فهرست مطالب رضا امیری

Lentil is a popular legume crop in the Mediterranean region, widely grown for its nutritious seeds and improving soil fertility. Interest in legumes is increasing as a protein source to replace meat in the future. Identification of high-yield genotypes with adaptation to a wide range of environments is one of the major goals in crop and lentil breeding programs. Combining the best linear unbiased predictions (BLUP), additive main effects, and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) methods in multi-environment experiments and multi-trait stability selection (MTSI) helps to better evaluate plant genotypes and achieve more accurate results. Additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) and BLUP are two methods for analyzing multi-environment trials. The linear mixed effects model (LMM) and the restricted maximum likelihood (REML) estimator methods are among the important methods that have been proposed to analyze the data of multi-environmental experiments. In this regard, the BLUPs obtained from the interaction of genotype and environment are performed with principal component analysis or single value analysis on the matrix. This method uses the stability index of the weighted average of absolute scores of the best unbiased linear forecasts (WAASB), the weighted average of the stability index of WAASB, and the dependent variable (WAASBY). Researchers have also proposed an MTSI based on factor analysis, in which grain yield, other traits, and the stability of each are simultaneously used to identify stable genotypes. This research aimed to identify stable and high-yielding lentil genotypes in autumn cultivation.

To evaluate the seed yield stability of 12 lentil genotypes along with three check genotypes, including Kimia, Bileh Sawar, and local landrace, an experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with three replications at Agricultural Research Stations of Khorramabad (Lorestan), Zanjireh (Ilam), and Sararoud (Kermanshah) in three cropping years (2019-2022). Each plot consisted of four lines with a length of 4 m and a distance of 25 cm from each other. iIn addition to the usual crop care such as weeding and pest control, the desired traits and characteristics, such as the number of days to 50% flowering, plant height, and number of days to maturity, were measured during the growing season. Hundred-seed weights and the yield of each plot were measured after the maturity and harvesting of experiments. Combined analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed using SAS software, and the average traits of the treatments were compared using the LSD test. For statistical analyses, the Metan Ver.1.9.0 (multi-environment trial analysis) package was used in the R software environment. To estimate stability quantities, singular value decomposition (SVD) was applied to the matrix of BLUPs obtained from genotype-by-environment interactions with an LMM. Variance components were estimated by the REML method. After analyzing the variance of the data, the stability parameters of WAASB and WAASBY (for simultaneous selection based on average performance and stability) were estimated using the eigenvalues obtained from the AMMI analysis on BLUP, and the best genotypes were selected with these two indicators. Genotypic stability values were obtained from the Harmonic Average of the Genotypic Values (HMGV) index. The compatibility of genotypes was evaluated based on the relative performance index of genotypic values (RPGV). The harmonic mean index and relative performance of genotypic value (HMRPGV) were used to simultaneously evaluate stability, compatibility, and seed yield.

The effect of environment, genotype, and genotype × environment interaction were significant on seed yield, plant height, days to flowering, days to maturity, seed filling period, seed filling ratio, seed yield formation rate, rainfall efficiency, and single seed weight. The genotype effect was significant on all traits, except for the seed-filling period. Based on the biplot analysis, genotypes 4, 6, 7, 9, and 10 had higher yield stability in addition to the highest seed yield. The Scree test showed that the first three principal components explained 45.41, 19.13, and 14.34% of the genotype × environment interaction variation obtained from BLUP for grain yield, respectively; in total, they justified 78.87% of the variation. Based on a weighted average of absolute scores of WAASB, genotypes 6, 10, and 12 were high-yielding and stable. Genotypes 1 and 10 were superior based on the (MTSI). The harmonic mean and HMRPGV introduced genotypes 10, 9, 4, and 12 as the genotypes that had high stability and compatibility in addition to high seed yields.

Based on all the analyses, genotype 10 was the most stable genotype, which, in addition to seed yield, was superior to other genotypes in terms of the other measured traits and can be a candidate for introduction as a new cultivar.

