فهرست مطالب رضا نادری

In this study the antioxidant activity and physiological properties of Clematis ispahanica from different habitats of Semnan province were investigated. Three natural habitats of this plant were identified in Semnan province (Cheshmeh Ali, Dibaj and Mojen) and leaf were sampled from plants. Chlorophyll, carotenoid, anthocyanin, proline, protein, phenol, flavonoid, reducing sugars, hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, catalase and guaiacol peroxidase activities were measured. Also, the antioxidant properties of plants were investigated using DPPH radical scavenging capacity. Soil analysis of all three habitats was also done. The experiment was carried out as a completely random design with 3 repetitions and comparison of the average data using Duncan's test at a probability level of 5%. The results showed that the amount of plant metabolites, including soluble sugars, phenolic compounds and flavonoids, catalase enzyme activity and antioxidant properties was the highest in Cheshmeh Ali habitat and the lowest in Mojen habitat. On the other hand, the amount of plant defense compounds including proline, hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde and guaiacol peroxidase enzyme activity was the lowest in Cheshmeh Ali habitat and the highest in Mojen habitat. The amount of chlorophyll, carotenoids, anthocyanin and protein was also the lowest in the Dibaj habitat with the highest altitude above sea level. The results of this research showed that the Cheshmeh Ali habitat with the highest amount of metabolites and the lowest amount of defense compounds is the least stressful habitat, and conversely, the Mojen habitat is the most stressful habitat for C. ispahanica.

Ethnobotany studies the knowledge of native people in different regions and their information about the use of plants. The purpose of this research is the ethnobotanical study of villages in the south and east of Semnan city including 7 villages: Abkhuri, Ahmadabad (North), Ahmedabad (South), Kheyrabad, Delazian, Roknabad and Alaa. After examining and getting to know the study area, in order to obtain the required information, the areas were visited and interviews were conducted randomly in March 2021. Information was collected in the form of a questionnaire and mostly from elderly people familiar with the use of medicinal plants. In this research, 47 species belonging to 48 genera and 24 plant families were introduced by local people. The richest plant families were Lamiaceae with 10 species, Apiaceae with 6 species, Asteraceae with 4 species, and Fabaceae with 3 species. The highest value of the Relative Frequency Citation index (RFC) is related to Mentha spicata with 0.73, Thymus kotschyanus with 0.65, Carum carvi with 0.63, Cuminu cyminum with 0.57, M. longifolia with 0.53, Anethum graveolens with 0.48, Achillea whilhemsii with 0.38, Cichorium intybus with 0.32, Matricaria chamomilla with 0.19 and Alhagi persarum with 0.09. According to this study, the most use of plants in the villages of Semnan city was related to digestive disorders and general health of the body, and the least use was for the treatment of diabetes and kidney problems. Also, the most widespread method of using medicinal plants in the study area was reported as a decoction and the most used plant organ was leaves. The study of ethnobotany and using it in different fields is very important before forgetting this knowledge and destroying the natural habitats of Semnan county. Thus this research can provide a basis for future studies.

Studying the performance of micropile system as an effective, practical and affordable method for seismic retrofitting of the site and foundation and considering the different characteristics and effects of nearfield and farfield earthquakes on structures, justifies the need to study the performance of micropile group under nearfield and farfield earthquakes. In this research, using Opensees software, two types of loose (Dr =40%) and dense (Dr = 80%) granular soils with elastoplastic behavior and two reinforcement models including vertical and inclined micropiles with elastic behavior and concrete material was affected by three sets of farfield and nearfield earthquakes due to the shear wave velocity of the site (Vs30). The responses of the micropile group including horizontal displacement, acceleration and internal forces were studied and compared and important results were presented to use the micropile group in order to seismic retrofitting of areas close to and far from the epicenter. The results showed that the effect of near-fault records significantly increases the horizontal displacement, especially in loose granular site. The increase in lateral displacement due to near earthquakes compared to far earthquakes is 125% and 124% for the vertical and inclined micropile group in the loose granular structure and 15% and 13% for the vertical and inclined micropile group in the dense granular site, respectively. Also, the inclined micropile group shows almost similar performance in controlling horizontal displacements and better performance in controlling internal forces than the vertical micropile group.

