فهرست مطالب رضا خسروآبادی

In Persian, which adheres to an SOV word order, complement clauses or prepositional objects typically follow the direct object in their conventional position. However, there is the potential to move this phrase to different positions within the sentence. However, this phrase can be moved to other positions in a sentence. Multiple explanations exist for this phenomenon. One such explanation is within Lexical-Functional Grammar, suggesting that the relocated constituent finds its place within lexical entries. More specifically, event-related potential (ERP) was used to investigate this processing in the centro-parietal part of the brain (for the for N400 and P600 components) following the Friedrici model of language comprehension (1995). This research aims to investigate how wh-complement displacement in Persian is processed within the verb's lexical entry using event-related potentials, rooted in the syntactic-semantic role structure. Specifically, this study focuses on the N400 central-anterior component, as introduced by Friedrich in the field of language processing in 1995. Given Persian's rich inflection, which permits various word orders, we examined four distinct positions for complement clauses in the sentences under study, constructing 50 sentences for each condition. These sentence conditions were thoughtfully designed based on consistent word length and syntactic category. To delve deeper into the verb's lexical entry, we presented sentences in a structured format on a display screen and provided comprehensive explanations to participants before the experiment. Participants were instructed to articulate words without any lip or facial movement. Brain responses were recorded as event-related potentials during reading and subsequently analyzed using MATLAB software with EEGlaB. The results reveal that complement clause displacement triggers distinct brain responses within the lexical entry of verbs, marked by an increased N400 amplitude in the central-anterior region when the complement clause is in its canonical position. These findings lead to the conclusion that the movement of the complementizer in Persian follows a Lexical-Functional grammar within the neurophysiological model put forth by by Friedrich's model of syntactic processing .The main conclusions to be drawn from these bits of evidence are the displacement of the Wh-complement in lexical entries of verb in Persian has a neurophysiological basis.

This study aimed to comparison of the effect of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) and Transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) combined with cognitive training on working memory performance of people with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. For this purpose, 45 children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in zahedan city were purposefully selected as the research sample. Subjects were divided into three groups: tDCS, tRNS and placebo group. Subjects in the experimental groups received 5 sessions of electrical stimulation (tDCS and tRNS) with an interval of 24 hours between each session; placebo group also received fake stimulation (non-effective). At the same time, all subjects also received cognitive rehabilitation of working memory. All subjects were evaluated before and after the stimulation and one week after the stimulation using the N-back task and the Wechsler Digit span test. The data were analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance. The results showed that in the tDCS group, there was a significant difference in most working memory components from the pre-test stage to the follow-up (p<0.001). In the tRNS group, a significant difference was found in the component of direct digit span and reverse digit span in the research stages. In the comparison between the two experimental groups, the effectiveness of the tDCS group was higher than that of the tRNS group. Also, no significant difference was found in most of the components between the tRNS and placebo groups (p>0.05). Overall, the results of this study show that tDCS was more effective than tRNS in working memory and this method can be used together with other treatments to improve the working memory of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of self-modelling, skilled model, and learning model on the acquisition and retention of golf putting skill.
Forty-five students who volunteered to participate were selected and divided into three groups: self-modelling, skilled model, and learning model. After completing the pretest, participants engaged in six practice sessions, each consisting of six blocks of 10 trials. Prior to each training block, participants watched a video of their respective group's golf putting 10 times. The retention test was conducted 48 hours later.
A mixed ANOVA with repeated measures demonstrated that all three groups made significant progress in learning the desired skill from the pre-test to the acquisition test. This progress remained somewhat stable until the retention test. Additionally, both the acquisition and retention phases showed that the self-modeling group performed better than the other two groups. However, there was no significant difference between these groups.
Based on these results, the type of model used in learning skills such as golf putting has a highly significant effect. Therefore, learning golf putting can benefit from the similarities mentioned in Bandura's theory.

