رجب رشیدی

Shift work is one of the harmful factors of work, especially for the staff of health centers. Due to the necessity of the shift system in the operating room staff, this study was conducted in order to investigate the problems caused by shift work in the operating room experts of Khorramabad University of Medical Sciences teaching hospitals in 2020.

The present study was a cross-sectional-analytical study that was performed on operating room experts working in Khorramabad teaching hospitals in 2020. Out of 115 operating room experts working in the mentioned hospitals, 105 of them who met the inclusion criteria were selected by census. The data collection tool in this study was the Survey of shift work (SOS) questionnaire. All statistical tests were performed using SPSS 22 software at a significant level of P <0.05.

The mean age of the subjects was 30.21 5± 5.67 years, of which 82.9% were female and 17.1% were male. Findings showed that there is no significant relationship between gender and different problems caused by shift work. In this study, most of the problems related to shift work were gastrointestinal problems with 78.1%. The results showed that there was a statistically significant relationship between shift age and the incidence of cardiovascular problems (P <0.05). This study also showed that there is a statistically significant difference between shift work and family and social problems P-value <0.05.

The results of this study showed that shift work has the potential to cause physical complications such as gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, mental and circadian rhythm disorders. Therefore, measures should be considered such as selecting people voluntarily in the work shift system and having regular rotation programs to prevent the occurrence of these complications in shift workers.

Musculoskeletal disorders are one of the most important problems in the nursing profession. Considering the importance of the subject and the dangers of this disorder, the purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and the factors affecting it in the nursing profession.

The present study is a cross-sectional-analytical study in which the risk factors and prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in the nursing profession of Khorramabad teaching hospitals in 1398 have been evaluated. A total of 210 nurses were enrolled in the study by stratified sampling. The data collection tool was the Nordic Musculoskeletal Disorders Questionnaire. Mann-Whitney and Chi-square tests were used to analyze the data.

In this study, out of 210 samples, 114 (54.3%) were male and 96 (45.7%) were female. The mean age of nurses was 30.46 ± 7.93 years with a maximum of 55 years and a minimum of 20 years. The mean BMI of nurses was 24.40± 2.3 with a maximum of 34.05 and a minimum of 17.54. The overall prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in at least one member was 206 (98.1%).  There was a significant relationship between gender and musculoskeletal disorders in the neck, shoulders and wrists (p<0.05). But there was no significant relationship between gender and musculoskeletal disorders in the elbow, upper back, lower back, buttocks, buttocks, thighs, knees, ankles (p> 0.05). Also, a significant relationship was observed between BMI and musculoskeletal disorders in the elbow and upper back (p<0.05).

The most musculoskeletal disorders of the nursing staff were in the shoulders, neck, knees, upper back and lower back, ankles, thighs, buttocks, buttocks, wrists, and elbows, respectively. Therefore, regarding the reduction of musculoskeletal disorders in nurses, nursing managers should be aware of the results of this study, by establishing proper communication with nurses and their support and creating a suitable environment for nurses to continue their professional activities in order to reduce physical needs and psychological pressures. And focus on increasing the quality of life.

Needle sticking is one of the problems faced by the staff of health centers, especially nurses. Due to the importance of this issue, the aim of this study was to investigate the frequency and causes of needle head injury among nurses.

This study was a cross-sectional-analytical study and the study population consisted of all nurses working in teaching hospitals in Khorramabad in 1399 of this study.The data collection tool of the questionnaire is two main parts. The first part is about demographic characteristics and the second part includes specialized questions about Needle Stick. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 15 and logistic regression test.

In this study, 380 nurses were randomly selected from all educational hospitals in Khorramabad.out of 380 samples,204 nurses(53.7%) were needled and 176(46.3%) were not needled, 301 (79.2%) were female and 79 (20.8%) were male. They were. Of these,194 (52%) were between 20-30 years old, 142 (38.1%) were between 30-40 years old and 37 (9.9%) were over 40 years old. Statistically, the results showed that there is a significant correlation between shift work and needle sticking (P=0.003), statistically the results showed that there is a significant correlation between work experience and needle sticking (P = 0.027),in terms of The results showed that there was a significant correlation between the workplace and needle sticking (P=0.015). the results showed that there was no significant correlation between gender, age, hospital, education and needle sticking.

