فهرست مطالب رسول قره آغاجی

 Women of reproductive age, especially after giving birth, are prone to overweight. Excess weight in the postpartum period is a problem for public health. آealth promotion is a process that enables people to have control over their health and mostly emphasis on disease prevention and self-care abilities. Considering that women are at the center of family health and are the main model of teaching and promoting a healthy lifestyle to the next generation, this study aimed to determine the health-promoting behaviors in postpartum women with High Body Mass Index in Urmia City, Iran.

 In this cross-sectional study, 104 women who gave birth with a high body mass index, who were covered by health centers, were selected by available sampling method. The data collection tool was Standard Walker's Health Promotion Lifestyle Questionnaire, completed by self-report via WhatsApp. The data were then analyzed with SPSS-16 software, using descriptive and inferential statistics.

 The mean age of the participants in the above study was 27.07±5.96 years and their average BMI was 27.82±1.6 years. The total score of health-promoting behaviors was 110.42±10.66, which was at the desired level. The highest mean score was related to interpersonal relations subscale (20.42±2.75) and the lowest mean score was for physical activity subscale (15.01±2.25).

 In the current study, even though women's health-promoting behaviors are desirable, there is a need to promote health-promoting behaviors, especially in the field of eating habits and physical activity. Health education with various methods is a suitable tool to motivate and correct incorrect lifestyles. As a result, appropriate interventions to encourage health-promoting behaviors should be designed and implemented.

Pain management is a complex process realized through teamwork and interdisciplinary collaboration. Nurses, as the people who spend the most time with the patient, play an important role in controlling their pain; this requires knowledge, skill and deep understanding of the multiple dimensions of pain management. Choosing the appropriate educational method is one of the most important stages in the design of education. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of pain management training in both lecture and electronic methods on nurses' performance in surgical wards.

 This study was a randomized controlled trial that was performed on 78 nurses working in surgical wards of Tabriz educational centers. The samples were selected through convenience sampling. Then, the samples were randomly divided into two groups (one group receiving lectures and one group receiving electronic training) by random blocking with blocks 4 and 6. In order to hide the allocation, a blank opaque packet of 1 to 78 containing the type of intervention was used. The intervention consisted of four sessions of one-hour training for both groups. Their information was collected in two steps before and two weeks after training using demographic information questionnaire and nurses' checklist. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 24  using descriptive and analytical statistics including Factor, Fisher, T-test, and ANCOVA. The p-value less than 0.05 was considered significant.

The two groups were similar in terms of socio-demographic characteristics (p <0.05). The mean score of nurses' performance scores in intervention group with baseline control after intervention increased compared to control group (Adjusted Mean Difference (MD) = 3.2: 95% CI = 2.7 to 3.6, p<0.001). Also, after educational intervention, in the e-learning group, the use of opioid and non-narcotic drugs based on prescribing physician (p = 0.47), the use of non-pharmacological pain control (p = 0.006), and the relationship of nurses with the patient (0.001> p) was more than the lecture group.

E-learning is more effective than lectures in increasing nurses' performance in relation to pain management. Therefore, this method is recommended for effective education and policymaking to assess and measure pain by nurses.

Heart failure is a growing problem that impairs life. Due to difficulties in patients with heart failure, use of BASNEF model to improve the conditions and extend the life of these patients by changing unhealthy lifestyle is necessary for patients with heart failure. This study aimed to determine effect of education based on BASNEF model on attitudes, subjective norms, behavioral intention and enabling factors regarding healthy lifestyle in patients with heart failure
In this quasi-experimental study, 30 patients with heart failure were enrolled convenience. BASNEF structured questionnaires completed by samples pre and post intervention. After dividing the patients into three groups of 10 people, six sessions for each small group Using direct (lectures and peer education) and indirect (educational pamphlet) methods was conducted. The results were analyzed by paired sample T-Test.
Paired t-test showed that the mean scores of attitude, subjective norms, behavioral intention and enabling factors related to healthy lifestyle before and after the intervention, had statistically significant difference (p=0.0001).
Implementation of the BASNEF model on the heart failure patients is practically possible and with improving attitudes, subjective norms, behavioral intention and enabling factors, it can improve healthy lifestyle. Accordingly, educating the heart failure patients on this model is recommended.

