aimed to examine how combinations of several lifestyle factors were associated with functional dyspepsia (FD), its symptoms and gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) in a large group of Iranian adults.
This descriptive -analytic study was conducted on 3363 Iranian adults (19-70 yr), whom were working in 50 health centers across Isfahan province in Iran during 2012. We used easy non-random sampling to select participants. The “healthy lifestyle score” for each participant was calculated by summing up the binary score given for five lifestyle factors, including dietary habits, dietary intakes, psychological distress, smoking and physical activity. A dish-based 106-item semi-quantitative validated food frequency questionnaire, General Practice Physical Activity Questionnaire, General Health Questionnaire and other pre-tested questionnaires were used to assess the components of healthy lifestyle score. A validated Persian version of ROME III questionnaire was used, to assess functional gastrointestinal disorders.
The prevalence of FD and GERD among study participants was 14.5 and 23.6%, respectively. After adjustment for potential confounders, we found that individuals with the highest score of healthy lifestyle had 79 and 74% lower odds of FD (95% CI: 0.05-0.92, OR: 0.21, P=0.03) and GERD (95% CI: 0.09-0.69, OR: 0.26, P=0.01), respectively, compared with those with the lowest score. They were also less likely to have early satiation (95% CI: 0.11-0.73, OR: 0.28, P=0.001), postprandial fullness (95% CI: 0.09-0.50, OR: 0.22, P This study showed that adherence to a healthy lifestyle was associated with lower odds of GERD, FD and its symptoms in this group of Iranian adults. Individual lifestyle-related factors were also associated with these conditions.

Earlier studies have shown a protective association between adherence to healthy eating guidelines and mental disorders in western nations; however, data in this regard are limited from the understudies region of Middle-East. We aimed to examine the association between adherence to healthy eating guidelines, as measured by AHEI, and prevalence of anxiety and depression in a large sample of Iranian adults.
In this cross-sectional study, data on dietary intakes of 3363 adult participants were collected using a validated dish-based 106-item semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). Adherence to healthy eating was quantified using AHEI as suggested by earlier publications. The Iranian validated version of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used to assess anxiety and depression in study participants. Data on other covariates were gathered using a pre-tested questionnaire.
Overall, the frequency of anxiety and depression was 15.2% and 30.0%, respectively. After taking potential confounders into account, participants with greater adherence to AHEI had 48% lower odds of depression compared with those in the bottom quartile (OR = 0.52; 95% CI: 0.39-0.70). Those in the highest quartile of AHEI had a 29% lower odds of anxiety, compared with those in the lowest quartile (OR=0.71; 95% CI: 0.54-0.94); however, adjustment for dietary intakes and body mass index attenuated the association (OR = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.52-1.09).
Adherence to healthy eating was inversely associated with a lower chance of depression in Iranian adults. Further studies, especially with prospective design, are required to confirm these associations in Middle-Eastern populations.

Association of a combination of lifestyle-related factors and mental health is less studied in earlier studies, especially in Middle Eastern countries.
This study aimed to examine how combinations of several lifestyle-related factors is related to depression and anxiety in a large group of middle-age Isfahani population.
In a cross-sectional study in 2012 on 3363 Isfahani adults (19-70 yr), a healthy lifestyle score was constructed by the use of data from dietary intakes, physical activity, smoking status, psychological distress and obesity. A dish-based 106-item semi-quantitative validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), General Practice Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPPAQ), General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and other pre-tested questionnaires were used to assess the components of healthy lifestyle score. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was applied to screen for anxiety and depression.
The prevalence rates of anxiety and depression among study participants were 15.2 and 30.0%, respectively. After adjustment for potential confounders, we found that individuals with the highest score of healthy lifestyle were 93% less likely to be anxious (OR: 0.07; 95% CI: 0.02-0.30) and 97% less likely to be depressed (OR: 0.03; 95% CI: 0.01-0.11), compared with those with the lowest score. In addition, non-smokers had lower odds of anxiety (OR: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.47-0.89) and depression (OR: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.48-0.82), compared with smokers. Individuals with low levels of psychological distress had expectedly lower odds of anxiety (OR: 0.13; 95% CI: 0.10-0.16) and depression (OR: 0.10; 95% CI: 0.08-0.12) than those with high levels. Individuals with a healthy diet had 25% lower odds of depression (OR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.61-0.91) than those with a non-healthy diet.
We found evidence indicating that healthy lifestyle score was associated with lower odds of anxiety and depression in this group of Isfahani adults. Healthy diet, psychological distress, and smoking status were independent predictors of mental disorders.

