فهرست مطالب رضا عباس پور

The acquisition of urban land in public law is one of the important issues raised in public law, which is in conflict with the private ownership of individuals.However, institutions such as the municipality sometimes have the possibility of expropriating private property.An important element that makes government institutions able to rely on it to take away private property if necessary is the priority of the public and society's interests over the individual interests of individuals.Based on this, the theoretical foundations of ownership, as one of the examples of administrative actions of the government, is based on the theory of public service, because ownership is realized in the position of eliminating the conflict between collective interests and individual interests, and because of public service, and the application of the preferential rules of administrative law. In possession, this service is also provided on the basis of this. Lawsuits arising from land acquisition are mainly legal, and the authorities for resolving disputes in this field are divided into two categories: specialized authorities and general authorities.The basic question that this research seeks to answer is how can claims arising from the acquisition of land by government institutions be evaluated from a jurisprudential and legal point of view? The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical and the library method was used to collect the sources. The results of this study indicate that from a jurisprudential point of view, private ownership of real estate has been recognized based on the rule of Yad and Qa'id Taslat.

This article was done with the purpose of extracting the needs and expectations of students from the teaching and social education situation, which also included the evaluation of students.

The method of this research was a survey in which a questionnaire was used and 400 students of Azad University of Mashhad branch were selected as a sample.

Among students' needs, the highest average (3.77) belonged to the need for job training. After that, the need to train practical skills with an average of 3.63 was the highest need and then the need to train social skills with an average of 3.62 were ranked next. That is, the most needs were related to job needs, which expressed concern about the future. Also, social skills and the need to have professors with characteristics related to these needs were in the next stage.

The results showed the needs that were related to professors' teaching and the way of social education of professors in the classroom. In the evaluations, the students gave a lower score to the same components, which shows that professors need more training.

This research has been carried out in a descriptive and analytical way by examining library studies, and conclusions drawn by examining jurisprudential sources and existing documents. Using the relevant narratives, this article has discussed the rulings and divisions, and the application and non-application of Imam's permission in the ownership of these lands from two legal and jurisprudential points of view, and it has shown through the ijtihad method that one who revives the land does not become the original owner of the land. The ruling of ownership, for the revivalists of the dead land, is fixed and definite based on Islamic traditions, and the jurists also agree on the principle of this issue. This ruling is a preliminary ruling and should definitely be issued under normal conditions, but today, with the advancement of technology, those in power Wealth can easily develop all the barren lands and become their owners, and this is against Article 45 of the country's constitution. Based on the requirements of the time, this ruling is interpreted as a secondary ruling, so it only has the right to exploit it. In the end, this study showed that the permission to take possession of favorable lands legally depends on its restoration. Article 143 of the Civil Code regarding the revival of favorable grounds, the registry office only considers possessions that are legitimate and legal. Still, there is no need to prove it in the courts and judicial authorities of the possessor and possession does not have legitimacy.

Man, as the best of creations and God's original creation, was created from the worthless and immeasurable earth, and the settlement of the earth was left to him by God as a responsibility and duty that "... I created the earth and settled it..." (Hood, 61) ). Waqf is a well-known word in the course of human life, as a religious social institution in the dimensions and angles of this life in different and different faces, it has played a constructive and exalting role in line with this responsibility. This good tradition can be found in the improvement and advancement of social, cultural, economic, educational, political, etc. goals and can be considered as one of the full-fledged development and development paths. Therefore, it is necessary to deal with this concept and its angles, which has a special position in legislation. One of the desired angles that has been desired since ancient times is the sale of endowment property, which has its own opinions and citations according to the opinion of the jurists, and the honorable signature of Hazrat Wali Asr Arwahna Fidah is one of those citations, which is included in this wajizah. It has been discussed and the citations of some jurists are explained.

