حمیدرضا غفارزاده

The world has undergone a fundamental change and the population density in cities is very high. Forecasts indicate that the population of cities will reach 5.06 billion people (60%) in 2030. The growth of urban and man-made land use, especially in its unfavorable form, has been condemned due to its negative effects on the environment, human health, and social and economic issues. Irregular urban development in coastal areas, which are a sensitive ecosystem, leads to the destruction and disruption of natural habitats in this area. In order to study the urban and man-made land use in the study area, Landsat 8 satellite images were used, which were received for three times (2013, 2017 and 2021). After making the necessary corrections, the Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) was used to accurately extract the coastline of Khamir port. Then, from the coastline to the mainland, three distances of 2, 4 and 6 km were considered, respectively, which Buffer tool was used to separate each area in ArcMap environment. Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI) was used to extract urban land use. Finally, the growth rate of urban land use was measured at three time points and different distances from the coastline. The results showed that from 2013 to 2021, urban and man-made land use has increased. The increase in man-made land area from 2013 to 2021 for distances of 2, 4 and 6 km from the coastline was 120.1, 110.3 and 65.8 hectares, respectively. Since the proximity and influence of urban land use to the coastline causes the destruction and reliance of coastal habitats, it also affects the hydrological systems, so this is especially important in the city of Khamir, which has ecosystems such as wetlands. Should be seriously considered and all land use changes monitored.

By installing the required facilities such as recycling booths, Tehran municipality can play an important role in the promoting waste separation in order to protect environment and the goals of the sustainable development. The rate of the collection of daily dry wastes by 460 recycling booths is about 40 tons throughout the city of Tehran, out of which about 32% (12.8 tons daily) is received from the citizens by means of 81 recycling booths placed in the western areas. The aim of this article is to produce a model for dry waste management of the recycling booths placed in the western parts of Tehran. The instruments used for the purpose is the ARC GIS software. The method used in this article is descriptive-analytical and applied method. Due to the spatial characteristic of locating and lack of finality of urban problems, the basis of this research is to prepare layers of information based on the factors influential in locating recycling booths and their incorporation and overlapping in the ARCGIS software domain, using AHP and Fuzzy logic inference. A study of the results indicates that around fifty percent of the zones 5, 9, 21, and 22 of Tehran are considered useful for locating recycling booths, while around 74% of the existing recycling booths are not used properly. The maximum and minimum efficiencies among the existing recycling booths belong to municipality zones 5 (39%) and 22 (4%), respectively.

The sludge produced in the oil refinery is very harmful due to the significant volume and complexity of the compounds, and its reasonable disposal is very important for environmental protection and sustainable development. During the effluent treatment process in the oil refinery, contaminated industrial sludge containing toxic substances is produced, which contains poly-aromatic hydrocarbon compounds and is classified in the group of hazardous wastes.

In this study, the life cycle evaluation of disposal methods in two scenarios of landfill and incineration on industrial sludge of oil refinery in Iran has been investigated. Regarding, using life cycle assessment software, openLCA with CML-Baseline Impact Assessment Model, different environmental impact categories are examined and using weighting and dimensionless method of each effect class in the two defined scenarios, the best scenario has been identified in terms of the environment.

The results from 11 categories including acidification, climate change, reduction of Abiotic, in two parts of fossil fuels and factors affecting final reserves, toxicity in three parts (drinking water, seawater, and soil toxicity), Eutrophication, Human toxicity, ozone Layer depletion, and photochemical oxidation have been evaluated. The results show that the least environmental effects on human health indicators and plant species are related to the landfill scenario. The sludge incineration scenario, which is sent directly to the incinerator, has been selected as a worse scenario with the highest emissions of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrogen oxides into the environment.

The results of dimensionlessness in the two studied scenarios showed that Scenario 1 (Landfill) with a value of 2.94 × 10 -6 and Scenario 2 (waste incineration) with a number of 5.42 × 10 -6 the least destructive effect on the environment, respectively.

This study has been done in order to investigate the effects of household economic characteristics on energy consumption (case study, households living in Yazd).

