رضا بهبهانی

The late Cretaceous Ilam Formation in the western part of the Zagros basin (W Iran) was inspected in two outcrops (namely Mehdiabad and Kuh-e Varzarin sections) which are located in the Ilam province (in the Zagros fold belt). The purpose of this research was to identify the lithofacies, microfacies and depositional environment of the Ilam Formation. This formation consists of limestone and argillaceous limestone which comprise three microfacies (planktonic foraminifera wackestone/packstone, planktonic foraminifera-benthic bivalve wackestone/packstone/rudstone, benthic-planktonic foraminifera wackestone/packstone/rudstone that were deposited in two facies zones (c.f. slope and toe of slope). Evidence of the gravity flow including basal truncation (erosional) surface of beds, normal grading, weak amalgamation, abundant deep-water facies, coupled laminae, relatively thick gravite beds, mixed planktonic (deep water) and benthic (shallow water) biota, large scale slump folds and deformed structures, attest the influence gravity flows which transported the shallow water sediments into the deep setting. Poor quality of the outcrops and lack of well-preserved sedimentary structures makes it impossible to discriminate between various types of sediment gravity flow deposits (gravites). Gravites are observed only in the toe of slope facies zone. This facies zone in turn is classified into three parts including upper, middle and deep parts according to the texture and the argillaceous limestone beds thickness. Due to ack of platform top deposits, it was not possible to distinguish the carbonate platform type (ramp versus shelf type). However, the overwhelming resedimented carbonate facies points toward a carbonate shelf rather than a ramp.

Metamorphic design is said to be a style of architecture in which, by breaking down the design subject into the influencing variables in the design and explaining the relationship between these variables, it is possible to obtain a set of responsive answers to the form in question.

The purpose of this research is to explain the process of obtaining design patterns in metamorphic architecture. The research is applied in terms of type and is descriptive and analytical in nature. The statistical population of the study is composed of experts in the field of management and experts familiar with the subject of evaluation and ranking of developing scenario-based design models in metamorphic architecture. Due to the fact that all the experts were surveyed and the necessary changes were applied to the questionnaire, therefore, the verification of the current research has the necessary reliability.

The results of the single-variable T-test and rank average showed that to understanding the state of the system, clustering the main factors affecting changes, simplifying and ranking according to the degree of importance, determining the main factors based on the effects and the degree of uncertainty and determining the two final limits for each factor, creating compatible scenarios from the combination of main factors, choosing the preferred scenario and quantifying the scenario above the standard is effective in explaining the design patterns in metamorphic architecture. Also, based on the results of paired comparisons, the most suitable model for developing a scenario in metamorphic architecture is first the interaction effect and then the trend effect and intuitive logic is the last priority.

Environmental pollution caused by climate change and human factors caused by the increase in the world's population and as a result of the uncontrolled development of cities, has caused problems in settlements. These include declining quality of living environment and residential buildings. This research has sought to control environmental pollution in the building space as the main goal. In order to solve this problem, construction shells have been selected as a solution and three different types with three different approaches of biological shells, intelligent moving shells and two-shell facades have been studied, analyzed and proposed. Due to the interdisciplinary nature of this research, combined methods and using different sciences have been used to do it. The research is applied in nature, to explain the theoretical framework and collect data, as well as to select the influential components, it has benefited from the study of the background effective on the subject, as well as the field method. In order to obtain the number of pollutants entering the building in each of the models, the simulation method has been used using related software. Data analysis and evaluation has been done through simulation method. One of the results of this research was to present a model to be used in the city of Ahvaz in order to control environmental pollution. At the end, after observing the analysis of the studied indicators in the current state of the building, the proposed models were also analyzed and reviewed and the results were presented in the form of a diagram. Comparing the current situation with the first model, the number of environmental pollutants, both outside the building and adjacent to the building wall and inside the building, has decreased significantly. This is despite the fact that the reduction of pollutants has increased compared to the current situation with the second model, and the proposed measures and model have been fully effective

