رسول فتحی مظفری

This article examines the views of two poets, Abū al-ʿAlāʾ al-Maʿarrī and Khāqāni Shervani, towards women. Abū al-ʿAlā was a blind poet known for his pessimism, which led to his anger towards material life and its people, particularly women. In contrast, Khāqāni, a Persian poet recognized for the complexity of his lyrics and hidden meanings, is also noted for his pessimism; some researchers consider him one of the most pessimistic Persian poets regarding women. The issue of women occupies a central place in the poetry of both poets. Despite their negative views, they attribute significant positive roles to women, especially as mothers, elevating them from a state of inferiority to one filled with passion, love, and sublime spiritual feelings. This article aims to reveal the portrayal of women in the poetry of Al-Maʿarrī and Khaqani. This distinctive topic is central to their work and has been explored through a descriptive-analytical approach. The article follows the American School of Comparative Literature, seeking to identify similarities and differences in how both poets view women as mothers, daughters, wives, and lovers. It highlights the private and public motivations that have shaped their often hostile perspectives towards women. The conclusion suggests that both poets do not harbor hostility towards mothers; rather, they see them as sanctuaries providing comfort. However, regarding daughters, both express relief at their burial or death, albeit for different reasons. Overall, the lyrical themes in both poets' works are somewhat limited by their reliance on traditional meanings. The poetic landscape during their time did not allow for new interpretations; however, Khāqāni appears to have drawn more from lyrical meanings compared to Al-Maʿarrī.

One of the most important principles in the fields of semantics and translation technology is the recognition of the type of applied vocabulary in one language. If we count the source language words as the smallest translation unit, meanwhile, we will be faced with two types of general meanings: referential meaning and context meaning. The referential meaning is the first guide of translator to achieve equality in translation. In this article we have tried to, while explaining the importance of recognizing the meaning of referral in achieving accurate translation in religious texts, using descriptive-analytical method, criticize and analyze the performance of five Persian translations of sermons of Nahj al-Balagha Includes translations of Mr. Jafari, Dashti, Shahidi, Faqihi and Feyzul Islam in the translation of referential meanings of one hundred and twelve words. The result of research indicates that although the knowledge of referential meaning of words is easier than context meaning, but the translation of a work into another language is facing challenges. Some of these challenges include the lack of knowledge of structure of word and confusion in terms of form and meaning of the source language words with other words. The existence of such issues have causedto the translation of Nahj al-Balaghabe awayfrom theequality in translation.

Learning Arabic syntax in Iranian universities is an important lessson in teaching Arabic language,and has many challenges,obstacles. Of course,these barriers are not limited to Iranian students,Arabs are also faced with these challenges in learning Arabic syntax. This research uses a descriptive-analytical method to study the traditional,modern methods of teaching Arabic syntax,the problems,obstacles facing undergraduate students in Arabic language,literature in order to find solutions to these challenges,barriers,the three main components of the teaching,learning process,including a professor,student,subject matter,have been studied. The results of the research showed that only one method cannot be emphasized,ignored other methods,in order to do so,taking all educational practices into account,they should eliminate the inefficient methods of teaching syntax,pave the ground for students to participate in the classroom and,based on examples of students' daily life,professors should introduce a book to students that presented a methodology,avoid the syntactic rules of use,the differences between the synagogues of Basra,Kufa.

One of the best ways of understanding reflection of the society in the literature is the comparison of the effects of a social content in different communities. This paper, using this method, studies the reflection of the society of author in "Thaïs", "Confabulation of Mullah Ghorbanali" and "Sacred lien". Thaïs by Anatole France, romance novel that theme is “a beautiful woman monk”, accords drew to many scholars and critics. Mohammad-Ali Jamalzadeh also takes effect of Anatole France and wrote the short story with the same theme Confabulation of Mullah Ghorbanali. After he, Tofigh Al-Hakim, an Egyptian writer, attempting to recreate Thaïs in Arabic novel and he created the novel, Sacred lien.
The present study poses, in the first time, the influences of the story French to two stories Persian and Arabic. Then, the Common themes shared between the stories, from the perspective of the sociology of literature, relying on the theory of Lukács will be studied; the themes that the most are “Religious man’’ and “woman’’. And finally, the process of socialization of literature and the highlight role of society of author in all three stories will be showed in the subtle differences.

