حیدر صید زاده

Today the importance of human capital is such that the socio-economic capabilities of countries are measured based on creative and efficient human resources. Therefore, investing human resources with the purpose of integrated growth and development is a profitable business with high rate of return. One of the goals of implementing educational-extension courses is to increase the economic profitability of crop cultivation, because the final result of all plans and activities of any enterprise or business is reflected in its economic profitability. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the economic profitability of educational-extension courses and the factors affecting the participation of bread and durum wheat producers in these courses in Ilam province.

This research is applied research in terms of purpose and has been conducted through survey method. The statistical population of this study was all bread wheat (N=4175) and durum wheat (N=1255) farmers of Ilam in 2018. Based on Krejcie & Morgan (1980) sampling table, the sample sizes selected from bread and durum wheat farmers in this study were 351 and 293 respondents, respectively. Of the collected questionnaires, 317 and 261 questionnaires were analyzable, respectively. In this study, the bread and durum wheat farmers were classified into two groups; with and without training courses. Data were collected using a questionnaire. For descriptive data analysis, mean was used and for inferential analysis, mean comparison test, logit regression and economic profitability analysis were used. In profitability analysis, production cost, net income, production profit, and percentage of sales return were used.

The results of this study showed that the average of production cost of bread wheat cultivation in the group of farmers who participated in the educational courses was 1 percent more and the net income of this group was about 5 percent less than the group of farmers without training. In addition, the average profit of bread wheat production in the group of respondents with training was also 5 percent less than the other group. However, the average of production cost of durum wheat in the group of farmers who received the education was 2.2 percent less and the net income from this product in this group of farmers was 7.8 percent more than the group of farmers who had not received the educational courses. The average profit of durum wheat production was 8.7 percent more in the group of respondents with training. However, these differences were not statistically significant and this indicates that in general, educational-extension courses have not succeeded in creating a significant difference in the field of yield and also in increasing the profitability of bread and durum wheat cultivation. Variables including age, education level, years of wheat cultivation, crop yield, average of land ownership, and area under cultivation had a positive effect on wheat farmers' participation in educational-extension courses. These explanatory variables have been able to explain 31.4% of the changes in the dependent variable of attending in educational-extension courses in wheat production.

Although more related studies are needed to identify the reasons for the lack of effectiveness of educational courses in bread and durum wheat in the studied region, it can be concluded that compiling the content of educational-extension courses have not benefited from the results of the new research achievements. In addition, in holding educational courses, the educational needs of the farmers are usually not taken into account and the necessary needs assessment is not done in this field. Therefore, conducting a needs assessment of the target audience before compiling the content of the educational-extension courses is necessary and recommended. In addition, it is necessary to take measures to increase communication and synergy between Extension Coordination Offices in agricultural organizations with Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Training Centers in order to be aware of the latest research achievements and to take advantage of the experiences of the researchers.

Oak forests of Zagros including Ilam province have exposed of decline in recent years to various reasons such as rainfall reduction, exposure of dusts and pests and diseases. High speed of decline and lack of government funds for combating it, have necessitated to using from local people participation for restoring these forests. Therefore, present study was implemented in order to the survey of affecting factors on local people (villagers) participation in the restoration of oak forests involved with decline in Ilam province.

The present research in terms of purpose has been applied research and in terms of research method is descriptive-survey. The statistical population of the study has been including local people in age range of 20-60 years to number 59451 persons and also the sample size has determined 240 persons using the Cochran formula. Due to the large number of located villages in the area of oak forests involved with decline (258 villages) and the impossibility sampling from all of them, the used sampling method has been multi-stage sampling. To analyze the data have used from descriptive statistics techniques (central and dispersion Indicators) and inferential statistics (correlation analysis, regression analysis and one-sample t test). From correlation analysis, regression analysis and one-sample t test have used for determination of the type and intensity of the relationship between each of the independent and dependent variables, the determination effect amount of each independent variables on the dependent variable and the determination of tendency level to participation of local people in the restoration of oak forests involved with decline, respectively.

