فهرست مطالب دکترمهنازشهرکی پور

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains are one of the main bacteria responsible for development of nosocomial infections. Therefore, the detection and identification of these strains can be very effective in the treatment. The aim of this study was to determine the pattern of antibiotic MRSA strains isolated from clinical samples in Ali ibn Abi Talib hospital in 2014.
In this cross-sectional study, 119 isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aurous were isolated from 460 samples; antibiotic resistance pattern was studied by disk diffusion method. The MRSA strains were first approved by Cefoxitin disk.
The highest and lowest resistances were found in penicillin and vancomycin, respectively. Distribution of resistance in MRSA strains in children was allocated to the highest percentages.
According to the increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance, especially for resistant strains to several antibiotics, rapid detection, on time and accurate resistant strains by using international standards, in order to make appropriate treatment options and preventing the spread of resistance between strains is necessary.

Kernicterus is one of the side effects of hyperbilirubinemia. Massage lead to further reduction of bilirubin reabsorption in the blood, so decreases jaundice. This study was conducted to examine the effect of tactile-kinesthetic massage on transcutaneous bilirubin in term neonates with hyperbilirubinemia.
This clinical trial study was implemented on neonates with physiological jaundice hospitalization at the neonatal ward at one of the educational hospitals of Zahedan during year 2014. Eighty neonates were selected with convenience and sequential sampling and divided randomly to two groups, intervention group (40) and control group (40). In the intervention group, tactile-kinesthetic massage was implemented for two days and three times every day and every session lasted 10 minutes and the mean bilirubin was determined pre-intervention, and 24 hours and 48 hours after intervention. Data were gathered through demographic questionnaire and Transcutaneous-Bilirubinometry. Data were analyzed through SPSS 16 and using the t-test and repeated measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).
The mean bilirubin in the intervention group, and pre intervention (9.71 ± 2.45), 24 hours (6.48 ± 2.4) and 48 hours after intervention (8.17 ± 2.43) were significantly different statically (P 0.05). Also, the number of meconium defecation was not significantly different statistically at these three time points between the two groups (P > 0.05).
Massage can cause an impact in bilirubin reduction in neonates. Therefore, nurses can use this method as a non-pharmaceutical method along with phototherapy for reduction of bilirubin.

Noise is an unwelcome harmful factor in hospital environments. This study was conducted aiming at evaluating sound pressure levels in different parts of an educational hospital, the knowledge of that hospital’s personnel over sound pressure level, and their attitude towards it. In this cross-sectional study, the knowledge of 29 doctors, 63 nurses, 58 clerks, and 25 orderlies was checked. All questionnaires were distributed among the personnel through simple random method, after determining the reliability and validity of them. Sound pressure level was measured by Cell 450 sound meter of the UK from the height of 150 cm, and the gathered data were analyzed by Chi-square test and SPSS software. The results of the present study indicated that, there is a meaningful relationship between job rank of an individual and sound knowledge grade of the same person (P

The phenomenon of occupational stress is an inevitable part of professional life that has negative effects on different areas of life. The purpose of this research was to identify the effects of PRECEDE model-based training on reduction of nurses’ occupational stress. The present study was a quasi-experimental study on nurses. First, subjects with a medium to high stress level were chosen. Then, the nurses of Iran and Khatam-Ol-Anbia hospitals, Tehran, Iran, were randomly assigned as intervention (n = 40) and control (n = 41) groups. Data gathering tools included the Nursing Stress Scale (NSS) to determine nurses’ occupational stress and PRECEDE Model Structures Questionnaire to provide educational intervention. Training was carried out in two 4-hour sessions in two consecutive days. Subjects were monitored for 3 months. Statistical analysis was performed before, and 1 month and 3 months after training using SPSS software. Descriptive statistical tests, independent t-test, repeated measures one-way ANOVA, and Pearson correlation were used. Mean NSS score of the intervention group reduced from 112.80 ± 17.46 to 93.15 ± 28.79 after the training. Moreover, after training, the variables of reinforcement, enabler, and manner showed a significant increase in the intervention group compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Results showed that the PRECEDE model for stress management education was effective in the reduction of nurses’ stress level.