Considering that in our country, for various reasons, the use of new injection tools and methods is not common; Therefore,efforts to Changing nurseschr('39') job behavior should be done with more emphasis.

The work process is very important in complex jobs, so that if you forget or do not do it for any reason, it will have unpleasant consequences. The aim of this study was to identify and evaluate the human errors in sensitive jobs from two perspectives of human error identification in a high-voltage post station.

In this descriptive study, TAFEI and SHERPA techniques were employed to identify the operator's error. The necessary information was obtained by directly observing the human activities, interviewing and reviewing the tasks and sub-tasks with HTA method. The exploited techniques were thence compared in terms of error detection and applied field.

The results of matrix table in the job task using TAFEI method showed 29 cases of illegal transfer, so 29 human errors were identified; while totally 25 errors were identified by SHERPA method.

The results of this study show that the TAFEI method performs better in identifying the number of human errors in the task sequence step. On the other hand, the SHERPA method can cover the weaknesses of the TAFEI method and provide the level of risk. Accordingly, it is recommended that the analyst consider the different available HEI techniques and apply the one that he/she considers the most suitable for their need.

Given the increased awareness and knowledge regarding disease transmission, it has been established that specific diseases could be transmitted from contaminated swimming pools, river banks and sea shores via contact or swallowing contaminated water. The present study was conducted to examine the sanitary water indicators of the public swimming pools in Lorestan, Iran, and to compare these indicators with the current standards in Iran during the winter and summer of 2016.

In this descriptive cross-sectional study, water samples were taken from all indoor and active public swimming pools in Lorestan, Iran, consisting of a total of 20 swimming pools, during the winter and summer months. Physical parameters (including pH, temperature, and opacity), chemical parameters (including the remaining free chlorine), and microbial parameters (including total coliforms, fecal coliforms, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, streptococcus aureus, fecal streptococci, and heterotroph bacteria) were examined. Sampling was performed every two weeks for six months. 120 samples in each season and 240 samples on the whole were collected following the standard sampling principles of microbiological quality control.

Our investigations indicated that the amount of remaining free chlorine was at a favorable level in 59.58% of the studied samples, pH was favorable at 67.07% of the samples, opacity was at a good level in 61.66% of the samples, and temperature was at an acceptable level in 77.08% of the samples. In none of the swimming pools, fecal streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus exceeded the standard levels. The total coliforms, fecal coliforms, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, fecal streptococci, and heterotroph bacteria were at a favorable condition in 62.91%, 73.75%, 66.25%, 91.66%, 97.49%, and 82.08% of the cases, respectively. Statistical analysis of the data showed that there was an inverse and significant relationship between bacterial populations and the remaining free chlorine levels. Moreover, there was a direct and significant relationship between bacterial populations and water opacity (p < 0.005).

According to the results, the parameters of chlorine levels, opacity, and total coliforms had the lowest correspondence with the standards, which suggests that the levels of remaining free chlorine should be continuously monitored and the pH of the water in the swimming pools should be constantly adjusted.

Heat stress is a physiological reaction against environmental high temperatures. This study aimed to investigate the levels of heat stress in industrial and traditional bakeries of Khorramabad, Iran, using the WBGT index. This was a descriptive/analytical/cross-sectional study. Khorramabad has 267 bakeries, 202 of which are industrial bakeries and 65 are traditional bakeries. 88 bakeries were selected using the simple random sampling method. Using the WBGT device, dry, wet, and globe temperatures and humidity were measured. Next, heat stress was measured using the WBGT index from July 22 to August 21 and in the hours (11:30-13) in the workplace of the workers. The results showed that traditional bakeries showed higher levels of heat stress than industrial bakeries. The mean WBGT index was 6.69 ± 44.49 ˚C in traditional bakeries and 1.52 ± 43.38 ˚C in industrial bakeries. The mean WBGT index value shows greater deviation from the permitted levels in traditional bakeries than in industrial bakeries. The analysis of the results using independent t-tests indicated that there were significant differences in terms of environmental wet temperatures, globe temperatures, humidity, and WBGT between industrial and traditional bakeries (p < 0.05). In this study, heat stress levels were higher than standard which is indicative of the worrying condition of heat stress in the bakeries of Khorramabad. Therefore, it is essential to make plans to control heat stress in the bakeries of Khorramabad.