Despite the recommendations for exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation as an integral component of comprehensive cardiac care of patients with CHD, most patients do not receive it. Home-based cardiac rehabilitation with a nurse manual-support is a popular method of rehabilitation. It can be effective in reducing disorders in patients, and increasing their participation. The aim of this investigation was to compare some of the behavioral characteristics and quality of life in both groups of cardiac rehabilitation. In a semi-experimental study, 40 patients (mean age 59 ± 6.28 year) voluntarily were divided into 3 groups: 1- home-based exercise rehabilitation (N=12), 2- centre –based CR (N=15) and 3- control (N=10). Subjects of both home and centre based of cardiac rehabilitation started their activity for 8 weeks. The type A behavior, anger, pessimism, anxiety, depression and quality of life variables of patients were measured by standard questionnaires in the beginning and at the end of eight week exercise rehabilitation. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) in P< 0.05 level. After CR, scores of limit physical health, emotional wellbeing, body pain (Questionnaire SF36), and anger (Questionnaire TAB) were significantly improved. No significant differences were observed between the home –based exercise and centre-based cardiac rehabilitation programs based on all indices apart from the limit physical health index. Home-based exercise rehabilitation such as centre-based CR improved some of the psychological factors. Meanwhile the home –based exercise rehabilitation had a greater impact on the limit physical health index.

Background and This study aimed to investigate the factors associated with smoking initiation and continuation in Isfahan. An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted based on Isfahan Healthy Heart Program. To calculate the crude and adjusted odds ratios uni- and multi-variable logistic regressions were used. The group with lowest rate of smoking was considered as the base group and Odds Ratio with 95% confidence interval was reported. The study population included 3164 individuals, of whom 12.3% (male 23.3%, female 01.4%) were current smokers. The odds ratio of smoking was 8.53 (CI: 4.37-16.57) in men, 1.17 (CI: 0.8-1.71) in rural areas and 4.52 (CI: 1.22-16.7) in illiterate people. Among the subjects the relative risk of smoking was seen higher in those aged 19-24 and 25-34 years of old. Home was found as the most common place for smoking (32.64%) and the most frequent condition for smoking was when the subjects were in angry moods (36.70%). The main cause of initiation or continuation of smoking was enjoyment (45.65%). Most consumers of cigarettes were men, individuals with low educational backgrounds, self-employed or unemployed and rural populations. Therefore, more training programs are needed to enhance the knowledge and attitude in these people and conducting efficient smoking cessation programs could be of great benefit in reducing the rate of smoking.

Patients with schizophrenia receiving antipsychotic drugs are highly at risk of metabolic disorders such as weight gain، dyslipidemia، and insulin resistance. This study was designed to compare the effect of atypical and conventional antipsychotics on lipid profile.

128 patients with schizophrenia were divided in two groups. One of the groups received one type of atypical antipsychotic drugs while the other got one type of conventional ones. None of the groups had used any other antipsychotic drugs during the past year. Demographic data and food frequency questionnaire were completed by each participant. Serum triglyceride، total cholesterol (TC)، high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterols، and apolipoprotein A and B (Apo A and B) were recorded. Student’s t test was used for statistical analysis.

The two groups were similar in age، gender، duration of illness، period of drug consumption، and age at onset of illness. Patients in the atypical group used clozapine and risperidone (46. 9%) more than olanzapine; while in the conventional group، 81. 3% of patients used phenothiazines. Our data showed a significantly higher mean in TC (P = 0. 01)، LDL (P = 0. 03)، and Apo B (P = 0. 01) in conventional group.

In patients with schizophrenia، lipid profile was higher in both atypical and conventional antipsychotic users، especially in conventional drug users.