Damages caused by sunlight on the eyes and skin without adequate coverage, especially in the head and neck during childhood and adolescence are likely to Cancer risk in adulthood increased. The aim of this study was comparing the booklet and animation programming methods in prevention of exposure to sun harmful effects among male students. This semi-experimental study was conducted on 200 sixth grade male students that were randomly divided into two groups in several steps: booklet and animation programming. Information was collected by a multiple questionnaire that its validity and reliability were confirmed. At first pre intervention data were collected and then educational intervention in both groups conducted. A lecture along, showing a movie clip and educational match about the clip, were designed for the first group. For the second group, lecture along a Q&A session was employed, and then booklets were distributed among the students. After 2 months, data were collected again and analyzed by SPSS.16 using independent and paired T-test, chi-square. in this study 0.05 was considered as a Significanr level Means of differences scores for knowledge and behavior were in booklet group1.38 and 0.33 and in movie clip group6.33and1.52. The results indicated that, showing films and animations were more effective and motivative than the one with booklet Considering the results, educational programs appropriate for students’ age, and preferably motivative and attractive educational methods should be organized for them.

Skin and eye protection against UV sun rays (sunscreen, clothing, hats, and glasses) is one of the most important preventive behaviors of skin cancer in adulthood period. The aim of this study was to evaluate the educational intervention based on animation method on promoting protective behaviors in male students in Zahedan. This semi-experimental study was conducted on 200 sixth grade male students that were selected randomly by multi-stage cluster sampling. The data collection tool was a multi-section questionnaire. The Validity of the questionnaire based on expert’s viewpoint (80%) and its reliability by Cronbakh Alpha test (0.83) was assessed and confirmed. After primary data collecting, educational intervention included lecture along movie clip exhibition in the intervention group was performed and two months later data in both groups were collected again and analyzed in SPSS16 using independent, pair t-test and chi-square test. After educational intervention and using visual media such as cartoon animation the promoting protective behaviors using protection tools (sunscreen, clothing, hats, and glasses) were meaningfully increased (p<0.001), and finding showed that using sunscreen the increase from 35% to 70. 9% after intervention had the greatest changes. Educational intervention using visual media such as cartoon animation is useful in increasing knowledge and promoting behaviors against to the sun rays harmful effects. It is also necessary to strengthen behavior change of educational process with public health policies.

Clinical education can be seen as facilitator of learning in clinical environment. Recognizing the problems in this field is the first step to improve educational programs. So this study aimed to determine nurse and midwifery students'' satisfaction of clinical education in hospitals of Zahedan in 2014.

In this cross-sectional study، 142 senior paramedical students including (Nursing، midwifery and operation room) that were selected by census method from nursing – midwifery school of Zahedan university of medical sciences participated data was collected by valid and reliable questionnaires and analyzed by descriptive statistics and t-test and ANOVA، through SPSS.

In the ​​ training scope، (76. 8%)، consent of the instructor scope (70. 2)، ​​ dealing with student’s scope، (33. 9%)، the learning environment scope (24. 6%)، and the monitoring and evaluation scope 43% of student’s were reported unsatisfied situation، and the relationship between gender and satisfaction with clinical education was significant، but there was no significant relationship between satisfaction and field of study.

according to low level of student satisfaction about performance coach، programs، and evaluation method; revise the curriculum according to the educational needs of students and integration methods for evaluating students in internship is suggested

There is conclusive scientific evidence of the adverse effect of excessive dietary salt consumption on health، particularly on blood pressure، leading to cardiovascular disease، gastric cancer، osteoporosis، cataracts، kidney stones، diabetes and obesity. Regarding the crucial role of women in feeding the family، we investigated effectiveness of education on salt intake behavior of rural women in Chabahar applying theory of planned behavior. Rural Native Chabahar women (n = 152)، ages 12 - 75 years old، were selected by multistage sampling. Baseline and post-intervention measures of TPB variables، knowledge and behavior were collected via questionnaire. Bivariate correlations، paired and independent T tests and stepwise regression analyses of TBP model were performed with SPSS software. There were significant changes in salt intake reduction intention، subjective norms، perceived behavioral control and behavior. Changes in attitudes toward salt intake reduction were not significant. Findings from this study suggest that educational intervention based on theory of planned behavior can be effective in reducing salt intake of rural women of chabahar both when cooking and when eating food.