In Iran, as in most poor and developing countries, wheat is the most important food in the diet of the people. Therefore, the field of study and research on various aspects of this important and strategic crop is still open to relevant researchers and experts. Given that the achievement of yield potential in crops, including wheat, is influenced by genetics, environmental conditions, their interaction and the application of proper management in the optimal use of available resources, so the genetic capacity of the existing germplasm should be used to produce suitable breeding lines in order to make the most of natural and climatic resources. Therefore, screening genotypes, selecting the proper parents, and modifying them through conventional and new methods can still be helpful. Estimating genetic effects and studying the inheritance pattern of important agronomic traits and in general knowledge of germplasm genetic information and knowledge of the genetic system of the studied trait is one of the most useful tools in designing breeding methods to improve target traits. This study aimed to estimate the genetic model controlling important agronomic traits and also to estimate heterosis and heritability in two bread wheat cross under normal and terminal drought stress conditions using generation mean analysis method and multivariate regression analysis.

A field investigation materials consisted of basic generations obtained from the crosses of a local cultivar “Marvdasht” (female parent) with two cultivars “Sistan” and “Norstar” (male parents). Both the crosses and resultant progenies were performed and developed under field conditions. All the six generations derived from the above two crosses were sown under two distinct conditions, normal (non-stress) and terminal drought stress in a randomized complete blocks design with three replicates at the Research Farm of Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran during the next cropping season (2015-2016). Terminal drought stress was imposed in Mid-May; while non-stress plots were irrigated whenever required. Weeds were controlled manually when necessary. The rainfall in 2015-2016 was 653 mm. Data from 10 plants in each of P1, P2 and F1 generations, 30 plants in F2 and 15 plants in each of BC1 and BC2 were randomly recorded per replication. Statistical analyses were done using different methods and software.

Significant differences between the generations were found for most of the traits which indicated the presence of genetic variation in the plant populations and scope of improvement through breeding methods such as selection and expression of heterosis. The scaling and joint scaling tests revealed that the simple additive-dominance model was not sufficient to explain the genetic variation in the crosses for all the studied traits apart from the number of spike per plant, main stem diameter and number of spikelet per spike at Marvdasht × Sistan, and hundred kernel weight and peduncle length at Marvdasht × Norstar. It could be concluded that the inheritance of these traits is governed by epistasis gene action. The results of analysis of variance obtained by regression method showed that fixable genetic effects had the highest relative contribution of the generation sum of squares for most of the traits in both crosses and under both normal and drought stress conditions. High estimates of broad-sense heritability for hundred kernel weight (0.67) in normal conditions at Marvdasht × Sistan cross and plant height (normal: 0.76 and stress: 0.67) and peduncle length (normal: 0.72 and stress: 0.67) at the Marvdasht × Norstar cross shows that the effects of dominance have a greater role in the inheritance pattern of these traits and therefore it is possible to produce hybrid varieties to improve these traits.

The results of generation mean analysis showed that the type and action of genetic effects were variable in both crosses and for different traits and indicate the need to adopt a special breeding method to improve them. The presence of duplicate mode of gene interactions signified the involvement of epistatic effects for most of the traits. Based on the present investigation, it could be inferred that the genetic control model was somewhat similar for most of the traits under both conditions at both crosses, and it has not been largely affected by drought stress.

The development of oilseeds cultivation is one of the important and major goals of the country in achieving self-sufficiency in this field, which will play an important role in food security. Camelina is a promising oilseed that could potentially be used as a low-input crop for production in the drylands. However, little is known about camelina’s breeding lines. Therefore, this study was performed to investigate and screen advanced camelina lines in terms of agronomic characteristics, yield, and percentage of seed oil using various statistical methods.

In this study, 19 advanced high oil lines along with cultivar Soheil were screened for agronomic characteristics, yield, and percentage of seed oil. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replicates under rain-fed conditions at Sarab-Changai Research Station, Lorestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Centre, Khorramabad, Iran during the 2020-2021 cropping year in rainfed condition.