383 households were selected as a sample by simple random sampling and the required information was collected through a questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis and Spearman correlation coefficients.

The results showed that there is a significant relationship between education, income, job and type of home and energy consumption. In general, the economic situation of the family has a great impact on household energy consumption.

According to the results, there is a significant relationship between education and energy consumption, and with increasing education, energy consumption has increased. Also, employees consume more energy compared to people with freelance jobs, and retirees and workers consume less energy. Households with incomes above 9 million Tomans per month have consumed much more energy than households with incomes between one and three million Tomans per month, households living in affluent areas consume more energy and people who live in the suburbs and deprived areas consume less energy.h 383 households were selected as a sample by simple random sampling and the required information was collected through a questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis and Spearman correlation coefficients. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between education, income, job and type of home and energy consumption. According to the results, there is a significant relationship between education and energy consumption, and with increasing education, energy consumption has increased. Also, employees consume more energy compared to people with freelance jobs, and retirees and workers consume less energy. Households with incomes above 9 million Tomans per month have consumed much more energy than households with incomes between one and three million Tomans per month, households living in affluent areas consume more energy And people who live in the suburbs and deprived areas consume less energy, in general, the economic situation of the family has a great impact on household energy consumption.

Management of separation of dry waste from the source by providing executive methods and creating appropriate facilities to attract maximum public participation to preserve the environment and sustainable development goals, is important. The main purpose of this study was to compare the source separation management model with the methods of referring to the source of production and using the reverse vending machine in the western regions of Tehran.

This research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of nature and descriptive-survey method, which was conducted to analyze information from the mixed method (qualitative-quantitative) in 2020 in areas 5, 9, 21, and 22 of Tehran Municipality. Due to the spatial nature of the location and due to the inherent uncertainty of urban issues, the basis of this study is to prepare information layers based on factors and criteria affecting the spatial distribution of origin separation management model in the methods of referring to the door of production bases and setting up their devices. Dry waste was collected and combined and overlapped in ARC GIS 10.7 software using hierarchical analysis and fuzzy logic inference.

Comparative results of the dry waste recycling management model in the western regions of Tehran showed that in the methods of referring to the door of production bases and location of reverse vending machines, 5 and 9 criteria, respectively, are effective in the management model and to implement dry waste separation. From the origin with the method of referring to the source of production and the method of setting up the reverse vending machine, 87% and 66% of the total studied area, respectively, had the optimal productivity.

Considering the importance and necessity of efficient separation of waste from the source, the results of this study show that the implementation of the dry waste management model by referring to the source of production compared to the method of setting up the reverse vending machine It has more efficiency, effectiveness, and scope.

The detection of urban landscape changes in urban areas is of utmost importance for the maintenance of the safety of environment and the promotion of sustainable development. To this end, the consideration of the spatial metrics capabilities to describe the landscape structure can be a valuable move to identify the growth models in metropolises. The purpose of this study was to provide the urban-rural gradient analysis of the landscape metrics in Tehran metropolis in the year 2018 as well as the analysis of their change trend in order to investigate the spatial-chronological changes in the landscape. In order to analyze the metrics, the moving window method was used at landscape and class levels. To this end, Landsat 8 satellite images were used, and the landcover was divided into human-made, open, vegetation, and water lands in a supervised manner. As with the gradient analysis, transects with 4km*4km dimensions at four directions – namely center-northeast, center-southeast, center-northwest, and center-southwest were directed from District 12 of Tehran Municipality in GIS 10.2 software. The results showed that at the landscape level, the closer we go to the business center of Tehran Metropolis, the number and density of patches increase, while the closer we go to rural areas the average index of landscape shape has relatively uniform changes. At the class level, the more distant we get from the business center of Tehran metropolis, the percentage of human-made patches and open lands increases and that of the vegetation patches decreases. Then, it might be concluded that urban development has brought about an increase in the density of patches in landscape, such that in the central transect, the continuity of landscape is reduced, and the fragmentation of the structural elements of landscape is increased. The land use changes have led to the expansion of the city toward the country and have negatively affected the vegetation and water resources.