Cooperation is the cornerstone of social life. Lack of cooperation would lead to a wide range of social, moral, cultural and economic disasters. Altruistic punishment is found to be the major strategy to maintain and to encourage people to adhere to cooperation. The aim of the present study was to separate altruistic punishment from other seemingly similar forms of behavior. For the purpose of study, 60 male students of Shahid Beheshti University participated, were recruited. Their performance at both Dictator Game (DG) and Ultimatum Game (UG) where assessed in a computerized setting. Generally, %75 of participants rejected unfair offers in UG; whilst the same number of participants behaved unfairly in DG. Only, %25 of participants rejected unfair offers in the UG and acted fairly in the DG, which is considered an altruistic punishment. About %50 of participants rejected unfair offers in the UG, but they acted unfairly in the DG. This pattern of behavior is defined as spiteful punishment, which is a form of antisocial punishment. Eventually, %25 of participants accepted the unfair offers in the UG and behaved unfairly in the DG. This behavior pattern shows individual profit seeking at the cost of accepting injustice. A pattern that has not been reported in other studies so far. Although rejecting any unfair offer in the UG cannot be interpreted as altruistic punishment. However, the low rate of this behavior pattern in contrast to the high rate of spiteful punishment predicts a growing lack of social cooperation because the minority of people who behave cooperatively, gradually learn that cooperation is not beneficial. Instead, those who behave selfishly, monopolistically and profit-seeking, get a lot of advantages. In this way, individual profit-seeking surpasses cooperation and becomes the dominant paradigm. This situation is the bane of social life.

Many studies evaluate the interaction between cognition and posture but the effect of cognitive task difficulty and articulation on postural control remains inconclusive. The purpose of the present study was to examine the interaction effect of cognitive task difficulty and articulation on postural control.

Twenty healthy young volunteers (Mean age 22 ± 2.3 years) performed four random conditions while standing on a force platform. Conditions involved combinations of two level of cognitive task difficulty (easy and difficult cognitive task) and two level of verbal response (simultaneous and final).

Two-way ANOVA (significant level P<0.05) results demonstrated marked increased in the standard deviation and area of 95% confidence ellipse of the center of pressure in the difficult cognitive task condition with simultaneous verbal response. (P<0.05). Also, in the final response condition, difficult cognitive task reduced area of 95% confidence ellipse.

According to the results of the present research, it seems that the difficult cognitive task requires a greater part of attention capacity; subsequently, attention is withdrawn from the postural task and automatic control regulates posture more efficiently through unconscious, fast, and reflexive processes. Also, postural control is simultaneously affected by the difficulty of cognitive task and articulation. Therefore, for designing appropriate interventions, it seems necessary to pay attention to the interactive effects of the difficulty and articulation of cognitive task.

High levels of cooperation are formed in societies where people who violate certain norms are punished by the punitive behavior of others. The aim of the present study was to discriminate the types of reactions of individuals to unfair offers and to study their electrophysiological components.

40 male students of Shahid Beheshti University participated in this study through available sampling and their reaction in the modified form of dictator and ultimatum games was measured and evaluated.

Behavioral findings showed most participants did not accept unfair offers and behaved equally unfairly in DG. The results of the hierarchical clustering analysis showed that groups are divided into four groups based on fair-unfair continuity in both games. The behavior of the first group was in the form of pure altruistic punishment and the other groups included a kind of selfishness and behavioral inconsistency. Electrophysiological data showed that in the first group, the FRN and P300 amplitude were lower than in the other groups.

This study deepens our understanding of the foundation of justice as a moral construct by respondents and allows us to assess the processes that exist specifically to evaluate fair and unfair proposals. as far as we know, this study is the first to show the difference between neural data based on event related potential, arising from altruistic punishment, and other forms of punishment, and provide important practical implications for the evolution of collaboration.