According to the results, the oil yield and grain yield traits with more than 40% had the highest coefficient of variation. Day-to-flowering and day-to-maturity traits had the least variability according to this statistic. Analysis of variance indicated significant genotypic diversity between the studied genotypes in terms of most traits. The highest grain yield (901 kg/ha), oil content (35.83%), and oil yield (324 kg/ha) were recorded for DH60 line. According to the results of means comparison, plant height of genotypes was between 70.17 and 80.33 cm, day to flowering between 124 and 136, and day to maturity between 156 and 167. The correlation between grain yield and seed oil content (0.744**) and oil yield (0.995**) was positive and highly significant. Genotypes were clustered into three groups and the groups were statistically significantly different in most of the traits.

lines DH60, DH61, and DH105 were known as desirable and candidates for further breeding and agronomic research programs based on the results of various statistical methods including mean comparisons, cluster analysis, “genotype × trait” biplot, and SIIG index. lines DH41, DH69, DH128, and DH82 were also identified as the weakest genotypes in terms of the studied traits and are not recommended for economic cultivation. The results of this study showed that camelina is a crop plant adapted to dry conditions and a short growth period that has the potential to provide diversity in dryland crop rotation.

Nowadays, due to technological advances and sedentary or inactive lifestyle, non-communicable diseases have caused many health problems such as cardiovascular diseases. This study aims to examine the effect of two methods of aerobic training and concurrent training for cardiac rehabilitation on selected hemodynamic and biomechanical factors in older men with coronary artery disease.

This is a quasi-experimental causal-comparative study using the pre-test/post-test design. Participants were 24 older men with coronary artery disease, randomly divided into three groups of aerobic training, concurrent  training, and control. They first underwent cardiac assessment using the echo Doppler device as well as sports performance test. Then, they were referred to the biomechanics laboratory of the Physical Medicine Center to start cardiac rehabilitation training. After 8 weeks of training, they underwent post-test assessments. The mean and standard deviation were used to describe the data. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to check the normality of data distribution and the Levene’s test was used to determine the homogeneity of variances. The paired t-test was used to assess between-group differences and independent t-test was used for assessing differences between pretest and post-test scores of the groups. The significance level was set at 0.05.

Significant improvement was reported in functional capacity, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and resting heart rate after both aerobic and concurrent training methods (P<0.05), but no significant difference in diastolic blood pressure and systolic blood pressure were observed (P>0.05). The improvements were more in the concurrent  training group.

Both cardiac rehabilitation methods (aerobic and concurrent  training) can improve functional capacity, LVEF, and resting heart rate of older mean with coronary artery disease, where concurrent  training is more effective.

Oak trees, with an 84 million-year history, are distributed throughout the northern hemisphere. It plays a fundamental role in biodiversity conservation. Oak is one of the dominant elements of forests in the Zagros Mountains, so the presence and origin of other plants in this region depend on this genus. Various factors have led to the decreased quantity and quality of Zagros forests. Oak trees are usually moved from their place because of floods, landslides, and soil shedding in chips. These trees will wither and die in nature due to displacement from their beds. In this study, damaged oak stands were transferred to suitable places, and their establishment was investigated. Data were analyzed using a completely randomized design with five treatments and thirteen replications. The means of the treatments were compared by Duncan's multiple range test at the five percent probability level. Based on the variance analysis, there was a significant difference between the different treatments regarding the studied traits. According to mean comparisons, the highest values of all the desired traits, including survival percentage, leafing percentage, leaf size, and longitudinal growth of young stems, were related to oaks transferred in December and January. The oaks transferred in April showed the lowest survival, leafing, and longitudinal growth of young stems. Regarding leaf size traits, no significant differences existed between oaks transferred in March and April. Transfer of damaged oak stands to suitable places, damages to mother oak stands have been minimized, and we will not see the removal of 50-year-old trees from nature. This method can be used as a model for relief and rescuing damaged rootstocks and planting them in needed areas such as parks and botanical gardens.

Lentil is grown for its biological nitrogen fixation ability and high proteins as well as human and animal nutrition capacity. Terminal drought, lack of suitable varieties and quality seeds have challenged the efforts of breeders to increase its productivity. Assessment of genetic diversity for desired traits in germplasm collections plays a critical role in formulating crop enhancement strategies. The aim of this study was to investigate the agronomic, phenological and morphological traits of advanced lentil lines received from the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) and to identify the relationships between important and effective traits using different statistical methods.

This experiment was conducted on 15 promising lentil lines received from ICARDA along with two check cultivars (Gachsaran and Sepehr) in a randomized complete block design with three replicates under rain-fed conditions at Sarab-Changai Research Station, Lorestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Centre, Khorramabad during 2019-2020 cropping year. Sowing was done by hand at four row plots, 4 m length, and 0.25 m row spacing as 200 seeds per square meter density. Fertilization with chemical fertilizers was performed based on soil test. The weeds control was manually performed twice. The total rainfall received was 542 millimeters in the cropping year. Different traits were measured according to standard guidelines for lentil during each stage.