In the metropolis of Tehran, municipal waste recycling management with produce more than 6500 tonnes per day, consisting of 42% of dry waste, is important. One of the centers pertaining to waste separation is recycling booth. An attempt is made in the present article to use the view points of the concerned experts with the aim of the modeling the criterions affecting the location of recycling booth through effectiveness and usefulness approach. The method used in the article is analytical -descriptive. Due to the spatial characteristic of locating process, and the Inherent uncertainty of urban issues, in order to determine the parameters affecting the location of recycling booth Fuzzy Delphi method, and to calculate weight of criteria, the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process is used. The results indicate that five main criteria and 16 sub-criteria are considered as prominent characteristic, such criteria like “centrality”, “efficiency and overlap”, “native characteristics and factors”, “adoptability”, “inadaptability”, and sub-criteria like “population density”, “accessibility”, “economic Potential of the booth”, “public participation” and “lack of neighborhood with military and security centers” are considered as the first to fifth priorities of components effective in the model of locating recycling booth in Tehran city.

The aim of this article is to analyze SEC critically in relation to refinery industrial energy efficiency. In this study, the effect of various parameters such as input energy carriers, output energy, API value, and input refining oil was investigated. Specific energy consumption of unit and standard criterion was obtained 2.30 and 3.06 Gj/ton, respectively, that the total specific energy consumption is 24.83% less than the standard criterion. The use of a high-tech process for promoting Green Productivity and increasing the degree of complexity is the most important parameter affecting the reduction of energy footprint, improvement of energy consumption criteria, and standardization of the Abadan oil refinery.

Urban expansion causes fundamental changes in the ecological landscape structure and function and a gradual change in the spatial structure and pattern of the landscape. Due to the importance of understanding the components of urban environment and how to understand the interactions between these components, the aim of this study is the urban-rural gradient analysis of Tehran using landscape metrics to quantify the landscape pattern.

Research data were collected in 2019 and the combination of gradient analysis and landscape metrics has been used to quantify the pattern of Tehran landscape. Land use maps of Tehran were classified using Landsat 7 and 8 satellite images related to 2008 and 2018 in ENVI 5.3 in categories of built-in land, open land, vegetation land and water. For the gradients analysis, a number of 4km×4km transects were designed in the four main directions, and passing through region 12 of Tehran. To calculate the mestrics of Number of Patches, Patch Density, Edge Density, Percentage of Landscape, Mean Patch Size and Mean Shape Index on both landscape and class levels used the moving-window technique.

From 2008 to 2018, urban development has increased the Patch Density in the landscape. So in the central transect the continuity of the landscape has decreased and the fragmentation of the structural components has increased. At the level of the landscape, the Number of Patches and the Edge Density have increased dramatically. However, the Mean Patch Size and the Mean Shape Index have decreased. At the class level, the Mean Patch Size of open lands and built-in land has increased.

Along transects in addition to land use changes, Shape and Patch Density have also changed, and the process of these changes along transects is different. The percentage of built-in lands is the dominant matrix in transects near the commercial center of Tehran, and the area of vegetation lands and water has decreased from 2008 to 2018.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the environmental impacts of Aras River pollution.

First, the physicochemical properties of river water were measured in the vicinity of industrial zones. This is an applied survey carried out through sampling and laboratory experiments. Sampling was performed from mid-2018 to mid-2019 and at selected stations. Three water samples were taken at each station. Atomic absorption spectroscopy. The concentrations of Nitrate, Nitrite, and TDS were measured with a spectrophotometer. Calcium, Sodium, and Potassium concentrations were measured using Flame Photometer and the remainder were measured by professional devices. All sampling process was repeated four times and the average number was recorded for each station.

The results showed that the lowest recorded electrical conductivity was 0.789 while the highest was 2.346 ds / m, unsuitability of soil, and water for irrigation. The measured total solids content was 1211 mg / l indicates a moderate limitation in terms of salinity. The average recorded pH was 8.17, which is within the national permitted range and standard of the World Health Organization. The concentration of Nitrate and Nitrite is more than the maximum amount of the permitted range. The concentration of Potassium is in the standard range. According to the obtained mean (64 mg / l), the concentration of Calcium and Cadmium is within both national permitted range and international standard range, eith64mg/1, and 0.8 μg/1, respectively. While that of Lead (μg / l 0.09) is just within the standard range.