Paying too much attention to the eternal power of reasoning and ignoring the latent mental spaces has created crises of the gap between the contemporary human and the artificial environment. Therefore, it seems vital to recognize the roots of the connection between the mind and the body in the fields of architecture in the past. Aiming to identify the mystical field in the Iranian introverted architecture, this study investigates another field, beyond the realm of existence mirror. The theoretical foundations of the research specifically refer to the position of the phenomenon of mirror in philosophy of Illumination and its role in the Iranian introverted architecture. The main research question refers to how the essence of space appears in the architecture. The qualitative method of this research is based on an interpretive philosophical view that uses the methodology of logical reasoning to explore the inner reality of space-place. The results show that the development of other sides of things and the recognition of the field beyond the realm of mirror would be possible by the transition from the methods of looking inside and outside in the fields of Iranian introverted architecture. Meanwhile, “the confrontation of mind and object” leads to “internal and external transformation of the human being” and creates “another realm called the world of mystics". The degree of presence in the space of introverted architecture is adapted to Suhrawardi's philosophy and passing through the seven steps of: the trouble of separation from the outside, joining to the inside, awakening, astonishment, annihilation, immersion in the depths of maze, the return and development of a mirror phenomenon, the human enters another realm of existence. At the end of this path, the mystics will appear in the interior spaces of architecture.

Possible sources of the dusts in the Khour and Biabanak were been investigated. For these purposes, 28 surface samples from this area were collected for sedimentology and mineralogy studies. Most of the surficial sediments of the area are fine sand, a few samples with silt and clay size; which are susceptible to wind erosion. Furthermore, climatology could facilitate a better understanding of natural hazards such as dust events. Climatic data for a period of 20 years (1991-2010) including rainfall, dust events, wind speed and directions obtained from Meteorological Organization of Iran were analyzed. Major wind directions are W and NE. Heavy minerals including pyroxene, biotite, amphibole, as well as some opaque minerals are recognized in these sediments, among which the pyroxene is more frequent than the others (1-1.2% av. in whole samples and up to 5-10% in heavy mineral fraction). Most of the pyroxene is augite. According to climatic conditions, overwhelming fine grain sediment particle size (less than 63 µ) of the area and predominant wind direction, the dusts might originate from west of the Khour and Biabanak. Detailed knowledge of dust provenance could aim to eliminate its environmental impacts. Hence, possible sources of dusts were examined. Majority of the sediment cover in the NE of Isfahan provenance are originated from acidic, intermediate and ultramafic rocks exposed in the Anarak area; altered ultramafic rocks of Proterozoic to early Palaeozoic in the Anarak-Khour; as well as ophiolites exposed along major faults such as Naein-Dehshir-Baft.

The intertextual reading of narrating the life with the experience of space in the inner layers of mind and emphasizing the unconscious memories is a mental cognition method of the past architecture. In this paper the architecture of Iranian introverted houses has been interpreted based on mentality scheme and the Mobius theory. The nature of Mobius strip spread out inseparable layers and traverses the inward-outward path simultaneously. It is a long soft rectangular strip that is obtained by wrapping and connecting the two ends. The Mobius strip’s start and finish will be same, so the movement on it will be repeated infinitely. The purpose of mental interpretation of architecture is to face the deepest layers of existence and to re-learn the identity we have forgotten. The starting point in the deepest layers of existence is the point that we will return to after the inward and outward path. The concept of home is defined as the starting point for moving into the deep center of existence, in which the study interprets the architecture of the house by emphasizing the experience of space from the mental perspective of the dwellers or guests present in these spaces, without judgment and with intertextual reading. This study uses qualitative research strategy to interpret the past architecture subjectively. It also seeks first-hand information by exploratory-interpretive library studies about "In-Between Reality" in the empty space of the house and its role in arousing the hidden layers of the mind. The study specifically examines the relationship between the subject's mental perspective as a dependent variable and the internal domain of the home as independent variables. The analysis is done semantically, which explores the intrinsic possibilities of the text and the epistemology of home architecture. In order to complete the discussion in this article, the mentally hidden layers are adapted to the Mobius surface and provide a method for reading the architectural space by using narrative knowledge. The conclusion of this paper shows that reading the narrative of life in Iranian introverted houses that is a method of architectural cognition will occur through the passage of time as the Mobius phenomenon passes through itself. Providing a way of interpreting the mentality scheme in architecture is possible through the epistemology of the concept of home and the discovery of the interior of the inhabitants as they move to the next level of existence. This is a profound transition to lost spirituality that requires internal transformation. Such insight is unusual for ordinary humans, but not inconceivable. The experience of meaning in architectural space in narrating the life Iranian houses further us into the Mobius-like path in the hidden layers of our minds. The end of this path leads to Mirror Vision- mirroring mystical intuition- in the philosophy of Suhrawardi.  Directing the path of the mind from inside to inside will increase one's ability to recognize and return to oneself.