Personal protection has an essential role in preventing and decreasing solar UV radiation-induced cancers. This study aimed to determine the effect of education based on protection motivation theory on the harmful effects of sun rays on male students. This semi-experimental study was conducted on 200 male students from eight primary schools randomly divided to control and experimental groups. The tool used for data collection was a researcher-made questionnaire. This questionnaire included demographic and protection motivation theory questions. The validity of the study instruments was assessed and confirmed by an expert panel and the reliability by Cronbakh Alpha test (= 0. 83) through 20 samples. After primary data collection، educational intervention including lecture، with cartoon clip with PowerPoint، was performed for the intervation group. Two months later، data in both groups were collected again and analyzed through SPSS16 using descriptive and analytic statistics (independent and paired t test، Chi-square، ANCOVA (p< 0. 05). After intervention among experimental group، the mean scores of knowledge and behavior increased from 9. 55 to 15. 88 and from 6. 15 to 10. 55، consecutively. Based on linear regression testing the model could predict 12% of protective behaviors against UV radiation. Educational intervention، based on protection motivation theory، was useful in increasing knowledge and promoting preventive behaviors of ultraviolet radiation disorders In male primary school students.

Nowadays، Job stress has been known as an important factor in reducing the level of organizational efficiency and employee’s health. The goal of this study was evaluating occupational stress components among the operating room staff of Zahedan educational hospitals. This descriptive study was conducted on 105operating room staff working in Zahedan educational hospitals in 2014. The census method was used for sampling. Needed information was collected via Osipow’s questionnaire that includes two sections. The first part is regarding personal information and the second one includes 60 questions about job stress in 6 subgroups of stress factors. Data was analyzed using SPSS (v. 15) and descriptive statistics. in this study، the mean score of job stresses among employees of operation room was 204. 40 ±21. 24 rating in the low stress range. In addition، the most participants، 58. 1%، suffered from low level stress. because that role ambiguity was the most effective job stressors، this is essential to consider and modify this factor. For this purpose، defining and determining of staff’s responsibilities is suggested to increase their job autonomy.

Objective (s): To evaluate the impact of training programs based on BASNEF model on blood pressure.

This was a quasi-experimental study that carried out on primary hypertension. The sampling method was multi-stage sampling. In the first stage 20 public health centers were randomly selected and randomly divided in two control and interventional groups. Then in each group based on age and sex 96 patient (n=96) were randomly selected. Data collection tool was a questionnaire. The intervention group received an educational program based on BASNEF model. Data were collected at baseline and 2 months after educational intervention.

There was a significant difference between two groups regarding means of scores of self-care behaviors، subjective norms، and enabling factors after intervention. Also in interventional group mean score of systolic pressure was reduced from 138. 9 to 125. 4 and diastolic pressure was reduced from 85. 15 to 80. 57.

The findings showed that training based on BAZNEF model was useful in promotion of preventive behaviors and decreased systolic and diastolic pressure in hypertension.

Preventive behaviors such as screening tests have an important role in preven-tion and control of breast cancer. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effect of educational programs on preventive behaviors of breast cancer based on the health belief model among female teachers of guidance schools in Zahedan city. This quasi-experimental study was performed on 240 female teach-ers from (120 participants in each of the control and intervention groups) Zahedan guidance schools. The data-gathering tool was a multipart questionnaire containing demographic varia-bles, knowledge and health belief model structures. An educational program was performed based on the health belief model in five sessions through lectures, training videos, question and answer session for participants in the intervention group. Questionnaires were filled be-fore and two months after the intervention in the two groups. Data was analyzed by independent T-test, chi-square and multiple linear regressions using SPSS-15 software. There was no meaningful difference in the mean scores of knowledge, health belief model constructs, and performance between the two groups before the educational interven-tion, but the mean scores of variables increased significantly after the intervention (P<0.05). The health belief model was effective to promote preventive behaviors. Hence, educational interventions with an emphasis on raising awareness, change in beliefs and im-proving self-efficacy regarding breast cancer are recommended.