Sometimes the disease rises above the individual level and spreads. This epidemic may be irregular and irregular in terms of time (Sporadic) or in a small area such as a city or village (Outbreak), and sometimes its spread extends beyond a region or country (Epidemics) and sometimes the level of its spread becomes global (Pandemic). )). Facing each of these cases requires different health arrangements and requires different legal rules and planning. Dealing with the disease in the national arena requires a model consisting of coordinated, targeted and legitimate measures. This model is formed in paradigmatic structures based on many philosophical, legal and ethical principles and is designed according to the social structure of each society. What is needed to design the model is the explanation of basic rights and values ​​that must be supported, and the other is the explanation of the goal and purpose in carrying out activities and programs and designing processes. All this is in an inherently variable state; Therefore, from the moral and legal point of view, the question is, which human rights has been threatened and endangered by the disease with the characteristics of Covid-19, and what is the justified set of behavior considering the contagiousness and the spread that has occurred or is occurring? It should be done in return to achieve the goals of control and health provision. According to the rule, for such a model, various goals may be considered for the patient and the disease, and accordingly, various behaviors can be envisioned to achieve these goals. Moral and legal norms will determine the limits of behavior. As a result, it may be effective to implement a program or behavior in the face of illness, but it is not justified in legal and moral terms.

Throughout history, there have been rulings on property and assets that are a part of this system that states the quality of property transfer and the factors and reasons for non-transfer. The Civil Code of Iran, in articles 864, 862 and 861, in addition to stating the method of inheritance transfer, in articles 880 to 885, it lists the factors and reasons for not transferring the inheritance. Obstacles to murder, infidelity, cursing and birth from adultery are among the factors that Iranian civil law considers as obstacles to inheritance, although scholars and jurists do not agree on the determination of obstacles to inheritance, but the writers of the civil law define the mentioned obstacles based on their opinion. Famous scholars have stated.

This research is of a theoretical type and the research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of collecting information is library-based and by referring to documents, books and articles.

Ethical Considerations:

In this research, the principles of trustworthiness, honesty, neutrality and originality of the work have been respected.

Inheritance is one of the social institutions in which legal rules and principles have not been introduced and in the periods of the history of nations, it is based on social traditions and customs and for this reason, in the mentioned institution, the customs and traditions of nations and religious traditions is more important. Legal rules are relied upon and Iranian law is not exempt from this practice and one of the complex legal issues of the Iranian system is the personality status of non-Shia Iranians, of which inheritance is one of the examples.

The transfer and placement of the estate is done from the deceased to the heir when the causes and conditions of inheritance are met, but this transfer is complete when there is no obstacle to the proper effect. These are the causes of inheritance barriers. The famous view in Shia jurisprudence states that the only famous document in the discussion; The prohibition of inheriting an unbelieving heir from his unbelieving heir has been unanimous. Such a point of view in Shia jurisprudence is accepted by everyone, not that every jurist has a special opinion about this, so the Imami jurists are of the opinion that a Muslim inherits from an infidel and prohibits the heirs of an infidel from inheriting.

In order to investigate the effect of different intervals and irrigation methods on the growth characteristics of canola, an experiment was conducted in the form of split strip plots based on a randomized complete block design with three replications during 2009-2010 at Hajiabad Agricultural Research Center. In this regard, three irrigation intervals including irrigation after 20, 40 and 60 mm of evaporation from the surface of the evaporation pan (I1, I2 and I3, respectively) and two drip irrigation methods (surface and subsurface) were considered as the main and secondary factors, respectively. The results indicated the lowest and highest yield (1.97-3.15 t/ ha), 1000-seed weight (3.38-4.82 g) and number of seeds per pod (14.5-24.5) at the I1 and I3 irrigation intervals, respectively. However, the I2 irrigation interval treatment resulted in a 9.6% increase in water use efficiency compared to the I1 irrigation interval. Also, the use of subsurface drip irrigation compared to surface drip irrigation method increased crop yield, water use efficiency and number of pods per plant by 29.8%, 32.2% and 33.1%, respectively. The findings of this study showed that in general, in case of water insufficiency in the study area, the irrigation cycle after 40 mm of evaporation from the pan applied in the subsurface drip irrigation method can be suggested as a superior treatment. With this approach, we can take steps to deal with the water crisis based on sustainable agriculture in canola cultivation in Hajiabad region.

The Iranian society should appreciate health and well-being, food security, and social security in 2026. It is strongly related to the tasks of Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs), concerning its extent. Therefore, this research aimed to identify fundamental factors in the active involvement of NGOs and the Mashhad municipality, in sociocultural programs. 

This research used a qualitative approach. Also, the statistical population included the NGOs that have at least once cooperated with the municipality. The study sample recruited using a purposeful sampling technique. The collected data were generated through the design of triangulation. Subsequently, 159 concepts, 40 subcategories, and 18 items were obtained. 

The results indicated that the maximum mutual participation is the only interaction type that could fully satisfy both the municipality and NGOs.