The intermediate areas located among the residential blocks have a relatively important role in controlling, reducing and correcting the undesirable behaviors of residents, and the emergence of the concept of environmental satisfaction. The necessity of conducting this research is important because of the negative effects of residents' behavioral level on the scope of collective life. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of intermediate areas on the control and relative modification of undesirable biological behaviors and subsequently to achieve the concept of environmental satisfaction in low-cost residential complexes. The research method in compiling this research is an exploratory one. The method of data collection is based on structured interviews, objective observations of researchers and the study of first-hand and superior sources. The results and findings of the research show that in case of redesigning and strengthening the quantitative and qualitative role of intermediate areas, there is a possibility of achieving a relative concept of satisfaction in groups of collective life and especially cheap from a behavioral point of view.

Sediment gravity flows are categorized based on combination of five parameters: sediment concentration, sediment-support mechanism, flow state (laminar or turbulent) and rheology (flow type and its deformation). Except for rheology, all of these parameters change gradationally from one member to another. Therefore, rheological classification of sediment gravity flows should be the most straightforward and the least controversial. These flows can be either Newtonian (i.e., turbidity currents), or non-Newtonian (i.e., debris flows). However, identification of flow rheology by examining the deposits may not be easy. Although we may confidently identify some rocks as turbidites and others as debrites, there are some transitional deposits, here called densites. Densites share both the characteristics of turbidites and debrites. Densites are the deposits of dense flows, which are rheologically stratified flows having a composite rheology of Newtonian fluids and non-Newtonian fluids. The term gravite is proposed for deposits of any kind of sediment gravity flow, irrespective of their depositional environment. Nowadays, turbidity currents only for sediment gravity flows with Newtonian rheology. These types of currents with Newtonian rheology, unlike other currents, should produce a diagnostic distribution grading (due to differential grain settling) from the bottom to the top of the deposits (i.e., Bouma sequence). Turbidite systems are classified based on grain size (mud-rich, mud/sand-rich, sand-rich and gravel-rich), sediment composition (calciturbidite and siliciclastic turbidite) and feeder system) submarine fan with point source, ramp with multiple source and slope apron with linear source). Fine-grained, mud-rich turbidite systems mainly occur in basins with a large fluvial input. The calciturbidites and siliciclastic turbidites in Iran can be named Pabdeh and Sarvak Formations (Zagros Basin), terrigenous part of Amiran Formation and Miocene siliciclastic deposits, respectively.

The behavioral habits of inhabitants of urban ecosystems are neglected due to the dominance of the economy in creating such environments, the most important of which is the dissatisfaction of the residential environment and lack of access to the place of residence. The purpose of this research is to identify types and levels of unfavorable behaviors of residents of Mehr city of Mehregan Qazvin, and ultimately to obtain environmental solutions to improve behavior and to achieve living patterns in residential complexes based on residents' psychology. The methodology of this study is to develop a combination of quantitative and qualitative research method and the method of collecting data was done in a step-by-step manner based on open and closed questionnaires, studying first-hand and first-aid sources and in-depth interviews and objective observations of the researchers themselves. The main question in the qualitative research area is whether environmental design improvements can be effective in reducing undesirable behaviors and feeling satisfied with the environment. The results of this study showed that if the unfavorable behaviors are modified through the redevelopment of the environment and the behavioral patterns among current residents are achieved at the beginning stage of architectural design in the future, satisfaction from the environment, promotion of the environment quality, and also living in inexpensive bio-complexes are achieved along with other related factors.