Discharge of agricultural, industrial, and municipal wastewater into the river in upper parts of the study area is the biggest threat to the lower parts environment.

Updated land use change information is one of the necessary requirements for natural resource management. This research used LCM mol to tect and predict land use changes in Lahijan city in Guilan province during 1984-2020. Initially, Landsat satellite images of 1984, 2000, and 2016 were categorized into five classes of forest, rangeland, agriculture, human ma areas and water resources. Then elevation, slope, precipitation, distance from resintial areas, distance from agricultural lands, distance from rangeland, distance from forest margin and distance from roads were used as affecting factors on land use changes. Mol accuracy assessment was done by comparison of actual and predicted map of 2016. Accuracy assessment of prediction mol was done by comparison of actual and predicted maps of 2016. The values of Null success, Hits, Misses and False Alarms were 88.04, 2.65, 8.45 and 4.28%, respectively. Meanwhile, in the present study, the error of the prediction mol was about 12.6%, which confirmed the efficiency and ability of the mol. Results from 1984 to 2016 indicated that a significant area of forest cover was creased and the forestation will continue according to these observations. Regarding the process of forestation in the study area, the implementation of land use planning to reduce the negative effects of land use change is proposed.

In this paper, we study the effects of energy price liberalization policies on the development of wind power usage in Iran. The economics of energy production from wind and gas power plants are compared. The Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) is used as an index to compare the plants’ cost of electricity production. LCOE is a well-known index to measure the economics of a plant once all the factors such as cost of air pollutants and exchange rates are to be considered. We show that by removing subsidies from conventional fuels in Iran, wind power plants are completely cost effective. Due to the opportunity cost of gasoline, power generation from wind can provide the ability to export gasoline. The benefit increases by designing and constructing of infrastructures required to develop the technology inside the country. It is worth mentioning that due to changes in exchange rates, policies should be directed towards developing the wind turbine technology inside the country which in turn provides job opportunities.

The objective of this study is to investigate of climate change in Gorgan river-gharesoo basin and these impacts of this phenomenon on regional land use change، as well as provide guidance on the effective management and conservation of natural land area. Analysis of climate data including rainfall، average temperature and relative humidity of nine synoptic stations in this area from East to West، with a subscriber base of 30 years (1981 to 2011)، to examine the homogeneity of data and determine trends of changes in the time series of meteorological variables and calculation of the standardized precipitation index (SPI) based on rainfall recorded this time. In addition، to digitize maps of land use obtained from the cartography of the country (at two time) and convert into vector maps by ILWIS 3. 3 software، although، in order to analyze the land use maps، prepare the output maps and finaly compare of user specified percentage changes utilized by Arc GIS 9. 3 was used. Results indicated، during the study (30 years) the annual rainfall than central areas of the basin، has increased and rainfall could increase the occurrence of floods probe and be effective in this area. Based on seasonal temperature fluctuations، temperature changes in the eastern half of the rising and in the central and western parts declined. Also، changes of humidity in the eastern and the western parts of the basin were rising but the downward trends humidity scattered in different parts of this area. The annual average temperature and relative humidity of these regions have increased. Moreover، Findings from SPI indicated that almost in all stations of this basin، humidity has also improved and frequency of rainy and wet years of last two decades significantly has increased. In other words، changes in normal conditions of meteorological variables were climate changes actually and this phenomenon has occurred in Gorgan river-gharesoo basin. Results from output maps showed that changes during this period (10 years) have been reduced ranges and forests and have been increased agricultural and arid lands in this basin. Since the greatest changes in land use during this time period، converting more lands to agricultural land has been، thus، the population growth has been one of the most effective agents. Meanwhile، converting some lands to arid lands indicate that the effects of climate change on the land use change.