رامین زارعت گری

From the economic point of view, investment in employment for advanced companies which possess a high level of human capital is significant. To be specific, deviation from the optimal level of investment in employment can deteriorate competitional advantage, efficiency, and future performance of companies. In other words, one of the most important decisions of companies that have important economic consequences in the long run, both for the country and company, is decisions related to the efficiency of investment in labor employment. These decisions primarily rely on the confidential information of management about the skills and efficiency of the employee. Accounting information with high quality can increase the ability of oversight for investors and shareholders. In general, comparability can reduce the expense of paraphrasing accounting information. Accordingly, in this study, the role of one of the key features of accounting information quality (accounting comparability) on the labor investment efficiency in companies was investigated. In the meantime, the moderating role of features including financing constraint, internal and external monitoring is studied.

The research methodology is quantitative research that adopts the scientific method and empirical evidence, based on hypotheses and ex-post research design. This type of research is utilized when criteria data quantitative are used. In this research, data from 91 firms listed on Tehran Stock Exchange from 2010 to 2020 was gathered through the financial statements and Rahavard Novin software. Also, according to the research purpose, financial constraints, external and internal oversight are regarded as moderating variables. Statistical analysis was carry out by multi-variable regression in panel data structure with Eviwes software.Based on the theoretical literature and the conducted studies, research hypotheses were developed as follows:First hypothesis: Accounting comparability has positive and significant effects on the labor investment efficiency.Second hypothesis: Financing constraint reinforce the intensity of the positive effect of accounting comparability on labor investment efficiency.Third hypothesis: In weaker external monitoring, the effect of accounting comparability on the labor investment efficiency is stronger.Fourth hypothesis: In weaker internal monitoring, the effect of accounting comparability on the labor investment efficiency is stronger.Our proxies for labor investment efficiency are constructed based on the method of Pinnuck and Lillis (2007) model. The model takes the following form:Net-Hiringi,t = α + β1Sales_Growthi,t + β2Sales_Growthi,t-1 + β3ROAi,t + β4∆ROAi,t + β5∆ROAi,t-1 + β6Returni,t + β7Sizei,t-1 + β8Quicki,t-1 + β9∆Quicki,t + β10∆Quicki,t-1 + β11Levi,t-1 + i,t-1k + Industry Dummies + εi,t (1)Where Net_Hiring -denoting a firm's net hiring- measures labor investments and is calculated as the percentage change in the number of employees. To estimate expected labor investment, the model includes a series of firm-specific characteristics, including sales growth (Sales_Growth); return on assets (ROA); annual stock return (Return); firm size (Size); quick ratio (Quick); leverage ratio (Lev); loss interval indicators (Loss_Bin); and industry dummies.

The results of the regression analysis of the study showed that accounting comparability has positive effects on the labor investment efficiency. Also, companies with more tangible assets, dividends, institutional investors, and labor intensity tend to have a higher level of efficiency of labor investments. On the contrary, companies with higher quick ratios, cash flow volatility, net hiring volatility, and loss invest in labor employment with lower efficiency. Furthermore, accounting quality shows that companies that have a higher quality of income can reduce inefficiency in labor employment investment. Evidence also shows that when firms have financing constraints, and weak internal and external monitoring a stronger positive relationship between accounting comparability and labor investment efficiency exists.

The evidence obtained from the research results showed that accounting comparability has a positive effect on the labor investment efficiency. It means that comparable accounting information can reduce false decisions to hiring and firing. Thus, shift the labor investment efficiency toward desirable level. Deviation from the optimal level of investment in labor can deteriorate the future performance of a company and it is in contrast with the interest of shareholders. In this regard, standard setters can improve the labor investment efficiency by adopting ways to improve the comparability of companies' information. Also, in situations where internal and external monitoring are not in a good position, the labor investment efficiency can be improved by providing comparable accounting information. Further analysis showed that accounting comparability have positive effect on the labor investment efficiency in companies with financing constraint while this subject is not significant for firms without financing constraint. This subject shows that in situations with financing constraint, accounting information can play an important role and also help the managers of companies.

Considering the role of taxation in the administration of each country, this study was conducted to study the effects of labor investment inefficiency on corporate tax avoidance activities.

The research methodology is a quantitative and ex-post. For doing statistical analysis, the linear regression analysis was used by using the panel data method. Data related to 124 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during the period 2009-2020.

The research results showed that inefficiency of investment in labor has positive effects on tax avoidance and can play an important role in corporate tax decisions. Also, there is a positive (negative) relationship between overinvesting (underinvesting) in labor and tax avoidance. In addition, the evidence showed that when companies have limitation in funding, there is no difference in the intensity of this positive relationship.

Increase in ambiguity, weaker control environment and reduction in expected cash flows due to inefficiency of investment in the workforce provide opportunities and context for the company's management to increase tax avoidance, thus, those involved in the field of taxation should pay special attention to this issue.

 Rendering evidence about the effects of labor inefficiency investment on tax avoidance considering the role of constraints in financing can be introduced as knowledge Enrichment in this study.

The aim of this study was to survey of the mediating role of time management in the relationship between individual characteristic and productivity among women accountants working in Shiraz.
The methodology of this study was descriptive/correlational research and opinion poll that in terms of time, is a cross-sectional study. The population of this research is female accountants in Shiraz. The statistical sample consisted of 384 subjects were selected using Cochran formula. Masihiaei’s Time management questionnaire, Niehoff and Moorman’s organizational justice inventory and NEO five-factor inventory (NEO-PI-R) was used to collect data. Research hypothesis were evaluated using path analysis by SPSS-22 and Smart PLS statistical software.
The results showed that individual characteristic (extrovert and conscientiousness) has not a direct impact on productivity features women accountants, but the impact on productivity through the mediation of time management.
According to the study, individual characteristic and time management can be considered as one of the requirements of productivity of individuals and organizations.