Posture-cognition studies show that postural control is affected by cognitive task. Therefore, the effect of factors such as task difficulty is evaluated in dual-task paradigm but the impact of difficulty of cognitive and postural task on postural control remains inconclusive. The purpose of the present study was to examine the interaction effect of cognitive and postural tasks difficulty on postural control. Twenty healthy young volunteers (Mean age 22 ± 2.3 years) performed six random conditions while standing on a force platform. Conditions involved combinations of two level of postural task difficulty (standing on the floor and narrow base) and three level of cognitive task difficulty (without, easy and difficult cognitive tasks). Two way ANOVA (significant level p < 0.05) results demonstrated marked decrease in the standard deviation of the center of pressure in the anterior-posterior and medial-lateral directions for the difficult cognitive task condition in both postural task. (p < 0.05). Also, the easy cognitive task reduced the standard deviation of the center of pressure in the anterior-posterior direction in the narrow base standing condition (p < 0.05). According to the results of the present research, it seems that the difficult cognitive task requires a greater part of attention capacity; subsequently, attention is withdrawn from the postural task and automatic control regulates posture more efficiently through unconscious, fast, and reflexive processes. Also, postural control is simultaneously affected by the difficulty of postural and cognitive tasks. Therefore, in designing appropriate interventions, it seems necessary to pay attention to the interactive effects of posture and cognitive tasks.

Vibration, especially whole body vibration, is one of the most important physical harmful factors in industrial environments as well as vehicles. Exposure to whole-body vibration can cause different mental and physiological reactions in humans. This study aimed to investigate the effect of exposure to whole body vibration on the mental performances of 20-29 years old males in laboratory conditions.

In this research, 32 male students of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences with an average age of 22.19±2.6 years and a BMI of 20.23±2.21 kg/m2 participated. The acceleration of the whole body vibration was considered at three levels of low (0.53 m/s2), moderate (0.81 m/s2) and high (1.12 m/s2) according to the ISO 2631 standard at a frequency of 3-7 Hz. The mental functions of each subject were examined first in the vibration-free state and then at different vibration acceleration levels using the IVA (Integrated Visual and Auditory Continues) tool.  The heart rate of the subjects was also recorded by a digital heart rate monitor.

The results of this study showed that with increasing whole body vibration acceleration, visual and auditory attention decreased significantly (P<0.001). In addition, the heart rate and response time of the subjects significantly increased (P<0.001).

The results showed that whole body vibration is an effective factor in reaction time, mental functions and physiological parameters, which can reduce the accuracy of the work.

Cognitive control, which means the ability to control inappropriate behaviors or responses, and it is one of the main components of executive function that is impaired in paranormal believers. Therefore, this study seeks to determine whether the anodal stimulation of tDCS in the rDLPFC region is effective on the cognitive control function in paranormal believers or not?

The aim of this study was to improve the ability of cognitive control and inhibition through transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) in paranormal believers.

The present study was a quasi-experimental post-test design with a control group(sham). The statistical population of this study was the students of the Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences of the University of Tehran in 2019, of which 38 people were available through sampling and using the revised paranormal beliefs scale (Tobacyk,2004), which measures the sevirity of paranormal beliefs in individuals, Were screened and those with above-average scores were randomly assigned to the groups (experimental and sham). The Anodal Stimulation experimental Group received in the F4 region as well as the Cathodal Stimulus in the FP1 region (2-MA in 10-minute), and the Sham group received a fictitious stimulus. Participants were assessed in the anode stimulation position and quasi-stimulation conditions through the Go/No-Go test, which is used to measure inhibition.

The results showed that a significant difference between the mean scores related to the inhibitory error (p= 0/01) and the reaction time (p= 0/01) in the experimental and sham groups. Thus, the inhibitory error and reaction time of rDLPFC group are significantly less than the sham group.

The transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on rDLPFC of paranormal believers can improve cognitive control.

The interval between voluntary actions and their outcomes are perceived as shorter than the interval between similar involuntary actions and the outcomes. This bias in time perception may be related to the sense of agency which has been referred to as intentional binding (IB). In this study, we investigated the effect of IB on voluntary action and its visual outcome (ie. color changing to red, green, blue, and yellow). Besides, we compared the IB effects among these different colors.

19 right-handed subjects (14 women and 5 men) have participated in baseline and experimental studies. Participants should press a key and after that, they would face color-change, then they reported the time perceptions, via referring to Libetchr('39')s clock. These data were compared to the baseline data (pressing key without color-change and color-change without pressing the key). We modified Libetchr('39')s clock in a new version to study the IB of visual effect.