Studying of plant vegetation is a prelude to many researches and executive projects. Herbaria are permanent treasures of plant specimens for a region and the best source of information about the flora of the region. The present study is concerned with the identification of plant species of herbarium of Damghan University (DU, Semnan province). Based on the results obtained from the plant identification of herbarium specimens, a total of 311 species belonging to 237 genera and 68 families from Semnan province were identified. The most species richness families were Poaceae (23 genera, 32 species), Asteraceae (23 genera, 30 species), Lamiaceae (16 genera, 24 species), respectively. Also, the genus Bromus with 6 species, Salsola, Stachys and Prunus each with 5 species and Chenopodium with 4 species are the largest genera in the region. This study documents 122 medicinal and 8 halophytic plant species in the region. Moreover, 25 plant species were listed as threatened species based on the criteria of the International Union for Conservation of Nature.

Lindelofia stylosa (Boraginaceae) is reported for the first time from Iran. The specimen of this species has been collected from Kuh-e Karkasi (Dibaj, N Damghan, Semnan province) during ongoing floristic studies and research journeys to the southern slopes of the Alborz Mountains. Molecular evidence obtained from DNA extraction and Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) sequence analysis confirm this new record. Description, photographs of living plant and some associated species are provided.

Due to the increasing production of plastic materials, there is an international concern about disposal or recycling of plastic waste in the world. One of the ways to reuse plastic waste is to use it in the engineering works to modify mechanical properties of loose soils. The purpose of this research is to find a way to reuse a particular kind of plastics (bottles of dough, soft drinks, mineral water, etc.) in geotechnical works to improve soil.In this paper, the mechanical behavior of Anzali Port sand, reinforced with 1×1 cm polyethylene terephthalate crumbs and 1×5cm strips, to 0, 0.1 , 0.5 , 1 and 2% and polyethylene terephthalate fibers to 0 and 0.1 and 0.5% of the dry weight of the soil which were arranged separately, was evaluated. Samples were prepared at the relative density of 75%. The effects of parameters such as dimensions, the weight percentage of reinforcers in the soil and vertical stress were investigated. The results of the experiments showed that although the polyethylene terephthalate crumbs and strips improve the mechanical behavior of sandy soil, but the effect of fiber reinforcers on soil mechanical properties has been much higher. Also, the optimum percentage of polyethylene terephthalate crumbs and strips reinforcers was 1% of sand dry weight. The comparison between reinforced and unreinforced samples showed that reinforced specimens had more ductility and resistance.

The role of trees in reducing the amount of heavy metals in the air and thus reducing the environmental risks cannot be denied. In the present study, distribution of cadmium, nickel, lead and zinc metals was investigated in leaf and skin of Plane tree, Ash and Eldarica pine in urban parks of Hamadan. For this purpose, in the different parks of Hamadan, samples were taken from the skin and leaves of the trees. After transferring the samples to the laboratory and digesting them, the concentration of metals was measured by atomic absorption. Comparison of the concentration of heavy metals in the leaves and the skin of the tree species showed that the Plane trees have a higher ability to absorb of heavy metals than the Ash and Eldarica pine trees. The zinc concentration in the skin and the leaves of the trees was higher than the concentrations of other elements. Comparison of the concentrations of the elements in the skin and the leaves of the trees with global standards showed that the concentration of cadmium in the skin and leaves of trees was higher than the standard limit and the concentration of nickel in the skin of the two Plane tree and Ash species was higher than the standard limit Which indicates the pollution of the urban environment. Correlation between the concentration of heavy elements in the skin and the leaves of the trees showed that there was a significant positive correlation between cadmium concentrations in leaves and skin of Plane tree and Eldarica pine trees (P <0.05). In general, the comparison of heavy metal concentrations in the leaf and skin of the tree species showed that Plant tree and Ash were very effective in absorbing heavy metals from their surroundings than Eldarica pine.