Given translation and receiving meaning from a text as a systematic course, understanding and analyzing the meaning of its words would be known as the first stage in the field. In the stage, the changes occurred in words` structure would signify language dynamic state and, at the same time, its applicability appropriately. Current structure changes of the words of a language would produce various meanings leading to development of language and countless challenges of it in expressing one`s thought and ideas. Such being the case, a knowledge of impacts of the changes in its meaning domain and, consequently, perceiving exact meaning of the text would be taken as necessary in translation. In the paper, it has been intended to analyze some structural components of the words in the sermons of Nahj ul-Balaghah and to study the semantic changes of the components. As analysis of five translations of Nahj ul-Balaghah show, in some cases, the translators` lack of attention to the changes has led to incorrect translations.

One of the most important principles in the fields of semantics and translation technology is the recognition of the type of applied vocabulary in one language. If we count the source language words as the smallest translation unit, meanwhile, we will be faced with two types of general meanings: referential meaning and context meaning. The referential meaning is the first guide of translator to achieve equality in translation. In this article we have tried to, while explaining the importance of recognizing the meaning of referral in achieving accurate translation in religious texts, using descriptive-analytical method, criticize and analyze the performance of five Persian translations of sermons of Nahj al-Balagha Includes translations of Mr. Jafari, Dashti, Shahidi, Faqihi and Feyzul Islam in the translation of referential meanings of one hundred and twelve words. The result of research indicates that although the knowledge of referential meaning of words is easier than context meaning, but the translation of a work into another language is facing challenges. Some of these challenges include the lack of knowledge of structure of word and confusion in terms of form and meaning of the source language words with other words. The existence of such issues have causedto the translation of Nahj al-Balaghabe awayfrom theequality in translation.

One of the new ways of understanding the meaning of words in semantics is the analysis of semantic components vocabulary. In this way, semantics analyze the components and individuals among meaning of a word to understand the exact nature and also semantic differences between synonyms and by explaining the differences between the different semantic components, in addition to achieving precise meaning, the elegance and conceptual differences between the synonyms also are discovered. Current studies translation seeks to apply new theories semantics in the field of translation to assist the translators and translation scholars to achieving equality in translation. In this article we have tried to introduce this method as a new approach in the field of semantics to refer Issues such as the relationship between this subject to the concept of marked word. Then we examined the translation of word with application this theory in the field of translation based descriptive analytical method. In this context, with a choice of five Persian translations of Nahj- al- balaghah sermons, We have analyzed the performance of translators in translation practices marked words have discussed presenting the components of the meaning of such words. The outcome of this study suggests that inadequate attention to components vocabulary, well not convey the author's style and ideology and will also be a platform for inaccurate translations.

Irony in literature containing a combination of cash and spelling, sarcasm and humor used by the writer to express issues which call for criticism in the communities in a language full of laughter and wry humor. This art of literature is a magic mirror reflects the realities of women in society are fresh attract the hearts of the target audience, and will make him to laugh first and urging them to contemplation and reflection and consideration II. If you have analyzed sermons of Nahj­­-albalagha seen the mocking style admirer brought to the attention of the reader o testified that date political life of Imam Ali (AS) was full of political events touched upon Imam Ali (AS) within his sermons briefly exciting. This study talks about the irony and methods in The Prime hundred sermons of Nahj-albalagha aim to disclose the most important advantages and methods by descriptive analytical method. The results of this study show that Imam Ali from three types of science of rhetoric is used in the most beautiful sentences containing irony to portray the reality of society and invite the audience to think. The overall style of the sermons is simple and clear and away from the unfamiliar words and do not used disrespectful words and vulgar. These methods of irony play a prominent role in persuading the addressee and urged him to undergo right and dams for falsehood.

Nahjul Balagha consisting of Sermons, letters and Wisdom That Has a special place in meaning, concept, words, letters, sentences and style. So that the rhetorical aspect of this book considered one miracle sign of the precious words of Imam Ali. This study aims to explore and expression the aesthetic of Imam Ali's speech style. So we chose this book to analyze and examine the One of the longest sermon that is “Ghasea” In terms of stylistics that is based on a five layer (phonology, syntax, vocabulary, rhetorical and intellectual). In the Phonetic level, some innovative advantages such as rhyme, pun and harmonious Features have were repeated many that had a significant role in creating music. Also Imam Ali is used Techniques such as (musical letters, musical thought) to create music. In The syntactic layer (combined), Imam by using the method of Interrogative and predicative, including short Sentence and virtual and various elements such as Presented and delay, restriction and Emphasis on predicative Sentences, Expressed the meaning and concept this sermon. At the lexical level, the use of compound words (additional, attribute) is one of the Factors shaping the style in this sermon that are expressed by using the Precise choice of meanings vocabulary.