Man confronts crisis and problems during his life and sometimes because of several pressures commits suicide to escape and save himself. Suicide occurs in all classes of the society. Some of the demographic and social variables affecting suicide attempt are: age، sex، marital status، job، economic problems، communication and emotional problems، mental disorders and physical illness. Matrial and This was a descriptive- analytic study carried out on 466 suicidal cases during a year in which the samplings referred to the emergency unit of Emam Khomeini hospital. Method of data collection was a questionnaire which was completed through the interviews. Raw data were analyzed by the SpSS software. There was a significant difference between the following facetors: age (P=0/26)، education (p=0)، sex (p<0/05)، marital status (p=0/037)، economic stress (p=0/001)، job stress (p=0)، marital and sexual stress (p=0) and suicide attempt. Communication and emotional problems especially in women and economic and job stress in men had the greatest role in suicide attempt in Falavarjan. Due to the sudden suicide attempt and the age group at risk of suicide -15-24 year- it is characterized that emotional immaturity lack of commuincation and poor problem solving skills - especially in these ages - can be involved in suicide attempt.

Aim and

Improving the quality of life is the main goal of managements for all diseases. The present study aimed to determine the relationship between quality of life and symptom severity in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Methods and Materials: Based on physician diagnosis using Rome III criteria، 225 patients with irritable bowel syndrome who were visited in a psychosomatic clinic in Isfahan، Iran were recruited. All the selected cases completed the irritable bowel syndrome-quality of life (IBS-QOL) and irritable bowel syndrome severity index (IBS-SI) questionnaires. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson’s correlation coefficient.

65 (28. 9%) patients were males and 160 (71. 1%) were females with mean age of 38. 6 ± 12. 3 years and mean disease duration of 5. 1 ± 4. 3 years. Mean score of IBS-QOL and IBS-SI was 43. 4 ± 20. 7 and 238. 9 ± 95. 4، respectively. IBS-QOL score and IBS-SI score had a statistically significant positive correlation.

The quality of life was inversely related to severity of symptoms in patients with IBS.

Individuals are faced with numerous stressful life events which can negatively influence their mental health. Many individuals use smoking as a means of confronting stress. Given the relatively high prevalence of smoking in central Iran, the present study was conducted to compare stress levels in smokers, non-smokers, and those who had quit smoking.

This study was conducted as part of Isfahan Healthy Heart Program on 9752 individuals in the cities of Isfahan, Arak, and Najaf Abad in 2008. Sampling was performed using multistage cluster randomization method. Data on age, sex, demographic characteristics, and smoking status was collected through interviews. Stress level was detected by General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). Logistic regression analysis and chi-square test were used for data analysis.

In the present study, 30% of non-smokers, 32.1% ex-smokers, and 36.9% of smokers scored 4 and higher (P = 0.01) in the GHQ. In regression analysis, the final model which was controlled for age,sex, socioeconomic status (including place of residence, marital status, and education) showed that the odds ratio of stress in smokers and ex-smokers was significantly higher than non-smokers (OR = 1.66 and OR = 1.12, respectively).

Conducted studies revealed mental problems and stresses to be significantly related with smoking. Therefore, interventions are required to reduce the prevalence of smoking in the community through interventions which provide correct methods of coping with stress.

Previous studies suggest that mental stress may influence serum lipid levels. This study was conducted on adult population living in rural and urban areas in central Iran to assess the correlation between stress levels and lipid profile disorders.

Data was extracted from final evaluation of Isfahan Healthy Heart Program (IHHP) in 2008. Multistage cluster random sampling was used. The study population consisted of 9752 adults aged ≥ 19 years living in 3 cities of Isfahan, Arak and Najaf Abad. Demographic data, age, and sex were recorded. Blood samples were taken to determine lipid levels including total cholesterol (TC), lowdensity lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglyceride.Stress levels were assessed using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). Logistic regression analysis and chi-square test were used for statistical analyses.

After adjustment for age and sex, the odds ratios of high stress in individuals with high levels of TC and LDL-C and low levels of HDL-C were respectively 1.11 (1.08, 1.27), 1.13 (1.04, 1.24), and 1.12 (1.08, 1.28) compared to normal individuals.

According to the relationship between lipid profile disorders and stress levels, special attention needs to be paid to psychological and environmental issues to treat lipid profile disorders.