Given that H. pylori infection increases the inflammation of the stomach and duodenum, stomach and duodenal ulcer and gastric adenocarcinoma risk in children, the main purpose in this study was to compare the accuracy of serology and rapid urease test in diagnostic of H. Pylori in children.
This cross-sectional study was a diagnostic test evaluation that was conducted on all children aged between 2 to 15 years old who referred to Shahid Motahari hospital due to abdominal pain and had positive serology for H. pylori. After obtaining the consent of parents, the patients underwent upper endoscopy. Biopsies were taken for rapid urease test and histopathology. Histopathology was considered as the gold standard test. Finally, the data were processed and analyzed by SPSS 21 software. Chi-square test was used for comparison of variables.
From 173 patients with positive serology, according to the results of histopathology, 100 children were infected with H. pylori while 73 children were not. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value percentS were for IgG84, 63, 75, 74, for IgM54, 60, 65, 48 and for RUT 87, 78, 84, 81, respectively.
According to the results of this study, among H. pylori infection diagnostic test, the rapid urease test (RUT) had the highest sensitivity and specificity but anti-H. pylori IgM had low sensitivity and specificity.

Preterm birth is the birth of an infant prior to 37 completed weeks of gestation. Several studies in the past offer different kinds of association between anthropometric index before pregnancy and weight gain during pregnancy with preterm birth. The aim of this study was to determine association betweennumbers of risk factors with preterm birth.

In this case control study, the data were collected from file of mothers who had preterm birth andmothers who had normal delivery in Sardasht district, from first November 2012 since first November 2013. This study was conducted on 267 cases and 534 controls. The data about risk factors like age of women, palace of living, occupation and education status of mothers and their husbands, BMI index before pregnancy, and weight gain during pregnancy were collected from medical records. The data were analyzed using χ2, T students, univaraiate and multivariate regression test.

There was significant association between weight gain during pregnancy and preterm birth (P<0.001), mothers education level and preterm birth (P<0.001), husbands education level and preterm birth (P<0.001). But there was no association between living place, occupation of mothers, mothers’ age and occupation of husbands with preterm birth.

Analysis of data showed there was significant association between BMI index before pregnancy and weight gain during pregnancy with preterm birth. Offering health education and promoting maternal health services improve the health of women, fetus, and child.

Cardiovascular diseases are the most common cause of death in the world and a major cause of coronary artery obstruction. Myocardial infarction is the most fatal form of coronary heart disease that is increasing in developing countrie. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and distribution of age, sex, type of stroke, premature mortality and risk factors of type in patients with diagnosis of myocardial infarction in Western Azerbaijan province hospitals. This descriptive study was conducted using the medical records of 2337 patients extracted from Ministry of Health data in 2012 and 2013 in Western Azerbaijan province hospitals. The occurrence of myocardial infarction in patients during hospitalization with ECG changes and elevated cardiac enzymes (CK-MB و Troponin) were verified. The data were analyzed using SPSS software and descriptive statistics. The study poulation were 72. 9% male and 27. 1% female with the mean age of 13±60 years, and 45 years of age had the highest distribution. The most important risk factors were smoking (45%) and hypertension (35%), respectively. Lower infarction with 34. 7% had the highest rate and hospital mortality rate was 2. 1% Hypertension is more common in men than in women, the greatest risk factor for myocardial infarction in this study is a history of smoking and hypertension. The location of myocardial infarction was associated with lower heart.

In recent decades, breast cancer due to its high prevalence rate is the most important health problem among women world widely. By educating women about breast cancer screening behaviors and breast self-examination (BSE), we can identify and treat cancer in its early stages. This study was done to investigate the effects of various educational methods on women's knowledge about BSE, and to compare these effects. In this quasi-experimental study, one hundred and twenty health volunteers from Shohada Health Center, Urmia, were recruited. First, a valid and reliable questionnaire was completed by health volunteers, then participants were divided into four groups. One group (30 women) was taken as the control group, and the other three groups as the educational groups. The following educational methods were applied to the three educational groups respectively: A. indirect method (pamphlet), B. direct method (i.e. lecture, question and response), C. indirect and direct method (such as lecture, question and response, and pamphlet). The obtained data was analyzed by means of the statistical software of SPSS, using descriptive and inferential statistical tests. The results showed that the age mean of samples was 33/01 ± 7/6 and its range changed from 18 to 53 years. This research indicated that education by means of three methods raises the level of knowledge of health volunteers regarding BSE (P<0. 001). Analysis of paired t- test showed a significant difference among the educational groups before and after education (P<0. 001). Also chi -square test showed a significant difference between age and education level of samples with their knowledge level (P<0. 05). According to the study findings on the effect of instruction on the knowledge of health volunteers regarding BSE, applying educational methods such as indirect education, direct education as well as compound methods would be helpful in health care centers.