Based on recently conducted research, the reason for more than half of the absences from the work environment and one-third of the work-related compensation claims is attributable to musculoskeletal disorders. This study aimed to evaluate musculoskeletal disorders and assess the risk of these disorders among the welders of Khorramabad, Iran.
This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 170 welders employed in Khorramabad, Iran. The welders were selected using the census sampling method. The prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders was evaluated using a Nordic questionnaire. To assess the risk of musculoskeletal disorders, the QEC method was used. Data analysis was done using the indices of central tendency and t-test.
The results showed that the prevalence of the musculoskeletal disorders is highest in the back (70%), the knees (54.1%), the trunk (50%). The QEC assessment results showed that, in 83.8% of the cases, the risk of developing such diseases is high and very high.
This study showed that the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among the studied welders is high. Additionally, the risk of developing these disorders is also high. Based on these results, among the causes of musculoskeletal disorders among welders, uncomfortable working posture, manual lifting and carrying of loads, and the bending and twisting of the spine and back can be mentioned. In addition to these results, this study showed that the QEC method can offer reliable results.

The dispersion of particulate matter has been known as the most serious environmental pollutant from the cement plants. In this study, the dispersion of dust (PM10) from the stack of Doroud Cement plant was investigated using Gaussian plume model in different atmospheric conditions.
In this study, westech instrument was used to measure PM10 level by gravimetric method based on ISO-9096 standard. The Gaussian plume model was used for predict PM10 concentrations in certain intervals. The results were compared with 24 hour EPA standard for PM10. The effect of meteorological parameters including temperature, wind speed and relative humidity on the PM10 dispersion were assessed.
The results showed that the maximum and minimum predicted concentrations in ambient air were obtained at the distance of 1800 and 500 meter from the source with concentrations of 118.12 and 53.13 µg/m³, respectively. The increment of wind speed and increasing of air stability had an important role in rising of dust in atmosphere surrounding of cement plant.
The comparison of results with EPA standard showed that PM10 concentrations were not higher than standard during sampling period. The further field investigations to measure PM10 in upwind and downwind of cement plant and compare with the results of modeling are essential.

Musculoskeletal disorders are the main cause of loss of work time, increases in costs, and human injuries. Therefore, the investigation of the prevalence of these disorders among administrative employees needs to receive attention, given the long hours they work with computers and the way they sit at their desks.
This cross-sectional study was conducted on the administrative employees of the Lorestan University of Medical Sciences working in Khorramabad, Iran. In addition to collecting the personal characteristics and demographic data of the participants, questions were asked about the meantime of using computers during the day, and the standard Nordic questionnaire was used to assess the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among the employees. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics were used to calculate the mean and standard deviation of each of the study variables. To analyze the relationships among the variables, the chi-squared test was used. All analyses were conducted using SPSS version 21.
The results of the study showed that the parts of the body most affected by the symptoms of musculoskeletal disorders were the upper back (60%), neck (59.4%), shoulders (50%), knees (49.4%), low back (47.1%), and wrist (42.4%) in order of prevalence. There were significant relationships between work experience with the prevalence of the symptoms in the shoulders, knees, thighs, ankles, and neck in the studied participants (p Based on the results of the present study, musculoskeletal disorders are very frequently observed among administrative employees. In this regard, the implementation of ergonomic interventional programs in the work environment seems crucial. Some of the components of such a program can include training the users of computers regarding the ergonomic principles of working with computers, designing better workstations, and work shifts.

Dourod Cement Plant is recognized as one of the pollution sources in Lorestan, Iran. In this plant, due to liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) pressure drop during the winter, mazut fuel is used as kiln fuel. The aims of this study were determination of emission rate (g/s) of carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) and the simulation of CO dispersion in different atmospheric conditions in downwind direction of the plant using SCREEN3.
This was a descriptive-analytical study. The concentrations of CO and CO2 gases were measured using Testo XL350, and then, converted to mass emission rate and compared with the emission standards for electro filter and rotary kiln. The mass emission rate of CO from three stacks in different classes was simulated by SCREEN3 model in the winter.
Findings: The results of this study showed that the emission rate of CO2 was higher than the suggested standards. The maximum concentration of CO in all atmospheric conditions was observed at the distance of 4924 m, equal to 778.81 µg/m3 downwind from the source (Northeast).
The maximum concentration of CO was predicted at a distance of 4924 m from the stack, so this point was selected as the most sensitive point in the surrounding of the cement plant in terms of CO emissions. To control CO2 emission, continuous monitoring, process improvement, and flue gas purification systems are required.