Sedimentological aspects of the Iranian side of the Persian Gulf were investigated in present study. The research objective was to identify the sediment components and compositions of the Persian Gulf continental shelf and incoming rivers. In total, 200 surface samples were collected from bed materials of the study area ranging 10 to 100 m water depths and incoming rivers (between 1 to 4 m water depths) using Van Veen Grab. Sample preparation was implemented to granolumetric test to identify biota and detrital content and to determine mineralogy (x-ray diffraction analysis) of sediments. Results showed low contribution of detrital components (i.e. quartz, feldspar, mica and rock-fragment) and high contribution organic-biogenic components (i.e. gastropoda, ostracoda, echinoderm, bryozoan and benthonic-planktonic foraminifera) in sediment composition. Accordingly, more than 50% of seabed components composed of mud (silt and clay)-size particles. Four types of sediment textures, slightly gravelly mud, sandy mud, gravelly mud and slightly gravelly sandy mud have formd more than 75% of these sediments. Detrital components of the Persian Gulf foreland basin are drived almost the Anatolia-Zagros mountain belt.  The similarity of fluvial and shallow-deep marine sediments (with the exception of shell-fragments in marine deposits) indicates similarity in their origins. In addition, effects of various sediment transport mechanisms such as fluvial, tidal and wave-induced currents on distribution of sediments in the shallow zone have been proved agine in present study. Incoming rivers to the northern part of the Persian Gulf are the most important factors in supplying and transporting detrital components. Detrital and organic-biogenic components are scattered by tidal and marine currents across the Persian Gulf. The most clay minerals (kaolinite, illite, smectite and chlorite) with the exception of palygorskite (autogenic origin) are detrital in the northern part of the Persian Gulf.

In present research, depositional environment of the Qelli Formation (Late Ordovician) was investigated in NE Alborz Basin (Robat-e-Qarabil Area; Kuh-e-Kurkhud). This study was performed based on field observations, thin sections petrography, sedimentary structures and palynological studies. Utilizing this multidisciplinary approach, four litofacies assemblages were recognized. The Qelli Formation in studied area comprises alternation of thick to thin shale beds, medium to thin bedded sandstones, sandy limestones, laminated siltstones and diabasic sill. These lithofacies assemblages consist of arkose-subarkose, sandy allochem limestone, siltstone and shale. According to the properties of lithofacies, sedimentary structures and vertical stacking of these lithofacies suggest a storm and wave dominated shelf, wherein the depositional setting evolved from lower shoreface with lower- middle lithofacies (with hummocky cross stratification, truncation surface, parallel lamination and cross lamination) that gradually changed into upper shoreface with upper lithofacies (with swaley cross stratification, wave ripple-mark, parallel lamination, normal grading, wedge-shaped and tabular cross-lamination) which storm and waves induced currents had important roles in sediment reworking and redeposition. Using the Tyson diagram, four palynological facies (III, IVa, V and VII) were identified. Meanwhile, statistical studies on the palynological parameters (percentage of phytoclast, amorphous organic matter and lability parameter) indicate a shallowing upward trend in Ghelli Formation. Comparison of the relative abundance of marine palynomorphs with terrestrial palynological elements indicate less abundance of acritarchs and chitinozoans in comparison with cryptospores and plant fragments which indicate that Qelli Formation is deposited in shallow marine environment.