A misleading, slogan-based, result-oriented participation exists between these organizations, because the principles of involvement are not observed.

Nowadays, the art, has played a very tangible relationship with the public interest and community. In fact, art has an important role in nurturing the faith and Heart beliefs of the people. Islamic art is also one of the most dramatic and the most brilliant of the history of art which has attracted the attention of many researchers and theorists of culture and art. Undoubtedly, amazing and wonderful phenomenon of Islamic Revolution in Iran, led to various changes in social and individual life and dignity of the Iranian nation and other nations of the world. And was followed profound changes in various fields of science and human knowledge that one of them is Art substantial transformation and emergence of Islamic art. Since of these changes, such as developments in other areas, was carried out by Imam, it would be impossible to explain it except in the light of his words. Hence, this study examines the ideas and thoughts of Imam Khomeini about Islamic art. The main questions will be answered, What visions and perceptions of Imam Khomeini are about aspects of Islamic art (music, acting and theater, photography, painting, sculpture, writing, poetry, story).

One of the main concerns of investors in the capital market entry, is the fear of unpredictable increase or decrease of prices. In this situation, the new financial instruments such as futures contracts because of its effective role in risk management and risk control can be useful in reducing these concerns. So it will increase the efficiency of capital markets. The writers in this paper want to explain the forward and futures contracts and its legal nature, then attempt to check its compliance with Islamic contracts and legal norms. And then, the Jurisprudential verdict of the forward and futures contracts, in the primary and secondary markets and alternative solutions is expressed. It seems that the best way to correct forward and futures contracts is the conciliation contract. Using of this contract has no problem in primary and secondary markets because it is an independence contract and is not merely for settlement of disputes and quarrels and is applicable in all situations.

Appearance and rising of various verbal thoughts and ideas along with different deviated forms of religious tenets and sects in the first half of the second century (A.H.) forced the leader of the Shiite Muslims; Imam Sadegh (S.A.) to struggle hard against his opponents in different ways. He tried to take wise and moderate positions according to rules and principles of Islam and maintain true Islam from deviated beliefs by negating false hypotheses and untrue thoughts, and also showing their defects and contradictory beliefs. The present study analyzes Imam Sadegh attitudes and approaches confirming that the holy Imam has applied scientific, reasonable methods to encounter and defeat his opponents.

Legitimizing earnings derived from drug smuggling are formed in order to disguise or conceal the identity of illegally obtained proceeds and integrate these legitimized funds into the legal activities. It has been considered (regarded) in international law but not being L paid attention by the national or domestic law. What this note states is determining the factors forming the legitimization of funds obtained from crime in general concept and crime of legitimatizing the proceeds of drugs in the specific concept and careful consideration of this concept, features, and goals and effects. It has been suggested that appended to the rules relating to drugs the legislature considers the criminalization of the legitimization of funds originated from selling, buying, manufacturing and transiting of drugs. At the end, the authors will present their views to codify a rule which is all-inclusive and allexclusive about the crime of the legitimization of funds originated from drugs.

The quiddity of government concept from the Quran look consists of two elements: order and command and obedience and acceptance and the relationship of these two things are mentioned as a promise and covenant which are between God and man. According to this base, the acceptance of man and his intention to accept God’s ordinance are essential provisions to establish the government and society. The Quran states covenants for human societies which are the foundation of man’s obedience to God and prophets and those in authority in the individual and social field. Meanwhile studying the concepts relates to the quiddity of the government, officials and their manifestation, the authors of this paper try to plan the government model in Islamic society with the Quranic approach and at the end they put before rulers to provide the back ground to establish Islamic government.

Several factors have affects on the hospital choice by patients. One of these factors can be the quality of services and other factors such as the treatment expenditures, economic situation, cultural and social status, etc. This study aims to find the relevant factors affecting the choice of private hospitals for treatment by patients. This cross-sectional study was conducted in Yazd Province by the cooperation of 110 patients during 1392. The population was patients admitted in private hospitals of Yazd. Sampling was done randomly. Data collection were accomplished by the use of a researcher-made questionnaire and then face and content validity where confirmed and alpha =78%. For data analysis, SPSS software and T-Test, ANOVA (p<0.05) was used. The findings revealed that among all the influential factors, the following aspects are the most important ones for patient selection. In the case of personal issues, personal interest was categorized as the most significant, in the case of quality factors, the relationship of physician with patients and the presence of him for treatment; among economic factors, the individual income and hospital expenditure; and among external factors, the physician access after treatment. It seems necessary that the opinions, needs, and expectations of the patients for the quantitative and qualitative services elevation and processes improvement should be considered.