The results show that the total IB (sum of action IB and color IB) in overall and distinct colors was significantly different. Action IB was not significantly different, however, the happening of the color IB in overall and distinct colors was significantly different. Furthermore, a significant difference between action IB - blue outcomes was observed compared to action IB – green and yellow outcomes. There were no significant differences among different color IB.

Using innovative Libetchr('39')s clock, we could investigate and compare IB of visual outcome in 4 different colors. Our results have been in line with previous studies and with the retrospective viewpoint of IB phenomena.

Learning and memory processes are two important cognitive functions that have no meaning without the other. The learning and memory mechanisms are faced with many challenges due to the complexity of many challenges, one of the powerful tools of self - organizing mental analysis during learning, EEG. The purpose of this study is to investigate the dynamics of learning and memory processes (coding, maintenance and retrieval) in the brain.
 Eighteen voluntary healthy subjects age range 18 – 23 assigned for evaluate auditory verbal learning test (AVLT). All of them are university students and right handed. EEG signals are recorded during five stages of AVLT and so before and after behavioral test. Simultaneous to estimate learning rate and memory process through behavioral assessment, the dynamics of these changes are investigated by Higuchi fractal dimension estimation EEG signals.
The results of this study showed that increasing the number of words recalled or increasing the learning rate of participants is inversely proportional to the highchi fractal dimensionality 
of the EEG signals. Power spectrum obtained show an increase in overall frequency spectrum of the EEG.
Approximation entropy confirm to reduce the chaotic behavior of signals due to decreasing the complexity   of signals in during memory process increases.
The fractal and oscillatory components behavior of the EEG signals present brain organization during learning and memory processes.

Voluntary actions are preceded by neuro-electrophysiological “Bereitschaftspotential (BP) or Readiness Potential” (RP). The Readiness Potential (RP) is a slow negative shift in neuro-electrical potential generated by the brain that begins at about a second or more before a self-paced voluntary motor act. Benjamin Libet’s famous experimental findings led us to conclude that voluntary acts can be initiated by unconscious cerebral processes before any conscious “willing or intention to act” appears. This empirical finding strongly challenges the old notion of “free will” which argued that the conscious intention or free will initiates the onset of the specific cerebral processes that mediate the act. Later researchers have found that RPs were absent or reduced in brain illnesses like Parkinson disease and some mental disorders like Tourette’s syndrome. Based on Libet’s method, the present study aimed to examine the differences of Readiness Potential’s components (Peak and latency) among persons with bulimia Nervosa compared to the control (normal) group. Also, this research investigated and compared the perceived time of willing to action (W time) and the perceived time of action itself (M time) between the groups. Bulimia nervosa, as a mental health condition and an eating disorder, is characterized by eating much food and then taking inappropriate steps to prevent weight gain, such as vomiting or misusing laxatives. People living with bulimia feel that they are not in control of how much food they consume during an episode of binge eating and subsequent purging, which usually occurs at least once a week. Binge eating refers to eating a large amount of food in a short amount of time. Purging refers to the attempts to get rid of the food or calories consumed.

Thirty-six subjects (19 with bulimia and 17 normal) participated in two 40- trial blocks. In the two blocks, subjects were asked to press a key at any time they felt the “willing” or desire to do so. In the first block, subjects reported the perceived time of will to act of pressing the key, (W) and in the second block, they reported the time of pressing the key itself (M). Reports of W time (in the first block) and M time (in the second block) depended upon the subject’s recall of the spatial Libet’s clock- position of a revolving spot at the time of her/his initial awareness of doing (M)/intending (W) to press the key. During all procedures the 64-channels EEG was recorded.

Results showed that no significant differences in “W time” and “M time” between the groups. Nevertheless, EEG data from the “W block” showed a significant difference between the bulimia and normal groups in the “peak component” of CP1, CP5 and PZ Channels. Peak components of these channels were more significant in the bulimia group than in the normal one.

As these significant channels are related to the parietal lobe, and the parietal lobe is related to awareness of willing to act, the current study’s findings show that the awareness of will and intention to act among persons with bulimia nervosa is disturbed at the neuroscientific level.