The results using regression analysis shows that from the perspective of local people, variables of income amount, the dependency amount of economy to forests, amount awareness from forests benefits and amount the sense of ownership relative to oak forests are effective on dependent variable of tendency to participation of local people. Also, the findings indicate that the tendency to participation of local people in the restoration of oak forests involved with decline in Ilam province is less than of average limit.

Based on the research findings, it can be concluded that tendency to participation of local people in the restoration of oak forests involved with decline in Ilam province is function of variables of income amount, the dependency amount of economy to forests, amount awareness from forests benefits and amount the sense of ownership relative to oak forests

The present research was accomplished with the goal to design the model of career capital accumulation of senior managers of Jahad-e-Agriculture Ministry. For this purpose, Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) was used. That way, first, career capitals and their components were identified by examining the research literature and interviewing with experts and confirmed by Fuzzy Delphi method. Then, the model of career capital accumulation was designed by ISM approach. The research population has been consisted of senior managers of Jahad-e-agriculture ministry, which were selected 15 persons as contributor through purposive sampling by judgment method. According to findings, human capital and information, scientific-academic, spiritual capitals are the most effective and the lowest effect career capitals, respectively. Also, the MICMAC analysis shows that placed information, spiritual and scientific-academic capitals in dependent cluster, political, psychological, Intelligence, and social capitals in connective cluster and human and organizational capitals in independent cluster.

The objectives of this study were to determine adoption rate, adoption degree as well as measuring adoption intensity and intensity of planting irrigated wheat varieties, sale return and net income of planting different wheat varieties. This study carried out in 2016 based on information of irrigated bread wheat cultivars Chamran, Virinak and Chamran2 planted during 2009-2015. Data was collected from Jihad-e-Agriculture Organization and Agricultural Research and Education Center of Ilam by questionnaire. The used indices in this research consisted of adoption analysis and economic criteria of income value of cultivated varieties. According to the results, during 2009-2015, the mean of adoption rate and degree and intensity of irrigated wheat cultivar Chamran were 44.7, 58.6 and 26.2 percent, respectively; for Virinak variety were 0.8, 7.4 and 0.029 percent, respectively; and for Chamran2 variety were 7.3, 7.5 and 2.5 percent, respectively. The mean of increased trend for profit changes of Chamran, Virinak and Chamran2 was estimated 37.1, 15.6 and 82.1 percent, respectively. The mean of sale return and cost ratio of cultivated Chamran, Virinak and Chamran2 varieties were estimated 73.7, 50.3 and 72 percent, respectively. The mean of benefit-cost ratio of Chamran, Virinak and Chamran2 varieties was estimated 3.92, 2.03 and 3.7, respectively. Thus, planting improved irrigated wheat varieties including Chamran and Chamran2 varieties in target region of Ilam province was more profitable than Virinak variety.

The objective of this study is the determination of adoption indices and measurement profitability by Investment Rate of Return (IRR) and economic surplus due to the planting of Dehdasht variety. Requiered data were collected from institutes, organizations, Agricultural Research and Education and Natural Resource Centers of targeted provinces by questionnaire in during 2010-2017. In this research,the adoption analysis indices and economic surplus criteria were used. Based on Ministry of Jihad-Agriculture, means of adoption degree of Dehdasht variety in formal seed was estimated 1.3 percent during 2015-2017. Based on the price of durum wheat during study years, means of the change of economic surplus and net present value (NPV) of activity were estimated 602 and 1014 billion Iranian rials.The Investment Rate of Return (IRR) of Dehdasht variety was estimated more than discount rate. In generally, breeding program of Dehdasht variety is economic. It is suggested that in future research planning, researcher select breeding lines through breeding programs and introduce to farmers that not only has high yielding potential compared to the check variety and adapted to the climate but also thay have good resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses.

Current research accomplished with the aim of investigating the impact of workplace spirituality on self-control of human resources in Ilam gas refining company. This study in terms of goal and research type has been consumed an applied and descriptive-correlation research, respectively. Research population has been the mentioned company experts and the sample size determined 228 persons by using Cochran formula. The validity and reliability of questionnaire confirmed by using content validity and Cronbach's alpha, respectively. For data analyzing, it has been used the method of structural equation modeling by using AMOS software. The results showed that workplace spirituality with path coefficient of 0.43 has a positive and meaningful impact on self-control. Also, the dimensions of alignment values at the organizational level with factor loading of 0.84 and Sense of Community at the group level with factor loading of 0.76 have the most and the least factor loading in realization of workplace spirituality, respectively.