According to available statistics, AIDS is still one of the most deadly diseases in the world which killed 1.8 million people in 2010. This study aimed to assess the effect of educational program on knowledge, attitude and behaviors of disease transmission in patients with AIDS. This research is a quasi experimental study which involved 92 patients with AIDS / HIV Saravan and Sarbaz in 2012. Due to the low number of patients with the sampling, the method was census. Researcher-developed questionnaire included demographic information, knowledge questions, questions of attitude and performance in a preliminary test and again in the second test(after implementing the curriculum) were used. Experts confirmed the validity of the questionnaire and its reliability coefficient alpha 0.72 was confirmed. To describe data, the parameters of the central (mean) and dispersion (standard deviation) for the analysis of independent t-tests, paired t-test, Chi-square and Pearson correlation were used. Before the intervention, the mean score of knowledge, attitude and behavior was not significantly different between the two groups. T-test results showed that the mean scores of all variables after training in the experimental group has significantly increased (p<0/001). There was a significant correlation between knowledge, attitudes and behavior. Survey results indicate that the training program on knowledge, attitudes and behaviors to promote effective prevention of HIV transmission and to increase the knowledge and attitudes can promote the preventive behaviors.

Pan are used mostly by adolescent because, they have a false image about pan as clean, natural and safe. But it is not safer than other tobacco, and it has own additional problems. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the effect of education based on PRECEDE PROCEED model unto promoting preventive behavior for used Pan in Adolescents in the suburb Zahedan This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 200 randomly selected junior high school students in the suburb of Zahedan. Information were collected using a validated questioner before and one month after intervention. Statistical tests including T- test, chisquare and multiple regressions used to analyses data. Results showed that the educations based on precede proceed model significal increased mean scores of model structures in intervention compared to control group. Additionally self-efficacy, knowledge and attitudes were shown as predictive factors of behavior. In conclusion education intervention based on PRECEDE PROCEED model promoting preventive behaviors in the study population. Therefore, this educational model might be of interest to be used in national educational program.

The recognition of effective factors associated with HIV stigma and designing of effective interventions are the key to success of AIDS prevention and treatment. This study aimed to determine the views of AIDS patients on their illness and the stigma associated with it. Due to the limited number of patients، 17 patients، who were referred to a behavioral health counselling center in 2012، were selected using purposive sampling. Data analysis was performed based on a content analysis; analysis of themes. The main themes emerged within the patient’s perceived feeling toward the disease include spiritual orientation، and relating the disease to other factors and the sense of inability. The main themes of social stigma associated with the disease include the perceived internal emotions (feelings of hopelessness، and rejection and separation) and the perceived external emotions of patients (feelings of disgust and blame). The perceived emotions of AIDS patients express the threatening nature of the disease. The disease has strengthened their spiritual dimension and has caused them to reconsider their worship rituals by reflection on and returning to their values. The patients'' perceived awareness of the stigmatization of the disease reflects the fact that these patients not only struggle with adverse health outcomes، but also face the consequences of the stigmatization of this disease. This is to the extent that the mental and social health of these patients is targeted. Therefore، further investigation of these misperceptions about the disease، and the development of training programs for the public، especially the patient’s relatives and friends، and integration of these programs with educational programs seem necessary to promote preventive behaviors.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer which is the second mortality rate of women. Breast cancer is the first cause of death in Iran. Early diagnosis of breast cancer has significant effect in decrease of morbidity and mortality and increase survival of till 95 percent. the this studyWith aim to detect predictors prevention behavior breast cancer in secondary schools female teachers at Zahedan based on health belief model (HBM). This study is descriptive-analytical study which carried by questionnaires based on health belief model (HBM) Structures on 240 female in secondary at zahedan city in 2011-2012 academic year. Data was analyzed by one-way ANOVA test (for comparison mean of marital state and educational level) and Pearson correlation coefficient in significant level <0/05. Result of Pearson test showed there were positive correlation between women’s awareness، perceived benefits، perceived barriers، self-efficacy and behavior under studied patients which was significant from statics (p<0. 05). Assessment asbsolute impact of each variable showed that self-efficacy has the most effect on behavior and this is significant effect (p<0. 001). According to result of this study، knowledge perceived benefits and barriers are most prognostic factors and self- efficacy has most effect. then design and perform of proper educational programs in promoting preventive behavior s is advised for better effect on structures.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in females and the first ranked in Iranian women. Forasmuch as methods of screening are the best among early detection methods and doing of them significantly prevent from its prevalence. The present study aimed to determinate the effect of education on condition of knowledge, attitude and preventive behavior of breast cancer in female teachers at guidance schools in Zahedan. This research is a quasi-experimental study. This study was conducted on 240 female teachers in secondary schools in Zahedan city in 2012 that were selected by multi-stage sampling in two control and intervention groups. The researcher-developed questionnaire was used to collect data including two parts: the first part includes demographic questions and the second part is related to awareness, behavior, and attitude that were used after the confirmation of validity and reliability. The data were collected through the questionnaire before and after training. The intervention was done through lecture, watching videos, group discussion, and question and answer. Two months after intervention, the second evaluation was performed. The data were analyzed through SPSS software and appropriate statistical tests like: Paired t-test, and Chi-square. The findings of this study showed that based on the paired t-test average scores of were as follows: awareness (from 34.55 to 40.27), attitude (from41.31 to 44.18) and behavior (from 11.05 to 12.81) in the intervention group, before and after intervention, there were significant differences (P- value<0.0001). But in control group, before and after intervention there was no significant difference. The results of this study indicated that a regular educational program is effective on promoting attitude and knowledge level and preventive behaviors of breast cancer in teachers. The design and holding different educational programs lead to early diagnosis of breast cancer, enhancing awareness, attitude and action of teachers.