Given the large amount of gaseous and aerosol pollutants produced by the printing press industry, the indoor and outdoor air quality of such centers in Khorramabad, Iran was assessed.
Methods and Materials: In a descriptive study, five gaseous pollutants from among criteria air pollutants (CO, NO, NO2, SO2, O3) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured. Overall, 360 samples were taken from the indoor and outdoor air of printing press centers during the two seasons of summer and winter. In addition to the direct reading sampling method, environmental sampling was also conducted. In the direct reading method, the environmental analyzer device was used to measure criteria gaseous pollutants and the phocheck5000 device was used to measure the VOCs. In the sampling by environmental pumps, SKC activated carbon absorbent tubes were used randomly/continuously during the work hours and periodically for all centers. The samples were prepared using a carbon disulfide solution and were analyzed using a gas chromatograph device. Statistical t-tests were used to analyze the results.
The results of the study demonstrated that, the concentrations of the all of the criteria pollutants except for the CO gas and, among the VOCs, the concentrations of benzene and toluene in the air of the printing press centers was higher than the standards set by the EPA for indoor areas. Further, there was a significant difference between the concentrations of benzene and toluene during the summer and winder seasons (p Although printing press centers cannot be considered as serious hotspots for the emission of pollutants into public places in urban areas, the pollutants produced in these centers, especially O3 can jeopardize the health of the employees of these centers.

The presence of fungal bioaerosols in hospitals indoor environments have affected the health of patients with the defect in immunity system. Therefore, determination of the rate and species of these agents is essential. This study aimed to investigate association between fungi contamination and particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5 and PM1) concentrations in the main indoor wards and outdoor environment and to determine I/O ratio in two educational-medical hospitals of Khorramabad City.
In this description-analytical study, the concentration of fungal bioaerosols and particulate matter was measured in 10 indoor parts and 2 outdoor stations over 6 mounts. The sampling was conducted using Quick Take-30 at an airflow rate of 28.3 L/min and sampling period of 2.5 min onto Sabouraud dextrose agar medium containing chloramphenicol. The particulate matters were measured using Monitor Dust-Trak 8520. Moreover, the relative humidity and temperature were recorded using digital TES-1360.
Analysis of 288 fungi samples and 864 particulate matter samples showed that the average of fungi accumulation was 59.75 CFU/m3 and the mean concentrations of PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 in the indoor environment was 27.3, 23, and 20.2 µg/m3 respectively. In addition, in ambient air the mean concentration was 135.3 CFU/m3 for fungal bioaerosols and 40.2, 35.7, and 29.8 µg/m3 for PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 respectively. At the total of fungi samples, 12.5% were negative and 87.5% were positive. Having 101.7%, Infection ward was the most contaminated ward. The operation ward in both hospitals showed the minimum fungal contamination.
The results of the present study showed that at all of the samplings the ratio of I/O was lower than one. It was noticed the dominancy of fungal bioaerosols and particulate matter of outdoor source on the indoor environment. In addition, a significant correlation (P

With regard to application of the oil fuel at winter in Dorud cement plant, the aim of this study was to investigaten NOX, SO2 and particulate matter (PM) dispersion from cement plant stack at downwind direction and atmospheric different conditions and thermal inversion in winter season up to distance 5000 m from emission source and its comparison with clean air and NAAQS standard. In this study, the sampling gases exited from cement plant stack were carried out using Testo XL350 and particulates measurement done by Westech device. SCREEN3 software model was used to evaluate air quality and dispersion NOX, SO2 and PM. Data interred into the model includin emission rate, physical factor related with stack, height, length and width building, mixing height, meteorological stability and wind speed. This model incorporates sources related factors, meteorological factors and emission rates to estimate pollutant concentration from continuous sources. The class stability and wind speed were at a hight of 10 meter. The results showed that the maximum concentration predicted NOX, SO2 and PM by SCREEN3 in neutral condition (D) and wind speed 6 m/s was at 1084 m away from stack with concentration of 265.48µg/m3, 168.39µg/m3 and, 56.56µg/m3 for NOX, SO2 and PM respectively. Also, at stability condition (F) with wind speed 4 m/s the maximum concentration predicted in 2647 m away of stack with amount of 195.71µg/m3, 308.54µg/m3 and 65.37µg/m3 respectively. In order to reach the clean air standard, continuous monitoring and development methods are necessary for control gases and particulates exited from stack.