In conventional analyzes of soil slopes failure, resistance parameters are assumed to be stable even in large strains without change. However, during the rupture, soil resistance exhibits maximum and residual amounts, and its strength increases prematurely by increasing the plastic strain. In addition to changing soil resistance parameters in the progressive mechanism, the non-uniform nature of the soil also causes spatial variations of these parameters. Therefore, geotechnical systems should be considered in terms of the uncertainty of soil parameters values ​​uncertainly using the concepts of statistics and probabilities. The simulation of a progressive failure is definite or non-deterministic only by applying numerical techniques such as finite element method that are able to simulate the development of deviant plastic strain. Although the finite element method is widely used in the analysis of sustainability issues, however, this approach is based on problems that are essentially related to gridding. In this research, a radial point interpolation method in combination with a random field was used to model the spatial variations of soil resistance properties and slope instability analysis. In order to consider the progressive failure of soil, elastoplastic method has been developed with the Coulomb Moore's behavioral model for applying strain softness. For probabilistic analysis, the random field is also used to determine the cohesion parameters and the friction angle as well as the plastic strain threshold based on their mean values and standard deviation. In order to investigate the application of the point interpolation method with randomized radial functions, a geotechnical earthwork with definite and non-deterministic geometry has been analyzed and its reliability coefficient has been investigated. Based on the analysis of the progressive failure modeling, it is concluded that the actual failure of the soil and the occurrence of continuous displacements occur simultaneously with the formation of a progressive mechanism of soil degradation and the arrival of the slipping path to the ground. In the following, probabilistic distribution functions of the coefficient of reliability were determined by probabilistic analysis and the production of random fields, and then the statistical parameters are calculated.

According to various taxonomic treatments, Bromus has been divided into 8 to 9 sections, subgenera or even separate genera. The relationship of Bromus pumilio (syn.: Boissiera squarrosa) with other species of Bromus has long been a matter of dispute. To clarify this problem, the nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS and chloroplast DNA trnL-F sequences for 31 and 28 species respectively were used to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationship and reveal the infrageneric boundaries. Molecular analysis performed by Maximum Parsimony analyses and Bayesian method. The results based on nrDNA ITS show that sects. Bromus, Ceratochloa, Genea, Mexibromus and Neobromus are monophyletic, while the plastid data doesn’t support the monophyly of any sections in the genus Bromus.Evidence based on the nrDNA ITS data doesn’t show any close relationships between B. pumilio (sect. Boissiera) and B. danthoniae or B. lanceolatus (sect. Bromus) and instead robustly supports B. pumilio as the sister group of B. gracillimus (sect. Nevskiella), while in the plastid data B. pumilio is the sister group of a clade comprising B. inermis (sect. Pnigma), B. gunckelii (sect. Neobromus)and species of sect. Ceratochloa.

Explosion problems can be examined in different environments. Due to the lesser-known nature of soil types and extent of the equations of state,explosion problems need careful analysis.Because of difficulties in laboratory explosion modeling, numerical models use to analyze this phenomenon Using the SPH methodology avoids the disadvantages of traditional numerical methods in treating large diformations in the extremely transient explosion process. Since explosion crater in the soil is an important problem and most of the studies are experimental, In this article it is tried to investigate the craters diameter and height caused by the different amounts of explosives. The model is programmed with Fortran language and smooth particle hydrodynamics,SPH, the craters, pressure caused by the explosion in the soil and the soil surface changes are also studied. To validate the model, the results of a laboratory study were used and it is shown that they are consistent with the numerical results of this study.Finally,craters in a two layer soil is studied.This program can be used for modeling of soil explosion and craters.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of mediation of self-compassion in the relationship between rumination and depression symptoms in Veterans with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder This research is descriptive and co relational. For analyzing the hypothesized model, the path analysis was used. The research population was all of the veterans with PTSD diagnosis in Tehran who used the services of the military hospitals of the Islamic Republic of Iran. A total of 90 people were selected randomly in a cluster sampling. Beck depression questionnaire, and Neff rumination and self-efficacy questionnaire were used to collect information. The results of the indirect effects test, using Amos software, showed that the degree of indirect effect of rumination variable on depression through the mediatory variable of self-compassion (β=0.51) at a confidence level of 95% was meaningful. Considering the significance of the hypothesized model of research, it can be said that self-compassion can decrease the symptoms of depression in veterans with PTSD by affecting rumination. Therefore, self-compassion interventions in this clinical group can be fruitful.