According to the results, the “number of two-seeded pods per plant” followed by number of empty pods per plant, number of one-seeded pods per plant, seed yield per plant, weight of pods per plant and number of fertile pods per plant had the highest coefficient of variation (78.78%) and phenological traits had the least variability. The results of analysis of variance showed a significant genetic diversity between the studied genotypes in terms of most traits. The mean of seed yield per plant was 2.66 g plant-1. Genotypes 6, 14 and 17 (Sepehr) by 6.02, 5.06 and 4.15 g plant-1, respectively had the highest amount. The correlation between grain yield per plant and most of the traits, especially yield components, was positive and significant. The genotypes were classified in three clusters. According to cluster analysis using Ward method, the genotypes of third cluster had high yield and yield components in compare with other clusters. Based on the SIIG index, the genotypes 6, 11, 14 and 17 with the highest SIIG values (0.727, 0.584, 0.569 and 0.537, respectively) were known as the best genotypes. On the other hand, genotypes 15, 2, 9, 10 and 5 with the least amount of SIIG value (0.185, 0.284, 0.323, 0.324, 0.357 and 0.362 respectively) were known as the weakest genotypes under rain-fed conditions. The highest direct positive effect on “seed yield per plant” belonged to the “number of fertile pods per plant” and therefore this trait can be applied as selection criteria. Fifteen agronomic traits have been classified into five groups which expressed 90.82% diversity of the total variation according to the factor analysis.

In this study, the studied genotypes were significantly different for most of the studied traits. Genotypes 6, 14 and 17 (Sepehr) were known as the best genotypes based on the results of various statistical methods including mean comparisons, cluster analysis and SIIG index. Therefore, they have the potential to be used in the future breeding and subsequent agronomic research programs. The number of fertile pods per plant had the most direct positive effect on seed yield. Therefore, it can be considered as a criterion for selecting superior genotypes.

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of economic growth rate shock on the selected industries value in the Tehran Stock Exchange; For this purpose, in the present study, the effects of economic growth rate shock were investigated by applying the time-varying parameter factor-augmented vector autoregressive model (TVP-FAVAR) and using quarterly data during the period (2011-2018).The results show that the response of different industries value to economic growth rate shock has been different; Also, this response has been different for each industry over time, which highlights the need for a TVP approach. Also, by entering the economic growth rate impulse (as much as one standard deviation), it was found that the stock market response to this impulse is associated with a time lag and the effects of this variable appear after several periods on the selected industries value. As the results of the research show, even in the years when we have had a negative economic growth rate, the response of some industries' value has been completely opposite to the variable direction of economic growth rate; One of the reasons for this subject is the low quality of economic growth rate in the country.

The stock market and interest rate are the main factors to access economic growth in any country. The effects of interest rate on stock market provide feedback for economic policy makers in monitoring policies, risk management methods, valuation of securities, and state policies in financial markets. According to importance of this subject, in this research, we studied the response of active firms’ value in different industries of Tehran Stock Market to interest rate shocks using time varying parameter method with augmented vector autoregressive factors (TVP-FAVAR) and seasonal data during 2011-2018. The results show the dynamic effects of interest rate on firms’ value in selected industries and different mechanism of interest rate effects due to institutional factors of active firms in any industry. This result indicates the importance applying the possibility of changes in parameters of model. Base on the results obtained, the effects of changes in interest rate over time is different and it is not possible to declare absolutely on positive or negative effect of interest rate on firms’ value, because of interest rate is a variable that has close relationship with macro variables, which causes by influencing other macro variables, it’s effects on stock market and specially on performance of active firms in this market has been fluctuated and be accompanied by different responses over time.

Epidemiological changes over time have made chronic diseases increasingly important. Hypertension is also known as a chronic disease. The high prevalence of hypertension worldwide has made the disease a major health problem in communities. Spiritual health has been proposed as one of the health indicators and also as one of the predictors of self-care in chronic diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between spiritual health and adherence to treatment regimen in patients with hypertension.