Regarding the importance of the youth in terms of the spread and risk of catching AIDS and since the only tool to control the disease is education، the present study was carried out to investigate the effects of Health education on knowledge attitudes and Behavior of students of high school in Zahedan.

This pre-post quasi-experimental study was done on 280 high school male students in zahedan. Data were collected with a questionnaire before educational intervention، and one month later. The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS software at the significant level of α=0. 05.

The students'' mean knowledge score increased from 11. 80±3. 008 to 16. 32±1. 97 (P<0. 007)، their mean attitude score from 22. 17±3. 02± 27. 57±3. 23 (P<0. 002)، and their mean behavior score from4±1. 14 to 5. 63±1. 33 (P<0. 006) after education. Before intervention،27% of the students had weak knowledge، 40% had average knowledge، and 23% of them had good knowledge، but after intervention these percentages changed to 5. 4% (weak)، 20. 6% (average)، and 74% (good) respectively. Before intervention 20. 2% of the students had weak attitude، 51. 8% average attitude، and only 28% enjoyed good attitude. These percentages changed to 0. 7%، 7. 9%، and 91. 4% after the intervention Before intervention 38. 1% of the students had weak Behavior، 51. 8% average Behavior، and only 10. 1% had good Behavior. These percentages changed to 0. 7%،15. 7%، and 83. 6% after the intention.

Since the effect of education on the promotion of students’ knowledge and attitude، behavior has been approved، implementing health education programs in schools must be taken into consideration as aneducational priority on the part of health and education authorities throughout the country.

Diabetes، as the most common disease caused by metabolic disorders، is an important global challenge. This disease needs a lifelong self-care throughout one''s life، so this study aimed to determine the effect of health belief model based on educational program on reduction of HbA1c levels in type 2 diabetic females. This study is a quasi-experimental. The samples were 138 diabetic female into two case (n=69) and control groups (n=69). Data was collected via a questionnaire whose validity and reliability had been confirmed. The checklist was according to their reports and tests (HbA1c). Before the educational intervention، the checklist was completed by the two case and control groups. Then، the case samples received required educations in 5 sessions for one month. The educational program consisted of lecture، question and answer، group discussion and film screening. After 3 months، both groups completed the questionnaire and the checklist. The collected data was analyzed by SPSS software and appropriate tests. This study results showed that the mean scores of HBM structures in groups، before and after the educational intervention، have a statistically significant difference. Reduction of HbA1c levels in two studied groups was significant (from 9. 63 mg/l before the intervention to 8. 30mg/l at 3 months after training). Health belief model based on educational program reduces the HbA1c in diabetic patients. Therefore، training in the framework of this model should be further considered by nurses and health care centers.