In this research, in addition to some of the researching views of rivers are discussed, achievments and sedimentological views of the Iranian rivers are studied in more detail. One of the most important environmental problems, is pollution of sediments or river water. Concentration of pollutant metals in fluvial sediments depends on various indicators such as the physico-chemical properties of the fluvial environment and geochemical charactristics of the metals. Methods for determination of total content and sequential extraction of different species of metals are used to determine the pollution of metals. In GIS-based researchs, river changes maps (in specific time periods) and flood zoning are widely used in flood plan management. In the river engineering debate, some common methods for investigating the flood phenomenon, including digital altitudinal model, hydrological trend model and triangular irregular net, are used. Also, other related topics in this regard, include the threshold of grain movement and predicting the behavior of rivers (based on artificial neural networks models and models based on statistical methods such as linear and nonlinear regression, Pearson, Spesarman and Man-Kendall correlation methods). Investigation of the threshold of grains movement will be done by methods such as flow unit discharge, critical shear stress and critical mean flow velocity. The most important subject in fluvial sedimentology include river morphology, flow regime and bedforms, classification of fluvial channel bodies and valley fills, fluvial styles, sedimentary scales in fluvial sediments, sedimentary facies, architectural elements, sediment load and fining trend of river sediments. Fluvial architecture consists of geometry and internal arrangement of channel and overbank deposits in fluvial sequences. The analysis of architectural elements is a relatively new method for the interpretation of fluvial facies. The variation of channel types and sediments in fluvial environments are due to the wide range of dependent factors governing on the fluvial sedimentation. Classifications of lithofacies, bounding surfaces and architectural elements are one of the most important methods for analyzing of fluvial architectural elements.

Sediment constituents, total organic carbon contents, redox-sensitive trace-metals concentrations, and organic matter (OM) types have been analyzed on fifteen sediment cores (73cm-165cm long) taken from the southern part of the South Caspian Basin (SPSCB). 257 samples for sedimentological studies (particles size analysis, mineralogy and biota contents) and 120 samples for organic-inorganic geochemistry studies (TOC, S2 and RSTM concentrations) were analyzed. Sediments on the distal parts of shelf are mud dominated, while slope and proximal parts of the basin plain comprise interbedded debrite, and pelagic-hemipelagic sediments. Several factors (e.g. bottom dissolved oxygen (BDO), TOC, biota content, faecal pellets, and RSTM) suggest that these sediments were deposited under markedly different redox conditions, namely: (1) Shelf and slope settings (oxic sediments), and (2) intraslope basins and basin plain settings (dysoxic sediments). Observations suggest that basin plain and intraslope basins sediments were deposited under oxygen-depleted (oxygen minimum zone) conditions. The dysoxic sediments are enriched in RSTM (V, Zn, Cr, Cu, Ni), with high TOC values, with mud peloids, and contain type II OM, while the sediments of the oxic sediments are enriched in infaunal organisms, faecal pellets, and contain types III and mixture II/III OM.

Sediment transport occurs through various processes, whereby their origin is of great importance. Surface sediments of the Semnan province and NE Isfahan province (Khour and Biabanak) were sampled to examine the possibility of transportation by wind. Hence, 43 samples collected from surficial sediments of the Semnan and Isfahan provinces were analyzed using ICP method in the geochemistry lab of the Geological Survey of Iran. After testing outlier data were excluded from any further processing. To ensure confidence of any possible relation between elements, multiple statistical approach including principal component analysis (Pearson correlation), correlation analysis, cluster analysis, factor analysis and varimax boxes were applied. The results show that the elements including Zn, V, Ti, Sn, Sc, P, Ni, Mn, Cu, Cr, Co, Cd, Ba, represent reasonable correlation for samples of the Semnan province. Coeval existing of Co, Mn and Ni may reflect their geogenic source, particularly from intermediate to basic volcanic rocks exposed around the area. In Khour and Biabanak area, V, Ti, Sn, Sc, Pb, P, Ni, Mn, Cu, Cr, Co, Cd, Zn are closely related, which probably points to their origin from altered ultramafic rocks of the Proterozoic-early Paleozoic exposed around the area. There are positive factors in levels 1, 3 and 4 may be affected by various geological formations exposed around the studied areas. However, combined role of human or agricultural activity are more plausible for level 3 in factor analysis.