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) are increasingly used in civilian and military application because of their ability to hover, fly in very low altitude and confined spaces. In this paper, analyzing, designing and simulation of optimal controller of UAVs with four rotors in six degree of freedom is investigated that is known as Quadrotor. Because of simple design and maintance they become popular device. On the other hand, designing low level controller for quadrotor due to model nonlinearities and inherent instabilities is a challenge. Controller whitch was used in this paper is back stepping controller. This controller is optimized by Reinforcement Learning Automata (RLA) and then is applied to attitude and altitude controllers. Results showed that RLA method has better operation than Matlab toolbox.

Nowadays air travel is one of the most popular traveling as its advantages. A disabled should commute easily, so Facilitation of air traveling is vital. A disabled needs various services which depends on travel steps. These needs should have supported by travel agencies and airport staffs. Therefore, planners must be considering not only physical environment but also well services. This paper is a step by step guideline of air travel for disabled which is adjusted on different steps of air travel. First, it represents guides for facilitation, organization and presentation of services during a travel to disabled. Second, Mehr- Abad airport have been chosen as a case study for adjusting these guidelines. Latter, popular facilities of air travels are represented. Moreover, opportunities and weaknesses of disabled facilitation at Mehr- Abad airport are evaluated. In this article the research method is qualitative and based on a data gathering and field observation.

The purpose of new financial tools design in the financial markets is to provide risk management and increase capital market efficiency. One of these tools is transaction choice contacts which should be based on legal measures because of contracts efficiency in stock exchange market. In this article, the authors define these contracts and present different viewpoints of Islamic scientist to determine their integrity and conform them with legal contracts. Finally, transaction choice integrity would be accepted.

The supporting insurance system in Islam is to create variety in financial organization and to encourage the Shi''ites and the Sunnites investors، in Iran، Middle Asia، and the Cucasia، to invest and avoid some doubts existing among the Sunnite jurisprudents such as ornaments، usury، gambling، misusing others ''property illegally. Its main purpose is، while benefiting from the common insurance including cash control with the nature of «Investment Fund»، which is considered a competative advantage to reach the economic justice resulting in economic progress and improvement in the financial system. The present paper is concerned with analytical and competative comparison between two Islamic supporting insurance and the. traditional insurance systems while responding the question whether the supporting system is meant to replace the common insurance system or to serve as a complementary one. To prove that idea، an attempt is made to employ the exploring-applied Method of investigation to come up with two types of insurance systems which are complementary، in general and in particular.

There are many versions and narratives concerning the overstating or eulogizing and understating or belittling of certain lands or cities in traditional sources of the shi''ites and Sunnites. According to the clear tradition of both groups، a large number of them happen to be false and forged، Regardless certain religious، economic and، social elements and motivations، the most important causes of forgery of such traditions are political. The present paper is an attempt to investigate and indicate the exploitation of the BaniUmavid and the BaniAbbasid rulers of the traditions forgery to achieve their political goals، through presenting historical reports، while analyzing the roots of the elements and motives of the forgery of traditions to overstate and understate the cities and lands.

The purpose of designing the modern financial tools in financial market-place is to improve the risk management and to enhance the capital market efficiency..The Ati''s contract is one of these means.The author of this paper seeks to prove the validity and invalidity of these types of instruments as well as their conformity with the legal agreements and contracts while explaining and identifying their lawful nature as well as offering necessary jurisprudential basics.He also proceeds to present a solution and replacement as indicated by the Atis jurisprudential decrees.

Shiite jurisprudence is not prohibited the punishment of child ingeneral. But due to certain circumstances, the ban is lifted.However, the preliminary sentence of child punishment is sanctity,only have some exceptions in specific circumstances. Exceptions ofchild punishment is under tow general term including discretionarycorrection and correction. Although most of the Islamic scholars didnot separate this two general term in the corporal punishment ofchildren, it seems necessary in some cases to separate these twogroups, because the cases, the conditions and many accessories ofthis tow general term are different and the separation of this towterm haven’t any significant practical results. Moreover, sinceIslamic scholars haven’t argued within the issue, many of the termsand conditions including corporal punishment of children, thequality, level and the persons who have the right of punishment hasnot been investigated in the texts of jurisprudence.