Tuberculosis has been declared as a global emergency by World Health Organization. Unfortunately, average incidence rate of Tuberculosis in Sistan and Balouchestan province, approximately, is 11 times greater than global rate. The aim of this study was to survey the usefulness of Health Belief model required for a positive behavioral change in tuberculosis control in Sistan area in 2009. This quasi-experimental study is as before and after, and carried out on 110 adolescent patients with tuberculosis that were chosen from a Tuberculosis Center. Sampling method was non-probability. Data were collected through a standardized questionnaire which was designed based on Health Belief Model and included some additional information such as demographic variables. At first, with a descriptive study of individual perceptions, behaviors and indicators of TB were investigated, then, confirmation of scientific validity and reliability were used. The questionnaires were evaluated in terms of validity and then used. Participants’ educational needs were provided base on Health Belief Model in primary assessment, curriculums developed based on initial assessment and training was available through face-to-face, workshops, using Medias such as educational films and pamphlets. To determine the effect of educational intervention, post test was done after two months. Data were analyzed with appropriate statistical tests and SPSS software. Results of this study showed that prior to intervention, no significant difference (p>0.05) were found between average scores in case group in terms of acknowledge level, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, self-efficacy and behaviors. Also, after intervention, the average score for all mentioned variables has significantly increased in control group except for perceived barriers (p<0.05).Results showed that, the percentage of described behavioral changes was %8/8 that is the correlation between the constructs of health belief model and behavior of TB patients. Health education based on Health Belief Model in control of tuberculosis, can lead to improvement of knowledge and positive behavior in people. So that the greatest effects were pertain to perceived susceptibility and severity.

Reliability of diagnoses coding is essential for the use of data in national and international levels. The present study compared the reliability of diagnoses coding with 10th version of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) between the two groups of coders.

Two hundred and forty five priorly coded medical records from five public hospitals affiliated to Zahedan University of Medical Sciences were re-coded by hospital coders and researcher in the first half of 2011. Data collection was done through a checklist. Validity of this instrument was confirmed by the experts. Intra-rater reliability (reliability of coder) and inter-rater reliability (reliability of prior codes with researcher codes or current codes of coder with researcher codes) were assessed in different level of diagnoses using Cohen’s Kappa.

In the most cases، inter-rate reliability was almost perfect. Only in level of first three character of principle diagnoses value of Kappa was moderate (K = 0. 52). Furthermore، external reliability in most cases was upper than moderate. Only reliability of codes dedicated by researcher and prior codes on medical records in the fifth character of principle diagnosis was low (K = 0. 18)، the fourth character of the first other diagnosis was moderate (K= 0. 60)، and also in chapter level of the third، the other diagnosis were moderate (K= 0. 54). Furthermore، Kappa value (between coder and researcher) for principle diagnosis in the first three character was moderate (K = 0. 47)، and in the fifth character level was low (K = 0. 18).

Reliability of diagnoses coding was appropriate in level of chapter and the fourth character and was not appropriate in three levels of the first and fourth characters. This could be resulted from error selection of principle diagnosis in multiple-coding and negligence of coder to level of specificity in coding. Thus، implementation of in-service educational programs for coders seems essential.

Refractive surgery is considered as one of the methods of refractive defects’ correction. Cornea refractive surgery techniques can cause correction of refractive defects through making some changes in the corneal’s curvature, thickness and shape factor. Therefore; the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of refractive surgery on corneal base thickness and curvature as well as visual acuity. In this cross sectional study, 38 patients within the age range of 18 to 48 years old, who went to the Zahedan Alzahra Hospital for refractive surgery, were randomly selected. Refreactive defect was determined by retinoscopy method using cycloplegic drug for each patient. In the subsequent referrals of patients, which were a day, week, month, three months and 6 months after the surgery, the visual acuity of each patient was measured again. By collection of data in SPSS 15.5 software, they were analyzed using paired T-test, Pearson correlation and repeated ANOVA statistical tests. A significant difference was observed between the mean of visual acuity at different times after surgery. Likewise, a significant difference was observed between the thickness and refractive power of corneal at five points under study before surgery and 6 months after the surgery. In myopia, myopic astigmatism and hyperopy groups, there was no significant difference between corneal thicknesses at five studied points. However, there was a significant difference between the corneal powers in the given five spots. Mean visual acuity improves after surgery over time and visual acuity with the presurgery correction is higher compared with that of postsurgery.