The first step in controlling pollutants is to measure and analyze them, because comparing them with standards and practically controlling them will not become possible without full awareness of the qualities and quantities of pollutants. The present study was conducted to assess and determine the amount of volatile organic compounds in the air in Khorramabad, Iran. Methods and Materials: The present research is a descriptive study. On the whole, a total of 144 samples were randomly taken from the air in Khorramabad during one year. Sampling was done through an environmental sampling pump and activated carbon absorbent tubes. The sampling method the continuous random 24-hour type. The preparation of the samples and the extraction of the pollutants were carried out by solvent carbon disulfide. The samples were analyzed using Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) device equipped with capillary columns. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 17 and t-tests. The results of the present study showed that the total concentration of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the air of Khorramabad was 1140.9 µg/m3, which was about 7 times greater than the maximum acceptable amount set by USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). Additionally, the findings of the present research indicate that, totally the mean concentration of all volatile organic compounds in different areas of the city of Khorramabad was higher than the permissible level set by EPA for breathable air. The comparison of the mean concentration of VOCs in the air in Khorramabad in the warm and cold seasons using the t-test indicated that there is a significant relationship between the concentrations of benzene and toluene and the season of the year (p < 0.05). But for the other identified hydrocarbons no significant relationship was found despite the fact that they have higher concentrations during the warm season. Regarding the results of this study which indicated that the concentration of the VOCs in the air of Khorramabad is seven times greater than the amount set by international standards, it can be concluded that taking action to prevent the contamination of the air in Khorramabad is absolutely essential and calls for the design of an appropriate management system, proper planning, a continual monitoring system, and enhancement of the level of awareness of the people.

Background and Indoor air pollution in developing countries is considered as one of the main problems in healthcare. This study aimed at investigating the levels of indoor/outdoor air pollutants in Khorramabad during autumn and winter 2012. In a cross-sectional study, nine gas concentrations and particulate pollutants were measured using air pollution measuring instruments including TSI، BABUC/A، and PHOCHECK 5000. Results were calculated using SPSS software and were expressed as mean and standard deviation. According to limit values recommended by National Ambient Air Quality Standards for indoor pollutants, levels of CO were found within this limit, while NO2 were observed at higher concentrations recommended by the guideline. Outdoor pollutants except NO2 met the standard levels. Outdoor concentrations of NO2 and SO2 were higher than their indoor concentrations. The levels of indoor O3, VOCs and PM concentrations (depending on house features) were slightly higher than those of the outdoor levels. Indoor air is associated with outside air through ventilation. Sometimes, breaking down, absorbing and sedimentation of influencing pollutants will improve the air quality indices. However, activities such as smoking and using chemicals, heating without proper ventilation, cooking, improper cleaning of house, and lack of ventilation could worsen the indoor air quality.

Health is an important dimension in analyzing multidimensional child poverty. High life expenditure imposed on families has lead to the household’s health poverty. Considering the importance of childhood and measuring health poverty indices to inform planners and towards distributive effects of policy strategies، as well as، family welfare، this paper tends to measure and analyse the trends of health poverty of Iranian “households with child” from 1984-2012. In this trend study، statistical data on household budgets were considered to measure health poverty in households with child (using FGt index). The results were analyzed using STATA and Excel Software. The results showed that the poverty rate was the highest in terms of all age group’s health in 1999. While، the health poverty rate among families with children in the age group of 11-15-year-old showed an upward trend in recent periods (the end of the fourth development goal and beginning of fifth Program)، it was associated with fluctuations in other age groups. Overall، health poverty rate was high in all age groups although it showed high fluctuations. The high fluctuations of the health poverty index during the development plans indicate that stable and consistent policy has not been developed to reduce households facing catastrophic health expenditure. At the end of this research، some recommendations have been offered to reduce the amount of household’s health poverty.