Including theoretical foundations regarding control that is emphasized on it today, is self-control. Since the dominant culture on our country organizations is originated from religious culture including the culture of Alavi, there are necessary conditions for self-control reinforcement in human resources of them using the Nahjolbalagha teachings. Therefore, present research accomplished with the aim of model design of affecting factors on self-control reinforcement in human resources of organizations based on Nahjolbalagha teachings. To this purpose, we used from the Grounded Theory that it is a kind of qualitative research strategy. By taking of Grounded Theory process steps including open, axial and selective codings identified 442 codes, 168 concepts and 18 categories that through listed coding’s converted codes into concepts and concepts into categories, respectively and finally, by creating link between the categories, presented the model of research. A model that organizations can through it strengthen self-control in their human resources and in this way, with the least cost improve administrative health in the workplace.

Over recent decades, forests of Zagros vegetative area have been exposed to various dangers and severely destroyed in recent years. Today, the importance of local stakeholders’ participation for the preservation and regeneration of forest areas is inxreasingly evident in diferrent executive and research administrations. Therefore, this study was accomplished based on Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) method and for the evaluation of the rural people's participation in the planning and management process of the Bankoul forest area in Ilam province of the country. Research data were collected through techniques such as brainstorming, group discussion and semi-structured questionnaire. Then, using SWOT and ANP methods, the factors were evaluated and the strategies were prioritized. The statistical population consisted of three villages in the studied area. In this study, using the SWOT method, first, strengths and weaknesses (internal factors) and opportunities and threats (external factors) were identified; then, eight participatory management strategies of the Bankoul forest area were formulated, out of which conservative strategies (the assignment of forest areas management to beneficiaries and the development of exploitation cooperatives from forest) with a total score of 0.212 were selected as superior strategies. In addition, competitive strategies with 0.145, offensive strategies with 0.116, and defensive strategies with 0.098, were placed in the next ranks, respectively.

Participatory forest management, as a model for sustainable forest development, prepares local people to play an effective role in their fate and they enable to participate in the process of sustainable forest development. Present research looks to the gap of between the current status and the ideal status of the forest Bankoul area as a fundamental concern. So, this research has done with the aim of formulating of management participatory mechanisms of the mentioned area. The method of research is a descriptive and analytical method so that with the help of PRA various tools, the needed information was collected from the local stakeholders. Then, using the SWOT model, internal factors (weaknesses and strengths) and external factors (opportunities and threats) were identified. For evaluating and weighing of Internal Factors (IF) and External Factors (EF) used from the process of Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM). Internal factor matrix with score of 3.07 shows that the studied area has more strengths than weaknesses. External factors matrix with score of 2.94 shows that the mentioned area has more opportunities than threats. The results indicate that the studied area in the strategic planning table places in an aggressive conditions (SO mechanisms) and based on analysis of QSPM, mechanisms of SO are the best mechanisms for participatory management of the forest Bankoul area. Therefore, in the studied area, if we want to move towards mechanisms of participatory management, we must give priority to aggressive mechanisms.

The present research accomplished in order to identification and Prioritization of career capital components of senior managers of Jahad-e- agriculture ministry. For this purpose, used from mixed research method. In the qualitative aspect, the career capital components identified through the literature and history review of research and interview with experts (senior managers of Jahad-e- agriculture ministry). In the quantitative aspect, the experts expressed their agreement with identified components through questionnaire and Fuzzy Delphi technique in two phases of the survey and all 39 identified components approved by the Delphi group. The research population has been consisted of senior managers of Jahad-e- agriculture ministry, which were selected 15 persons as sample through purposive sampling with judgment method. According to findings, the components of interpersonal trust, leadership, political networks, multi-disciplinary experience and informal social ties are the top five components of career capital of senior managers of Jahad-e- agriculture ministry.