In psychophysics domain, various factors have been studied as the main account of the time contraction after stimulus repetition and the time expansion after a novel stimulus; however, there is no clear explanation about the amount of involvement of temporal and non-temporal features. In this study, 48 sub-jects participated in 3 experiments in which the purer role of temporal properties of stimului were examined. Data were provided by a tem-poral oddball paradigm and the analysis was implemented by repeated measures analysis of variance in experiments 1 and 3. In experiment 2, a psychometric function was used to deter-mine the modified estimations in temporal pro-cessing system. Findings showed that despite removing the non-temporal change in expe-riment 1, the temporal change between repea-ted/non-repeated stimuli can produce time con-traction and dilation respectively. The result was only for the auditory system. In experi-ment 2, an efficient threshold for temporal oddball was suggested. Using the updated threshold, experiment 3 revealed concordant repeated/non-repeated effects on time percep-tion in both modalities.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD as a neurodevelopmental disorder includes three subtypes predominantly inattentive (ADHD-I), predominantly impulsive/hyperactive (ADHD-H), and predominantly combined (ADHD-C) that has formed a heterogeneity disorder due to differences in pathology and syndrome. The aim of this study was to evaluate the EEG characteristics of ADHD subtypes.  

Subjects included 61 boys (7-12 years old, normal intelligence) with ADHD (ADHD-I, N= 25; ADHD-H, N=14 and ADHD-C, N=22) and 43 typically developing children (TDC). The groups were matched for IQ- and age. Children were investigated regarding Child Behavior Checklist and brain electrical activity during eyes closed resting state (i.e. EEG power in delta (1-4 Hz), Theta (4-8 Hz), alpha (8-12 Hz) and Beta (12-30Hz) frequency bands. Statistical analysis included a 2x2 factorial design by additive model.  

Theta / beta ratio was higher in all ADHD subtypes, especially the ADHD-I subtypes, compared to normal children. In addition, in the ADHD-I subtypes, theta activity was higher and beta activity was lower. No significant difference was found between the groups in delta and alpha activity.

According to this results, EEG markers can better distinguish the ADHD-I subtype, which can be explained within the framework of the maturational lag model of the central nervous system.

The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of mental fatigue on the neural efficacy of the executive control network in athletes. To this aim, 22 professional athletes’ students participated voluntarily. In order to measure the processing speed and the percentage of error in the control network, attention network test was conducted before and after mental fatigue. The subjects performed the Stroop test for 60 minutes in order to create mental fatigue. Then, they were asked to perform the attention network test. The results of dependent t-test indicated a significant increase in the error rate of the executive control network during mental fatigue. However, processing speed was not affected by mental fatigue. The findings support the reduction in the efficiency of task processing, which is influenced by the speed-accuracy exchange. Therefore, decreasing the effect of processing accuracy indicated the inhibition mechanism and the improvement of processing speed caused by activating the facilitation mechanism in the dual-regulation system.

Asperger’s syndrome is generally known as a neurodevelopmental disorder. The main features of this syndrome are the lack of social interaction, non-verbal communication, unusual repetitive behavior, restricted interests, and may have an inherent talent such as mathematics, music, etc. Nonetheless, their brain structural and functional variations as compared to healthy individuals require to be well understood.

This study intends to identify differences of the task-free fMRI data in Asperger’s syndrome as compared to healthy individuals using the graph-theoretical approach. In this approach, graph local and global measures are calculated from the functional network, which estimated through taking the correlation between activities in different parts of the brain. Subsequently, the differential pattern of local and global measures in Asperger’s syndrome as compared to healthy control group is investigated. Two groups of the subjects are matched in terms of age, gender, handedness, and IQ scores.

Results revealed the significant differences in local measures at temporal, amygdala, thalamus, and heschl regions. Classification of the tf-fMRI data based on the identified measures shows an accuracy of 84% to discriminate Asperger's individuals from the healthy group.