The widespread use of toluene and its consequent adverse effects on health and specially its chronic effects on the central nervous system has resulted in many studies being carried out on the methods that can control and reduce toluene vapors in the airflow. The objective of this study is to assess the effectiveness of the catalytic ozonation process in the removal of toluene from the airflow. The present study is of the experimental type and was carried out on a laboratory scale. The experimental equipment consisted of an air pump, an injection pump, an ozone generator, a humidity generating system, a mixing chamber, a rotameter, and a glass reactor with a length of 25 cm and an internal diameter of 2 cm. Varying concentrations of toluene were constantly exposed to the process of catalytic ozonation to the activated carbon and activated carbon covered in magnesium nitrate while inducing changes in variables such as reaction time, ozone dosage, and level of humidity. Different concentrations of toluene were measured before and after exposure to the treatment process. The data were analyzed using the SPSS Win 16 and such statistical techniques and methods as descriptive and inferential statistics and three-way ANOVA were utilized. The findings indicated that the toluene removal rates were much higher in the catalytic ozonation process when activated carbon covered in magnesium nitrate was used than when pure activated carbon was used. This issue can be deduced from the fact that the time necessary for toluene to appear at the exit point of the reactor when using activated carbon is 50 hours, while this time in case of use of activated carbon covered in magnesium nitrate is 115 hours. The findings also showed that the three variables of reaction time, ozone dosage, and relative humidity had a positive effect on the process, so that increasing the amounts of these three variables led to an enhancement of the removal system. Given the considerable enhancement of the toluene removal rates as a result of concomitant use of activated carbon and magnesium nitrate in the catalytic ozonation process, it can be concluded that activated carbon covered in magnesium nitrate is an appropriate method in the removal of VOCs from the airflow.

UV/O3 is among the advanced oxidation processes and is used to break down volatile organic compounds. This study was designed to examine the efficiency of the UV/O3 process in the removal of benzene from the airflow and to study the effects of such factors as relative humidity، ozone dosage، and exposure time on the efficiency of this method Methods and Materials: The present study is of the experimental type and was performed on a laboratory scale. The laboratory equipment consisted of an air pump، an injection pump، mixing chamber، rotameter، an ozone generator، a 15-Watt UV-C lamp، and a humidity generating system (consisting of an impinger and a heater). 80 ppm of benzene was exposed to the combined UV/O3 process under varying conditions of different humidity levels، different ozone dosages، and different exposure times. The different concentrations of benzene before and after exposure to the afore-mentioned process were measured and compared. The data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics and three-way ANOVA

The findings showed that all three factors of relative humidity، ozone dosage، and exposure time affected the efficiency of the UV/O3 process. Increasing the relative humidity enhanced the efficiency of the system in removing benzene up to %60. Additionally، increasing ozone dosage and exposure time led to augmentation of the benzene removal in the UV/O3 process

Given the ease of use and possibility of performing the reaction under the normal conditions of the environment، the UV/O3 method can be used as an effective method in removing benzene from the airflow. Altering variables such as relative humidity، ozone dosage، and exposure time can enhance the efficiency of the system

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are among the main air pollutants which have destructive effects on the environment and human health. Considering the carcinogenic effects of some of these compounds including benzene، how to control and limit them is considered an important issue in environmental research. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of the combined ultraviolet (UV) /O3 method in the removal of benzene from the airflow.

The present experimental study was conducted using laboratory methods. The laboratory equipment consisted of air pumps، injection pumps، mixing chamber، rotameter، ozone generator، and a steel reactor with 45 cm length and a usable volume of 1. 35 liters in which a 15-watt UV-C diode with a wave length of 254 nm had been placed. Then، the different concentrations of benzene were continuously exposed to UV-C rays، different ozone doses، and simultaneous UV/O3 with varying reaction times (and considering the speed of the input airflow into the reactor). The concentration levels of benzene before and after the exposures were compared with each other and with the above-mentioned variables. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics and by three-way ANOVA.

Concentrations of benzene vapored with different values of 10، 20، 30، 50، and 80 ppm passed through the reactor and was exposed to UV-C rays، different ozone doses، and simultaneous UV/O3 in sequence. The findings demonstrated that UV alone can remove benzene from the airflow up to 2%. Ozone can remove 14% of benzene from the airflow، while the concurrent application of UV/O3 can reduce the benzene in the airflow by 24%. The three way ANOVA test showed that there was a significant relationship between the variables of ozone dose، UV rays، and UV/O3 in the one hand، and benzene removal rate from the airflow، on the other hand (P < 0. 002).