The Upper Triassic Nayband Formation is widely exposed in the Tabas subzone, East Central Iran. This formation is 1410 meters thick, mainly comprises sandstone, sandy limestone, marl, coalificated shale (Coal seam) and dark shale in Parvadeh area. This study tries to reconstruct the hydrocarbon production potentiality, organic geochemistry, kerogen type, thermal maturity and recognition of depositional condition of the Nayband Formation. Totally 86 samples (coal seams and dark shales) were collected. These samples were analyzed by Rock-Eval type VI. Geochemical analysis results revealed that TOC content is more than 4 Wt% in the coalificated shales and in the dark shales is less than 4 Wt%. Parameters such as S1, S2, S1 S2 suggest poor hydrocarbon production. Other parameters such as HI suggest poor hydrocarbon production potential (coalificated shales) to gas prone source rock (dark shales). Results also revealed that the organic matter mainly contain type IV kerogen in the coalificated shales and predominately comprises kerogen types III and IV in the dark shales. Vitrinite reflectance of the coalificated shales (0.84-1.12 %) indicate that the coalificated shales are at the mature stage (enrichment of oxidized organic matter indicates poor hydrocarbon production). Organic facies of this rock unit indicates that these sediments predominately comprises organic facies types D and CD which implying highly oxic to oxic conditions during the deposition. Based on HI and TOC parameters, major of these sediments were deposited during relative sea-level fall.

In order to study sedimentology, depositional settings and organic geochemistry in the southern part of the South Caspian Basin, 124 surface samples were taken from shallow to deep water with utilizing Van Veen Grab. All samples were analyzed for total organic carbon (TOC), S2 (Rock-Eval Pyrolysis), biota content (bioturbating organisms), particles size and mineralogy. Based on shallow seismic data, a range of depositional settings were distinguished including delta, shelf, slope, and basin plain. Composition of samples revealed detrital particles (quartz, feldspar, muscovite, carbonate and non-carbonate rock fragments and clay minerals (illite, chlorite, kaolinite, smectite)), as well as organic/biogenic components (i.e. bivalves, gastropods, ostracods) and non-skeletal particles (i.e. mud peloids). Several factors (e.g. TOC, organic matter type, biota content) suggest that these sediments were deposited under markedly different redox conditions, namely: (1) shelf and slope settings (oxic sediments), (2) basin plain settings (dysoxic sediments). The dysoxic sediments are enriched in type II organic matter (OM) with high TOC content (>1wt. %) while the oxidized sediments are enriched in infaunal organisms (i.e. ostracods and gastropods), and contain type III OM with low TOC content (

In order to study of organic geochemistry of bed sediments in Khowr-e-Mussa and its adjacent marine areas, 61 surface sediment samples were collected. Based on granulometric analysis of the sediments, 4 major sedimentary types comprising mud, sandy mud, muddy sand, and slightly gravelly muddy sand were determined. The bed sediments are mainly composed of terrigenous (quartz, feldespar, rock fragments, carbonate lithics and clay minerals) and chemical – biochemical (bivalve, gastropod, foraminifera, ostracod and bryozoa) particles. Based on the organic geochemistry studies, the total organic carbon (TOC) varies 0.11 to 0.70 %wt, which increases in the muddy sediments. The studied kerogens (based on S2/TOC diagram) indicate that the kerogen types III (3) and mixture of III-II (U) are the most abundant. In addition, the hydrogen index versus Tmax diagram, revealed the similar results. The studied kerogens indicated that this part of the Persian Gulf affected by the transportation of terrestrial (fluvial, III type) rather than the marine organic matter (II type).

Using high-resolution shallow seismic data, we have investigated the seismic facies in northern Qeshm Island waterways in East of Persian Gulf. Seismic data obtained with Sub-bottom profiler and then interpreted by ISE software. Studies lead to recognizing 7 types seismic facies on seismic data. These facies are detectable by amplitude, continuity, geometry, internal pattern and staking pattern from each other. Results show that seismic facies formed in two various environments condition. Lower part facies have low amplitude with high lateral continuity and sustainability; but upper seismic facies have various amplitude with low lateral continuity. These facies have deposited in five periods that separate with erosional surfaces. Changes of depositional environments and province region of sediment supply can be realize from seismic facies. So, through deposition of LAP-C and MAC facies sediments have supplied from Qeshm Island; but, at the time of deposition of LAC and HAC sediments interred from the North.