Accordingly, local measures extracted from the graph of the task-free functional connectivity network have a good potential for screening of Asperger's syndrome that can be used as an automatically-diagnosed method of this disorder.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of self-modeling, skilled model and novice model on the activity of mirror neurons.

The current research was a semi-experimental study with an intergroup design. Twenty-one male students (mean age: 19.16 years) in three experimental conditions: 1. self-modeling, 2. skilled model observation, and 3. novice model observation attended in the study. The task of interest was a golf putting task. After providing pre-training considerations, instructions, and initial training in putting skill with emphasis on important stages and tips, the volunteers performed 10 golf putts and their performance was used for providing video tapes for display during recording of brain electrical waves. The second stage was to record the brain electrical waves by observing three types of models. In this recording, 10 10-second videos of golf putting were watched. The operation was repeated three times in the form of counterbalance: within-participant order; 1. by viewing their performance filmed in the previous stage, 2. by viewing skilled model performances (skilled golfer) and 3. by viewing novice model performances (beginning golfers in putting task). To measure the mu rhythm suppression, ratios of the mu rhythm power during the observed conditions relative to the power over the baseline condition at C3, C4 and CZ scalp locations were used.

Two-way within-subject analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the mu rhythm suppression was significantly different among experimental conditions. The results of paired comparisons also indicated that in, self-modeling, suppression of mu rhythm was significantly higher than the other two conditions.

Some of the findings indicate that due to the discrepancy between the ability to perform movement with the observed model execution, the activity of the mirror neurons was lower in the skilled and novice models. The cause of greater mirror neurons activity in self-modeling conditions was also discussed in terms of the Bandura’s cognidoi. org/10.30699/icss.21.2.132 tive-social theory and model-observer similarity.

Repetition priming and repetition suppression are two phenomena that both are caused by repeated exposure to an identical stimulus. Repetition priming usually is under- lined by improved behavioral performance, whereas in timing, the repetition suppression is accompanied by increasing error in time two estimations. This study investigated the possible simultaneous concurrence of these phenomena. Twelve adult subjects participated in a temporal oddball task in which the repetition of standard stimuli was under experimental manipulation, compard to the target stimulus. Both changes in performance and time representation were analyzed by a repeated measure within group design. Repeated presentations of temporal stimulus either in visual or auditory modalities improved participants behavioral performance (repetition priming). At the same time, data analysis for time representation showed that despite different directions in the modalities, the oddball stimulus was able to distort the time representation, both in time contraction and time expantion. The findings proposed that although the repetition priming can lead to faster and more accurate response, but more time distortions after repeated stimuli can be explained by the shift occured in errors distribution.

 In recent years, excessive use of digital devices had dramatically increased in young people and this extreme exposure has inappropriate physical, cognitive, emotional, social and psychological consequences, such as the disruption in the parent-child interaction. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of emotional diet intervention on enriching parent-child interactions and reducing parental stress in mothers of young children excessively exposed to digital devices.  The design of this research was quasi-experimental with pre-post and follow-up test without control groups. In this study, 12 young children exposed to digital devices, which referred to the Ava autism center were selected as the sample group and participate in emotional diet intervention for 2 months. To assess the effectiveness of the intervention, a short form of parent-child interaction scale (1994) and a short form of parental stress scale (1990) were used. Data were analyzed using SPSS25.  Repeated measures ANOVA results showed that participating in emotional diet intervention decreases children exposure to digital devices, increases closeness and reduces the conflicts in parent-child interactions, reduces parental stress and distress, and parent-child dysfunctional interaction. The effect size of the intervention for digital devices exposure was large and for components of parental stress and the parent-child proximity-conflict was medium. Also, the efficacy was permanent after two months of completion of the intervention.  According to our results, training parents to the emotional enrichment of their interaction with the child who exposed to Digital Nanning was associated with reduced exposure to digital devices, improvement in parent-child interaction and reducing parental stress. Therefore, this method can be used to enrich the lifestyle of young children who were excessively exposed to digital devices.