This study is concerned with the vegetation investigation of Golestanak prohibited area, an ecotone with nearly 1800 ha area located between the timberline and subalpine-alpine zone in the central part of the Alborz Mountain Range (Mazandaran province). The effects of altitudinal gradient and aspect on plant diversity were evaluated by using CCA method (Canonical correspondence analysis) and a system of sixty sample plots were randomly used along five transects. The results showed that there is a negative correlation between the altitude and biodiversity variants meaning an increase in altitude leads to a decrease in the Shannon and Simpson indexes of the plots. The northern slopes have the highest plant diversity than the eastern and southern slopes, and the western slopes are allocated to the lowest plant diversity.

This study is concerned with the morphological cladistic analysis of monotypic tribe Bromeae including the genus Bromus. To characterize taxonomic circumscription of the genus, its species and sectional relationships of 39 taxa belonging to 6 sections and 2 outgroups were evaluated. Based on the heuristic search for 26 morphologhical informative characters, Maximum Parsimony approach was used for phylogenetic analyses The data matrix was analyzed by reweighting characters method, rescaled consistency index and retention index. The results obviously indicate the monophyly of the genus Bromus and taxonomic circumscription of its sections but phylognetic relationships of many of the species within each section remain unresolved. The monotypic sect. Nevskiella (lemmas short, 3.5-5 mm long and awns 3-5 times the length of lemmas) is clearly separated from other sections of the genus Bromus. Old world taxa of the perennial sect. Pnigma are more closely related to sect. Ceratochloa. The annual sects. Genea (spikelets cuneiform, broader at top) and Bromus (spikelets ovate, elliptic or lanceolate tapering towards top, lemmas with 1-5(6) awns) are monophyletic. The present cladistic analysis confirms the incorporation of the genus Boissiera (lemmas with 7-9 awns) into the genus Bromus.

An accurate and safer analysis for structure is possible if we can identify factors in the analysis more accurately. One of the important factors in the analysis is the identification the kind and intensity of structural loading. Among the types of loading, especially dynamic loads and impact loads resulting from the explosion, is far more complicated and difficult to determine. According to lab explosion modeling problems, using numerical modeling to analyze these phenomena can be reasonable. Uses grid methods like Finite element method caused a numerical error due to intense deformation and high velocity of blast. In this paper, underwater explosion was modeled and programmed with numerical mesh-less method, Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH), using Fortran programming language and explosion pressure and water level changes in the blast were studied. Finally the solving problem is compared with empirical relation. The results of this model are very similar to empirical relationship. This program can be used for underwater explosions modeling and the results can be used to determine pressures and impacts on marine structures.

Supplier selection and allocating orders to them accurately, is one of the most important challenges in supply chain management.The reasone is that an incorrect choosing suppliers can disrupt the financial and technical position of supply chain. Whereas the supplier selection is a multi-objective decision making with multiple criteria problem, in this paper a linear multi-objective mathematical programming model is presented. In this model, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) has been used for determining supplier’s priority (weight). By choosing proper evaluation criteria, appropriate number of suppliers and suitable amount of row material orders from each supplier can be specified. The presented model is a mathematical programming model that includes five objective functions and several contraints. Epsilon constraint method is applied to solve the model using a pharmaceutical company data. Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) has carried out to determine the best answer Among Pareto solutions. The results of numerical example and sensitivity analysis show the applicability of the suggested model.