In this descriptive correlational study, 121 patients with hypertension were selected by continuous sampling method from cardiac clinics affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences. Data were collected through demographic information form and validated spiritual health questionnaires Ellison, Paloutzian (1982) and Hil-Bone (2000) diet adherence. For data analysis, SPSS software version 16 and statistical tests of Spearman, independent t-test, Chi-square and analysis of variance were used.

The results of this study show that there is a negative and significant relationship between spiritual health and adherence to treatment regimen in patients with hypertension (p = 0.001 and r = -0.05).

As spiritual health increases, adherence to the treatment regimen in patients with hypertension decreases. Having spiritual health for this group of patient’s leads to less adherence to the treatment regimen.

Considering the fact that the effects of currency shocks on the capital market can affect the behavioral patterns of different sectors of the economy; Therefore, proper understanding of the mechanism of exchange rate impact on different sectors of the economy, necessarily requires knowledge of the effects of this variable on important financial markets and how institutional factors change in these markets; For this purpose, this study aims to investigate the effects of exchange rate shock on the value of companies operating in different industries of the Tehran Stock Exchange by applying the pattern of variable parameters over time and using seasonal data during the period (2011-2018). The results of this study indicate that the value of companies operating in different industries of the Tehran Stock Exchange is affected by the exchange rate shock in proportion to the type of production and services provided in each of these companies; In addition, the response in each of the studied industries is different over time, which highlights the need to use the parameter-variable approach. Among the selected industries, the value of companies operating in the food and beverage industry has reacted positively to the currency shock in the entire period under review and in the automotive industry; Also, the value of companies operating in other industries has been affected by this currency shock over time; In the cement, lime and gypsum industry, exchange rate shock in (2011-2013) and (2018) has had positive effects on the value of companies operating in this industry and in (2014-2017) the value of companies Active in this industry has reacted negatively to exchange rate shocks.For example, the exchange rate shock in the period of 2011-2013 and 2018 has a positive effect on the value of companies active in the cement, lime and gypsum industry, while the response of these companies to exchange rate shock in the years 2014-2017, is negative.

In order to study some agronomic characteristics and identify the desirable genotypes using different statistical methods, 15 lentil genotypes received from ICARDA were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replicates under rainfed conditions at Sarab-Changai Research Station, Lorestan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Centre, Khorramabad, Iran during 2019-2020 cropping year. According to the results, analysis of variance indicated significant genotypic diversity between the studied genotypes in terms of most traits. The correlation between grain yield per plant and most of the traits, especially yield components, was positive and significant. Genotypes 13, 14, 7 and 1 were known as the best and genotypes 15, 12 and 4 were identified as the weakest genotypes based on the results of various statistical methods including mean comparisons, cluster analysis, “genotype × trait” biplot and SIIG index. The highest direct positive effect on “seed yield per plant” belonged to the “number of one-seeded pods per plant” (0.580) and “hundred seed weight” (0.437), respectively, and therefore these traits can be applied as selection criteria. Moreover, genotype 7 was the best genotype in terms of important agronomic traits and has the potential to be used in the future breeding and subsequent agronomic research programs.

This paper attempts to describe and analyze the effects of monetary shock as an exogenous shock on companies listed in Tehran exchange stock market by using a varying parameter model and the seasonal data from 2011 to 2018. The results indicate a standard deviation of monetary shock (positive monetary shock) has a different effect on companies listed in Tehran exchange stock. Also, the response of the company’s value is different in the passing time, hence the need for applying a varying- parameter model. In the selected sectors, the companies in the basic metal and the food and beverage industries have been the positive response and the companies in the chemical industry have been the negative response to a liquidity shock. Also, the response of companies in other industries is different in time.