Overweight and underweight are health threatening factors. The first step in combat with over and under weight is obtaining data about their prevalence and risk factors. We aimed to complete local and national science about prevalence of over and underweight and their related risk factors. This descriptive – analytical study conducted on a representative sample of boys who studied in guidance schools in Makoo. We randomly selected 650 students. Demographic data was obtained by a check list، food intake evaluated by validated food frequency questionnaire and physical activity was assessed by validated physical activity questionnaire (PAQ-C). Weight and height were measured by standard protocols and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Data was analyzed by descriptive and analytical statistics in SPSS. The prevalence of underweight، overweight and obesity was 12. 1%، 10. 8% and 8% respectively. This study showed an indirect correlation between physical activity and BMI، and direct correlation between parent educational level and BMI، and between times spent in sedentary activities (TV viewing and working with computer) and BMI. Obese students consumed more calories، but the difference between underweight، overweight and obese students in consumption of calories and macronutrients was not significant. This study showed high prevalence of underweight and overweight in boys who studied in guidance schools of Makoo. It seems that increasing of physical activity، reducing times spent in TV viewing and working with computer، and enhancing nutritional information of graduated parents are very important in control of overweight and obesity in boy adolescents of Makoo.

Of the major causes of infertility are male factors (30-40%). obesity is Causes disorders in males fertility with influences endocrine, temperature and genetic mechanisms. The purpose of this study is the survey association of BMI with semen parameters and sex hormones in men.During the examination of the couples referred to infertility center of Kosar city of Urmia. 180 men were randomly selected and semen analysis, measurements of sex hormons such as testosterone, FSH, LH, Estradiol, Prolactin, SHBG was performed, and their height and weight and calculated BMI was measured The above parameters correlated with BMI in infertile and fertile groups and were compared with each other. Statistical analysis was performed based on ANOVA Pearson correlation coefficient and P value <0.05 was considered as significant.Significant differences was observed in different BMI groups between estradiol, testosterone, SHBG and TES/EST. In the fertile group a significant negative correlation was observed between BMI and testosterone, BMI and SHBG, BMI and TES/EST. In the infertile group between BMI and TES, BMI and SHBG, BMI and TES/EST, BMI and LHa significant negative correlation was observed. No significant correlation was observed in the other sex hormones and semen parameters.Obesity influenced estradiol, testosterone SHBG, and TES/EST in males but had no significant effect on semen parameters.

According to modern approaches to management, satisfactory quality must meet consumer’s requests. One of the first basic steps in improvement quality is recognizing consumer's perceptions and expectation. The aim of this study was to determine the quality gap in primary health care services in Urmia health care centers following consumer's perceptions and expectations. This analytic-descriptive study (cross-sectional) covered 400 females that referred to Urmia health care centers; the study population was selected with systematic random method. Data were gathered using a research questionnaire. It was indicated that there was a quality gap in all dimensions. Overall quality gap is (-0.61) and the largest gap was in reliability dimension (-0.78) and the smallest gap was observed in tangibility dimension (-0.23). There was no significant relation between age and education level of consumers with quality gap (P>0.05). The results of this study show that there is a negative gap in most quality dimensions of Urmia health system and consumer's expectations are not granted.

Pulmonary tuberculosis is one of the oldest and most well- known human diseases which have been with man since ancient times. The incidence of TB has been increasing over the past decades. The aim of this study was Epidemiological investigation of pulmonary tuberculosis in Urmia during 2004-2007. The data for this deh1ive-analytic study was obtained from TB patients documented files diagnosed during 2004-2007. The data were analyzed using SPSS and WinPepi software. According to the findings of this study 248 Pulmonary TB patients (151 positive smears and 97 negative smears) were diagnosed during 2004-2007 (four-year incidence rate= 29.54 per 100000). 66.1% of the patients (164 persons) were males and 33.9% (84 persons) were females. The incidence rate of 6.55 in 2004 increased to 8.2 in 2007; this increase was not statistically significant however (Trend P.V=0.22). The results of the study indicate that incidence rate of positive smear TB was higher than that of negative smear TB and disease incidence rate increased in the four- year period.