Mental fatigue following long-term mental activity is a reason for the performance decrement in sports. Considering the importance of the effect of mental fatigue on selective attention and performance of athletes, the present study aimed to determine the effect of mental fatigue on the effectiveness of alerting and orienting attention networks among athlete students. This quasi-experimental study with pre- and posttest design was done to collect the data from 22 athlete students selected using convenient sampling method. Attention network test was used to evaluate the effectiveness of alerting and orienting networks before and after mental fatigue. In addition, they performed the Stroop test for 60 minutes in order to create mental fatigue. Then, repeated measures ANOVA (3 × 2) was utilized for analyzing the data at the significance level of 0.05. A significant increase in reaction time was observed in the speed processing of orienting network in mental fatigue (P = 0.016), while mental fatigue improved the reaction speed in the alerting network (P = 0.280). In addition, the error rate decreased in both alerting networks (P = 0.870) and orienting (P = 0.600), although it was not significant. It may be concluded that mental fatigue could alter cognitive performance and negatively affect both accuracy and speed of the alerting and orienting networks, due to its goal-directed and up-down control. Therefore, it seems that athlete students probably sacrifice the speed for maintaining accuracy in the orienting network, and reduce accuracy for maintaining speed in the alerting network.

Nowadays, the use of digital devices such as televisions, DVDs, smartphones, tablets and computer games is increasing among children. The present study aim is to review the studies that investigate the health-related consequences of the use of media in children. The present study was conducted using a systematic review method and internal and external articles that were designed to study the effect of using digital devices on children's health (external articles published in the years 2007 to 2017) were studied. After the screening, by attention to the articles outcome variables, results in 3 categories of physical, cognitive, social-emotional-behavioral effects were analyzed and deduced. The results of this study showed that extreme use of media associated with increased risk of overweight and obesity, changes in food habits and the pattern of sleep, structural changes in the brain, motor and language delays, weaknesses in the vocabulary domain, verbal intelligence and executive functions, emotional, communicative, social and behavioral problems. According to the findings of this study, it can be concluded that the use of digital devices, especially in the early stages of development, should be limited and parents, by creating a lifestyle that is full of human interaction, enrich the child's environment with social, cognitive, emotional and behavioral stimulus so that the child tend less toward digital devices and prevent the harmful effects of excessive using of digital devices.

Cognitive activities and the operation of tasks in the workplaces lead to the creation of a cognitive workload and specifically mental workload employee in the work environment. In order to measure these cognitive variables, physiological parameters are used. Electroencephalography is a non-invasive and relatively inexpensive method that can be used to evaluate neurophysiology and cognitive functions. Electroencephalography the electrical activity records a large number of brain neurons on the surface of the skull or the brain. The purpose of this article is to provide generalizations of imaging methods in neuroergonomic, brain wave bases, equipment and requirements for participants. It also describes the brainwave recording protocol step by step. Due to the expansion of interdisciplinary studies, the acquisition of brainwave recording skills is essential for researchers in the field of ergonomics and occupational health

The possibility that electromagnetic waves affect human cognition arises from the fact that electromagnetic radiation induces magnetic and electrical fields which may affect brain electrical activity and membrane potential of nervous system. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of electromagnetic radiation on the working memory of humans.
A sample of 24 male students from Shahid Beheshti University (mean age 26.5 ± 2.7 years) were selected for this study and randomly divided into two groups: sham exposed and experimental. To evaluate the psychological condition of participants, the SCL90-R questionnaire was used. The experimental group was exposed to electromagnetic wave at 2450 MHZ frequency for 20 minutes.. The head specific absorption rate (SAR) was estimated to be 0.15 W/kg. . The participants’ working memories were assessed at three stages of before, after and 24 hours following exposure using n-back task. In case the reaction time was more than 1,000 mili-seconds or accuracy rate less than 70%, the data was excluded from further analysis. An analysis of ANOVA with repeated measure was used to analyze the data.
A significant decrease in reaction time was observed in the experimental group after exposure as compared to the sham group, but the accuracy rate was not changed significantly.
According to the findings of present study, it can be concluded that electromagnetic wave exposure in 2450 MHZ frequency may induce transient effect on working memory in healthy humans by curbing the reaction time.