The study of the genetic structure controlling agronomic traits is one of the preconditions for selecting the appropriate breeding method. In order to analyze genetic of some agronomic traits of bread wheat using generation mean analysis, parents and different generations resulting from the cross of Marvdasht × MV-17 wheat cultivars were assessed in a randomized complete block design with three replicates under normal and terminal drought stress conditions in Research Farm of Razi University (Iran) during 2015-2016 cropping season. Based on the results of weighted ANOVA, a significant difference was observed between different generations for most of the studied traits under both conditions. Generations mean analysis revealed that in addition to the additive and dominance gene effects, a variety of epistatic effects also played a role in the inheritance of most traits, and therefore cannot hope for the success of selection in first generations. The role of additive gene effect was greater than the dominance one for plant height, peduncle length and awn length, indicating usefulness of using recurrent selection to aggregate these genes followed by selecting lines with favorable agronomic characteristics. The model of genetic control for most of the traits was similar under both conditions in terms of the presence or absence of non-allelic interactions and it has not been widely affected by drought stress. The broad-sense heritability for plant height, peduncle length and awn length was estimated to be high under both conditions. The broad-sense heritability for kernel yield was moderate estimated under both conditions, but the narrow-sense heritability was very low. In general, considering the greater role of the non-additive gene effect for most of the traits, the selection is suggested in advanced generations and after access to a high level of gene fixation.

Studying the genetic structure of crops, including wheat, has always been one of the research priorities to increase the efficiency of breeding methods. In order to genetic analysis of some agronomic traits of bread wheat using generation mean analysis (GMA), all produced generations along with relevant parents of the two populations (Marvdasht × Rasoul and Marvdasht × Shahpasand) were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replicates under normal and terminal drought stress conditions in Razi University during 2015-2016 cropping season. Weighted analysis of variance showed the significant differences among generations for the most of the traits in two conditions. The results of GMA revealed that although the mode of inheritance differed in the crosses for the most of the traits, but additive, dominance gene effects and different types of epistasis had the roles in the heritability of the most traits. Among these gene effects, the role of dominance gene effect was higher and therefore, selection should be delayed to later generations. However, the role of fixable gene effects in the heritability of the traits such as stem diameter, awn length and number of spikelets per spike (both crosses), plant height and peduncle length (Marvdasht × Shahpasand), was almost equal or more than dominance gene effect indicating the usefulness of selection in early generations for these traits. The broad-sense heritability for kernel yield was estimated as nearly moderate for both crosses under both conditions, but the narrow-sense heritability was low under both conditions. Results of analysis of variance obtained from regression method showed that fixable-gene effects had higher relative contribution of generation sum of squares for most of the traits than non fixable-gene effects at both crosses under both conditions. The model of genetic control for the most of the traits was similar under both conditions for both crosses and it has not been widely affected by drought stress.

To investigate the effect of planting date on grain yield and phenological stages of some new bread wheat cultivars, a split plot experiment was conducted as randomized complete block design with three replications in Eslamabad-e-Gharb Agricultural Research Station, Kermanshah, Iran, during 2013-2015 cropping years. The studied factors included planting date at four levels (early, timely, late and very late) and wheat cultivar at six levels (Chamran-2, Parsi, Pishtaz, Bahar, Sirwan and Sivand) which were considered as main- and sub-plots, respectively. Based on the results, early, late and very late planting dates caused a decrease in grain yield by 19.34, 30.34 and 44.40 percent, respectively. The total growth period of wheat cultivation in early, timely, late and very late planting dates were 244, 222, 204 and 181 days, respectively. In early planting date, the traits of number of days to first leaf appearance, tillering, single ridge, double ridge, terminal spikelet and stem elongation was decreased, but after stem elongation stage, the studied cultivars had the highest number of days to flag leaf appearance, booting, heading, anthesis and physiological maturity. The cultivars "Bahar" and "Sirwan" had the highest and lowest values (2317 and 2155 growing degree days, respectively) during the growth period at all planting dates. Cultivar “Parsi” with 934 units in stem elongation and 807 units in grain filling period, had the highest and lowest growing degree days, respectively, and therefore due to early maturity (heading) and fine grain filling capability, had the highest grain yield (8097 kg.ha-1) in a total of four planting dates. Overall, the results of this study showed that early and late planting dates significantly reduced grain yield compared to timely planting in all studied cultivars. Therefore, planting in mid-November and using wheat cultivars such as "Parsi" and "Sirwan" can be recommended for similar climates of the studied region in this research.