One of the most important branches of psychology which is considered today as the fourth wave is positive psychology. This particular field of positive psychology is focused on the positive study of subjective experiences, such as joy, happiness and hope, resiliency, optimism, and psychological well-being also. In this regard, many different theories have been proposed in the field of psychological well-being. In the meantime, the ryff’s theory of Psychological well-being is considered the most important of these ideas. This theory is based on six components which include: Autonomy, Personal growth, Environmental mastery, Purpose in life, Positive, relation with others, Self- acceptance. Due to the deep relationship between religion and mental health, in this article by using the analytical - descriptive method, we have tried to analyze the Six Components in the Imam Ali’s words. The outcome of this article suggests that Imam Ali's Attitude (AS) to the psychological problems, especially mental health, is strictly in accordance with recognized standards in this field. And satisfaction and peace in life and their causes as the important objective of the psychological well-being, is Imam Ali's attention.

In the field of textual analysis and detailed understanding, we can benefit numerous mechanisms, In the meantime, attention to the mutual semantic opposition, has a special place. In the collocation of the word that one of the issues is invaluable semantics, Semantic opposition with their Types can lead translators and analysts to the exact meaning of the words of text. This means that a translator with knowledge of the mutual semantic opposition between words of coincide sentences, can lay behind the many challenges to achieve the accurate translation. According to the Nahj al-Balagha full of valuable semantic opposition, in this article we Following the Performance of Persian translations in translate of semantic opposition of sermons of Nahj al-Balagha And the extent to contexture have consider. In this regard, the types of collocation of the word and semantic oppositions have mentioned. And continue, some of the phrases that contain such opposition are offered and then to explain and evaluate the performance of five Persian translation of Nahj al-Balagha sermons on the correct translation of the semantic opposition. The results of this study suggest that in many cases, translators with a lack of attention to the symmetric sentences with each other, have been far from such the Strict sense of phrases while considering the context, we can overcome this problem.

Examining the procedures of applying the words of the Qur’ān can give us a better understanding of these words and the way they are applied in the Qur’ān. Many words in the Qur’ān contain the concept of sin and in this article we try to examine some of these words from two qualitative and quantitative perspectives. Hereby, we will address such issues as the frequency of each word, the semantic relation of the words to one another, the words being juxtaposed with these words, the structure of the words, and the functional concept of each word and will explain the exclusive features of each word that are considered as among the style-generating components.

One of the most important issues in the process of translation is achieving balance and equality in translation which this will be done through the study of various aspects of the source languageand one of the most important fields of research in translational balance is lexical equality. However, it is not fully accessible between the source and target language due to various linguistic possibilities.But the translator must try as far as possible to provide precise lexical equivalents. One of the ways to achieve the equality of words in the process of translation is paying attention to different layers of meanings of the words and phenomena such as the comprehensive of meaning and Polysemy and context of the word and position of words.Therefore, we can get the correct translation of wordsin addition to recognizing the semantic field of wordswith term equal division into five parts.These five types are:one to one equality, one to several equality, several to one equality, one to component equality and one to zero equality. In this study, we want to study comparatively five Persian translation of the sermon of Nahj ul-balagha including translations of Dashti, Shahidi, Feiz ul-Islam and Jafari and we measure the success of mentioned translators in realization of lexical equality.The result of research shows that some translators couldnt provide an accurate translation due to lack of awareness of the different layers of words meaningand lack sufficient knowledge of some semantic components such as the phenomenon of polysemy and absolute and relative meaning of the words.

One of the current challenges of translation is translating of ironic statements from the source language to the target language. In the field oflanguage skills، it is clearto all unique roles of literary arrays especially the imaginative images such as simile، metaphor،metonym and their importancein more influencing on the addressee. However، thetranslation ofphrasesthat have connotations requiresspecialattention. Nowadays translator requires complete mastery of both origin and destination language in the translationformeeting the challengesahead. The sermons of the Nahjul Balaghah are a perfect example of the best literaryinterpretations and artistic imagery that in this article، Wehaveanalyzed five famous Persian translation of Nahjul Balaghah including Dashti، Ayati، Makarem Shirazi، Shahidi and Feyzoleslam translations. In this article، after a brief introduction to the concepts of metonym and translation theories or approaches، we will mention various methods of translation ofironicstatements and compare them together. Then we will study translationinnuendo“the world’’comparatively based onthe abovetranslations. The results show that we can not chooseatranslationto the others absolutely، but we can found partly the reason for the translation of ironic expressions in some versions of other translation. In spite of this، we can say briefly the translators have tended more to semantic and literal translation intranslating of sentences with irony of adjectivedue to thespecific languagetarget languageand they also tend to a literal translation in translation of the irony of noun. Therefore، they have chosenan expressive and suitableequivalent and sometimes there are relatively weak translation for lack of attention tosyntaxandrhetoricalsentence.