This study revealed that the dissolved oxygen level، biogenic content، bioturbation and particles size control the distribution of total organic carbon (TOC) in the surfacial sediments of Northern part of the Persian Gulf (from Strait of Hormoz to Khowr-e-Mussa). 525 surface sediment samples taken between 10 and 100 m water depth with Van Veen Grab were analyzed for biogenic content (bioturbating organisms)، TOC (Rock-Eval Pyrolysis)، mineralogy and particles size. Bed sediments are composed of terrigenous (quartz، feldspar، rock fragment and clay minerals) and chemical-biochemical (bivalve، gastropod، ostracod، bryozoa، planktonic and benthic foraminifera، echinoderm spine and fish notochord) particles. Based on these studies، muddy sediments، total organic carbon (0. 03 to 1. 48 wt%) and planktonic foraminifera (such as cyclomina and globorotalides) are increased and dissolved oxygen level (5 to 6. 2 ppm) is decreased in deeper parts of eastern and middle sections of studied area than coastal area which indicates high potential for organic matter preservation in muddy sediments of the Persian Gulf with lower dissolved oxygen level and lower bioturbation (decrease in benthic content).

Pabdeh Formation in studied area (northwest of Zagros Basin and north Dezful Embayment) comprises alternation of thin to Thic limestones (lime mudstone, wackestone, packstone and grainstone) and dark to light gray shale beds, rich in planktonic microfauna. Vertical stacking of these facies suggests that depositional environment of the type section evolved gradually from an outer ramp with planktonic facies and anoxic to suboxic conditions in to a mid ramp with high energy oolitic shoal facies and inner ramp with lagoonal facies. In the mid ramp, strong storms were important for sediment transport and sedimentation. Storm deposits (carbonate tempestite facies) with their unique sedimentary structures such as erosional basal contact, hummocky cross-stratification, normal grading, ripply cross-lamination, ripple mark on top of each event bed, couplets of fine (lime mudstone) and coarse (shell-lags) laminae, deposited in this suite. Based on the same studies in the northwest of Zagros Basin, suggest a shallowing-upward trend of the facies deposited in a distally steepend carbonate ramp, wherein the depositional setting evolved from an outer ramp with pelagic and turbidite facies (Microfacies 4B and 4C) and reducing condition to oxygen depleted waters (TOC>2.5%) that gradually changed into middle ramp where marine currents (e.g. turbidity currents) had important roles in sediment reworking and redeposition.

In order to determine kerogen type, system tract and hydrocarbon production potential three different regions, including Pabdeh Formation in folded Zagros zone, Razan/Ab-e-Garm subzone (Jurassic sediments of Dehlyan and Ghameshlo sections) and 15m core of the Persian Gulf bed sediments in Bushehr region were investigated using Rock-eval parameters. Field studies and examinations on Jurassic facies of Razan/Ab-e-Garm subzone indicate that Ghameshlo section contains four parts (lower sandstone, sandy shale, upper sandstone and alternation of sandstone and mica-bearing shale), and Dehlyan section has five parts (shale, siltstone, lower sandstone, sandy limestones and upper sandstone). Based on similar studies on Pabdeh Formation facies (mudstone, packstone, wackestone and shale), seven group of microfacies were studied. Based on granulometry analysis on studied core of the Persian Gulf in the coastal area of Bushehr, five sedimentary types comprising clayey silt, sandy mud, Gravelly mud, gravelly muddy sand were determined. Based on organic geochemistry studies, 65% of bitumen-bearing samples in of middle and lower parts of pabdeh formation are in mature (oil-prone), and 35% in immature stages. Based on these studies, samples of Razan/Ab-e- Garm subzone produce gas. But these mentioned samples are poor in hydrocarbon generation. Studied kerogens indicate the following results; kerogen types II and II-III are the most abundant in Pabdeh Formation, kerogen types II,III and mixture of II-III are in majority in Bushehr core, and kerogen types III and IV are the commonest in Razan/Ab-e-Garm subzone. Based on hydrogen index versus TOC (total organic carbon) diagram, the results are as follows.In Bushehr core, 73% of studied samples indicate transgressive systems tract, and 27% of them are placed in low stand system tract. Meanwhile, Pabdeh Formation samples indicate transgressive systems tract, and Razan/Ab-e-Garm samples exhibit low stand system tract.