Genetic diversity in strawberry is low due to its asexual propagation. One method of increasing genetic diversity, as an important tool in plant breeding, is the use of gamma rays to induce mutation. In order to determine the appropriate dosage of gamma irradiation for genetic diversity creation by mutation in strawberry, Kurdistan cultivar, and to study the influence of various doses of gamma ray (zero (control), 15, 30, 60 and 90 gray) on different traits of strawbery, this research was conducted in Faculty of Agriculture, Yasouj University, in 2012-2013. Results showed that irradiated plants had a lower rates in comparison to the control plants for most of the studied characteristics, except for number of leaves, fruit sugar and anthocyanin. Leaf area, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit fresh and dried weight, and fruit volume, shape, and juice decreased with an increase in the gamma irradiation dosage. Moreover, multifoliate and dwarfism were increased in the irradiated plants. The appropriate dosage of gamma irradiation for mutation induction in strawberry, Kurdistan cultivar, for threshold 50% plants mortality (LD50) treated by gamma ray, was approximately 65-70 gray. Therefore, gamma ray intensity in the recommended limit could be used for the highest genetic diversity creation with the lowest plant mortality in strawberry breeding programs such as in fruit quality improvement.

There are several similarities among the philosophical thoughts of pre-Socratic sages and the preceding Zoroaster’s teachings. Such similarities indicate the familiarity of Greek philosophers with Zoroaster’s teachings through their contacts with eastern nations, particularly Iranians. In this paper, following a comparative method, the author intends to provide an answer to the question of how Zoroaster’s teachings influenced pre-Socratic philosophies. The findings of this study demonstrate that some thinkers such as Thales, Pythagoras, Empedocles, and, particularly, Plato developed their views under the influence of Iranian philosophical thoughts. In this regard, reference can be made to some concepts including partnership, duality, Plato’s king-sage, and Pythagoras’ views regarding spirit and numbers.

Drought as one of the most important environmental stresses and limiting production of crops such as wheat, often leads to a significant decline in production. Identify and use specific physiological traits in breeding programs and also producing cultivars with characteristics consistent with drought conditions is one of the most important steps in drought stress studies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diversity of bread wheat landraces in response to drought stress based on some agro-physiological traits (grain yield, gas exchange parameters, relative water content, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents) and also to exploring the possibility of selecting superior agro-physiological traits in identify drought tolerant genotypes using integrated selection index.
This experiment was conducted on 19 landraces of bread wheat in a randomized complete block design with three replications under normal and rainfed conditions in the Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran during 2011-2012 cropping season. Sowing was done by hand at five row plots, 2 m length, and 0.20 m row spacing as 400 seeds per square meter density. Chemical fertilizers were not used during the research. The weeds control wad done by hand and using 2,4-D herbicide before stem elongation stage of wheat. Non-stressed plots were irrigated according to regional needs at heading, flowering and kernel filling stages. At full physiological maturity, two middle rows of each plot at both conditions were harvested to determine kernel yield per unit area.
The mean of grain yield in irrigated and rainfed conditions were 1651 and 1273 Kg/ha, respectively, means that drought stress reduced grain yield as much as 22.86% but it increased proline by 253%. The considerable variation was not observed among genotypes in both conditions for gas exchange traits, except stomatal conductance. All the gas exchange-related traits were reduced due to drought stress so that the stomatal conductance had the highest reduction by 45%. Genotypes number 4, 9, 18 and 11 were known as tolerant genotypes based on all studied traits using integrated selection index. In ranking method which calculated based on all studied traits under rainfed conditions, mean rank, standard deviation of ranks and rank sum parameters, genotypes number 5, 2, 15 and 18 with the lowest rank sum were identified as the most drought tolerant genotypes by consideration the rank of each genotypes for kernel yield under both conditions, the value of studied traits and the integrated selection index, while genotypes number 3, 9, 13 and 10 as the most sensitive. In examining the relationship between various physiological indicators of drought tolerance, grain yield under both conditions and integrated selection index, using Biplot, the PCA1 and PCA2 axes justifed 51.46 % of total variation.
Integrated selection index introduced genotypes 4 (WC-4530), 9 (WC-47381), 18 (WC-47636) and 11 (WC-4566) as the most drought tolerant. Principal component analysis showed that integrated selection index (ISI) had close relationship with chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoid, leaf temperature, proline concentration, photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance and grain yield under both conditions, therefore these traits were identified as superior traits for selecting drought tolerant genotypes using biplot graph.