The present research was carried out with the aim of planning a conceptual model for the elements effective on strengthening self-control in organizations’ human resources on the basis of Qur’anic Doctrines. To this end, the data-based theorization, which is a kind of quality-research strategy, has been employed. Passing through the process of data-based theorization consisting of open, pivotal, and selective codifications, 465 codes, 105 concepts, and 20 categories were identified, which through the above-mentioned codifications, the codes were respectively transformed into concepts and concepts into categories, and finally, by making a connection between the categories, the conceptual model of the research was formulated and presented; a model by using which the organizations can strengthen self-control in their human resources and thus spend the extra expenditure of creating and maintaining external control systems on development of human resources and improve administrative safety in the working place with the least expenses.

Flood control, artifcial feeding of ground water aquifers and effort to optimize the productivity of natural resources are component the most results that have gotten from implementation of spreading project in spreading statious of country. One of the most important goals of spreading is the creation of positive changes in economical variables of area including agricultural and rangeland productionsand their development. In other words, each of spreading projects implemented in different stations have specific economical effects in desired area. The goal of this project is determination of economical effects of floodwater spreading project on Dehloran aquifer through monitoring and surveying its behavior and recording relevant data steadily. For this purpose, profit ability and economical justification of the project have been determined through economical indicator evaluation of projects. Results demonstrated that irrigated lands of downstream villages have been inceased 3.5 times in 2010 compared to the year1995. The added value of the injected floodwater was estimated to be 14.6 billionRial. The added value of rangeland products was about 1353.96 billion Rial. The added value of wood production was estimated about 13.38 billion Rial. The added value of agricultual products was about 657.05 billion Rial. NPV, ROR and B/C of the project were 1398.61 billion Rial, 0.38 and 2.87, respectively that show economical justification of the project.

Employees performance is attractive for managers because of its prominent role in achieving to organization goals and employees health. Job satisfaction is among the variables affecting on performance directly and by mediating role of organizational loyalty. This study was conducted with the aim of studying the relationship between satisfaction and performance with mediating role of loyalty in Jahad-e Agriculture Organization of Ilam province. This study is applied in terms of goal and descriptive-correlation in terms of research type. Research population was the said organization experts and 240 persons were selected as sample through random sampling. The validity and reliability of questionnaire was confirmed by using of content validity and Cronbach's alpha, respectively. The results of structural equation modeling show that satisfaction directly with the coefficient of 83 hundredths and indirectly by mediating role of loyalty with the coefficient of 62 hundredths has a positive effect on performance. Also, satisfaction has a positive effect on loyalty with the coefficient of 74 hundredths and loyalty has a positive effect on performance with the coefficient of 76 hundredths.

This study aimed at comparing the income status of settled nomads in Ilam province of Iran and Identification of factors causing the income differences in settlement and nomadic situations. It was conducted in a survey method with a statistical society of all the settled households of the province, in 2010. The sampling method was a proportionate stratified one. The results showed that the independent variables of livestock unit number, dry cultivated and also irrigated land area under cultivation in both situations were effective on the dependent variable of mean annual income of the households at the confidence level of 99 percent while the independent variables of amount of livestock products and amount of handicrafts had effects on the dependent variable only in the nomadic situation at the confidence level of 95 percent. In addition, the t test results of paired samples showed that the mean annual real income of the households decreased in the settlement situation, compared to the nomadic situation. Therefore, it could be concluded that the economic status of settled nomads of the province in the nomadic situation was better than the settlement situation; thus, in terms of the economy, nomadic life style proved to be more suitable for the nomads.

This study analyzes factors affecting the average annual income of settled nomads in Ilam province of Iran. The study is conducted in a survey method and its statistical society includes the settled nomads of the province. In addition, the time span of research is the year 2010 and its sampling method is a proportionate stratified one. The study results indicate that independent variables including number of livestock units, dry cultivated land area, irrigated land area under cultivation, and anount of livestock products are significantly and directly correlated with the dependent variable by 99 percent confidence; also, among the independent variable entered into the multiple variable regression model, all the variables except for the last one are found effective on the dependent variable by the confidence of 99 percent. In addition, study findings indicate that there is no significant difference between the average annual incomes of the statistical society and the samples by the confidence of 95 percent.