Given the small effect of UV alone in separating benzene from the airflow، it can be concluded that advanced osidation process (AOP) reactions which produce active radicals can be used in the filtration of benzene. The findings indicated that the removal rate of benzene during the simultaneous use of UV/O3 is much more considerable than during the use of either of them alone. Additionally، the analysis of variance test demonstrated that the simultaneous use of UV/O3 has a positive cumulative effect.

Benzene is one of the most widely used volatile organic compounds showing severely adverse effects on human health. Removing benzene from the airflow or controlling its amounts، is one of the issues put to discussion in the field of environmental engineering. The objective of this study was to examine the efficacy of the Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) radiations on removing benzene from the airflow under conditions of varying humidity and reaction time in the UV/O3 process.

This was an experimental study which was performed on a laboratory scale. The testing and measurement system included an air pump، an injection pump، a mixing chamber، a rotameter، an ozone generator، a heater، an impinger، and a steel reactor with 45 cm long، and with a net volume of 1. 35 L in which a 15-watt UV-C lamp with a wavelength of 254 nm was placed. Different concentrations of benzene were continuously exposed to the UV/O3 process under varying conditions of reaction time and humidity. The concentrations of benzene before and after exposure to the treatment process were measured taking aforementioned factors into account. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics and three-way ANOVA test.

The results demonstrated that increasing the humidity levels up to 60% led to an increase in the efficacy of UV-C in the removal of benzene، while this efficacy decreased at humidity levels above 60%. Additionally، the findings indicated that increasing the reaction time can lead to the highest benzene removal rates in the presence of humidity (13. 2%، P < 0. 001).

Given the improvement in the efficacy of benzene removal as a result of the simultaneous use of UV and humidity، and the effects of increased reaction times in a process involving the simultaneous use of the UV rays and relative humidity، it can be concluded that the use of UV-C rays in an airflow containing humidity levels of 50% to 60% can have a positive potentiating effect on the efficacy.

Community based participatory research in population research center is an important plan of undersecretary for research and technology of ministry of health and medical education in Iran. Need assessment by participation of khoramabad population is the important aim of this project. Focus group discussion (FGD) was the method in this project. sixty nine sessions were organized and various groups of khoramabad citizens were participated in these sessions. view points of participants were collected with taking notes by facilitators. Finally the three bassis as mentioned problems and difficulties in each session were divided into, socio-economic health and proplems, etc and using spss software were an analysied. During the sessions 15 socio- economic problems were propounde. The first of which with the most perecentage (49.6%) was having gravel roads instead of tarmac. The second problem (40%) was the lack of recreation grounds. Then addiction (35.7%) and 35.6% complained about hooligans. Also 7 health problems were propound, the most of these problems were environmental health problems (33.3%), lack of geneal health in one of educatinal hospitals (18.3%), Insufficient number of bins in the streets (17%), and crowded and noisy streets (13.5%).Socio-economic and health problems are the most complains of people in Khoramabad and should be attended by city's recponsibels. Focus group discussion can be used for need assessment as an effective method in community based participatory researches. Also participation of people in executive interventions must be considered.

Urinary tract infection is a common bacterial infection in childhood. Approximately 3-5% of girls and 1% of boys acquire a urinary tract infection (UTI). The management of UTI is complicated by the increasing prevalence of antibiotic- resistant strains and over the - counter antibiotics empiric therapy with antibiotics such as ampicillin, amoxicillin and cotrimoxazole world cost more and lead to widespread antibiotic resistance. In this study we aimed at assessment of prevalence of antibiotic resistance in 127 patients with positive urine culture based on antibiogram results. This cross- sectional study was performed in Khorramabad Madani hospital during 2001-2002. 62/2% of the patients were female and 37.8% were male. Culture results were: Ecoli (73.3%), proteus (12.6%), klebsiela(9/4%), Entrobacter(3.1%), Citerobacter (0.8%), Yersinia (0.8%). Overall antibiotic resistance was 96.9% and resistance to antibiotics, were: Ampicillin(88.2%), Amoxicillin (86.6%), Cotrimoxazole (75.6%), Nitrofurantoin (18.9%), Nalidixic acid (10.2%), Cefixim (4.7%), Ceftriaxon (3.1%) Gentamicin (11.8%), Amikacin (3.1%). Results showed that antibiotic resistance for over- the counter antibiotics was significant.