Common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an important crop in Iran and world which many new cultivars with improved agricultural traits are developed by plant breeders every year. In order to evaluate the genetic diversity of 30 bread wheat genotypes considering germination related traits under normal and osmotic stress released during 1930-2010 in Iran, an experiment was carried out as factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The studied factors were 30 wheat genotypes and four drought stress conditions simulated by PEG (0, -2, -4 and -6 bar). The results showed that the old winter cultivar, Omid, had the highest biomass dry weight in both control and -6 bar drought stress conditions. According to the sensitivity index calculated based on biomass dry weight, the cultivars Sabalan, Zare and Tabasi were the most tolerant and Navid, Moghan-2 and Golestan were the most sensitive genotypes. In cluster analysis under -6 bar drought stress conditions, the genotypes Sabalan and Omid, away from the other genotypes, were grouped in a separate cluster. Comparison of the genetic variance between old released cultivars and new cultivars showed that the genetic variance has significantly decreased in new cultivars for shoot length, shoot dry weight and root to shoot dry weight ratio. This result indicated that the new cultivars had less variation than the old cultivars. Therefore, it is recommended that more diverse genetic resources be used in breeding programs to avoid genetic homogeneity.

Extremism was formed as a reaction to the negative and hostile approaches of Western countries in Islamic lands. Facing with spreading power of the Eastern bloc, the Western bloc decided to take advantage of the sacred Jihad in order to provoke Muslim people of Afghanistan into taking action against the former Soviet Union occupation of this country and exploit Takfiri-terrorist groups to help it achieve its goals in the Cold War. The West played its negative role in helping to form and enhance extremist thoughts and terrorist groups; however, these groups later turned into many risks and security threats for Europe and America. Today, extremism and terrorism is the social and security issue of the western countries.

The aim of the present research was to compare the performance of IT school assistants with approved and expected outcomes of them in schools of Zarrinshahr City. The study was an applied research done through quantitative method. In this research a questionnaire was used according to survey descriptive method. A researchermade questionnaire was devised for the purpose of data collection. The sample was 130 assistants that were selected out of a population of 195 on the basis of morgan and krejcie formula.The questionnaires were distributed through cluster sampling method. The validity of the questions of the questionnaire was confirmed by seven of instructors and specialists of educational administration and planning. Its reliability confirmed on the basis of Cronbach Alfa method via SPSS software with a coefficient of./78. The questionnaire findings were analyzed by SPSS(21) software through using inferential statistical tests (ttest and the analysis of variance). The results indicated that IT school assistants have done their duties in official, software and hardware areas to a large extent. Furthermore, they agreed with the approved duties in each one of the above domains to a great extent.

Increasing of lipid profile is one of the important risk factors in old age. The aim of present study was to assess the effect of changes in volume and intensity of exercises on lipid profile of elderly men.
Twenty elderly men of yasuj city was selected through purposeful sampling and based on aerobic power divided into two groups. Both groups exercised 60 minutes per session for 8 weeks. Lipid profile changes was assessed with measuring fasting blood samples before and after of intervention. Data was analyzed using Co-variation and dependent T- tests.
The findings showed that 2 days training in week with high intensity and 3 days training in week with low intensity have significant effect on improvement of lipid profile of elderly men (p≤0.05), also have equal effects on improvement of lipid profile of elderly men (p≥ 0.05).
Training protocols of present study can induce improvement in lipid profile of elderly men.

Bacteria are one of the causes of nail infections. Although nail infections are not always associated with a major health problem, their treatment, particularly in immunosuppressed patients could be chalenging. This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of bacterial agents in patients with dystrophic nails referred to mycology laboratory of Razi Hospital, Tehran.
This was a cross-sectional study on patients with dystrophic nail. Samples were examined by both direct examination and culture. Blood agar and eosin methylene blue (EMB) agar media were used to culture and differentiate bacteria.
Of 700 dystrophic nail samples, 183 (26.1%) samples were diagnosed as onychomycosis. One hundred and four (56.8%) of the patients were female. One hundred and eighty-one patients had bacterial nail infection (25.9%), of whom 109 (60.2%) were female. Forty-six (6.6%) patients had both bacterial and fungul infections, of whom 32 (69.6%) were female. The most common detected agent was Staphylococci.
Bacterial infections can result in dystrophioc nails. If these infections remain untreated they can lead to nail loss. In most cases, treatment of bacterial nail infections is easier than fungul nail infections.