This study shows how to create different types of crack and discontinuities by using isogeometric analysis approach (IGA) and extended finite element method (XFEM). In this contribution, two unique features of isogeometric analysis approach are utilized to create discontinuous zones. Discontinuities consist of crack and cohesive zone. In isogeometric analysis method NURBS is used to approximate both geometry and primary variable. NURBS can create quadratic shapes exactly. Also, stress intensity factors are calculated in the vicinity of the crack tips for two dimensional problems and are compared with corresponding analytical and numerical counterparts. Extended finite element method is the other numerical method which is used in this work. The enrichment procedure is utilized in extended finite element method to create discontinuities. The wellknown path independent J-integral approach is used in order to calculate the stress intensity factors. Also, in mixed mode situation, the interaction integral (M-integral) is considered to calculate the stress intensity factors. Results show that isogeometric analysis method has desirable accuracy as it uses lower degree of freedoms and consequently lower computational efforts than extended finite element method. In addition, creating the internal cohesive zone as one of the most important issues in computational fracture mechanics is feasible due to the special features of isogeometric analysis. The present study demonstrates the capability of isogeometric analysis parametric space to control the inter-element continuity and create the cohesive zone.

Patient satisfaction in emergency departments is an indicator of healthcare quality, evaluation of which can promote awareness of the relevant authorities regarding its status. This study aimed to evaluate patient satisfaction in emergency departments in hospitals affiliated to Babol University of Medical Sciences.
This cross-sectional study was performed in patients admitted to emergency departments in hospitals affiliated to Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran, during a period of eight months (2013-2014). The participants were chosen through convenience sampling. Information regarding hospital environment, facilities, and nursing team was collected using a standard questionnaire. Standard questionnaire responses were classified to” don’t happen, dissatisfied, low, medium and high satisfaction”. Then medium and high responses classified to favorable satisfaction (above average) and low or dissatisfied responses were classified to unfavorable satisfaction. In case the patients were unable to fill-out the questionnaire, their companion completed it for them.
FINDINGS: Overall, 444 (87.9%) patients expressed optimum satisfaction. The highest rate of dissatisfaction (14.8%, n=74) was related to environment and services, while the highest rate of satisfaction (49.3%, n=246) was pertinent to nursing staff. The results indicated that the rate of satisfaction in residents of rural areas was 0.55 times higher than in urban residents (OR: 1.55, 95% CI: 1.12-2.70, p=0.02), 50% lower in patients compared to companions (OR: 0.55, 95% CI: 0.36-0.83, p=0.05),and in the evening shift was 0.65 times higher than in those admitted in the morning (OR: 1.65, 95% CI: 1.06-2.58, p=0.03). Moreover, this rate in patients admitted at night shift was 0.74 times higher than in those admitted in the morning (OR: 1.74, 95% CI: 1.12-2.70, p=0.01).
This study demonstrated optimum patient satisfaction in emergency departments in hospitals affiliated to Babol University of Medical Sciences.

There are major differences between the behavior of explosive and another loads due to the nature of the explosive charges and the small duration of shock loads. Study on underwater explosion effects is important for evaluation of damages caused by the terrorist activities such as hydraulic structures and marine docks, dams, transmission lines in the seabed and etc. The high cost of laboratory modeling and explosion risks due to blast loads and sudden and severe deformations caused by an explosive charges in a short time, justify the use of numerical methods. In this paper the experimental results were compared with grid base numerical modeling (Eulerian and Lagrangian nature) and a meshless method (smooth particles hydrodynamics, called SPH). The numerical simulations are carried out based on the Ls-Dyna software and the maximum distance from the center of the explosion pressure, pressure time history curves at different points, and changes in water level are compared in different numerical methods. The results show that, Lagrangian approach and meshless method presents higher explosion pressure than Eulerian approach. Also, using the meshless methods, the explosion pressure can be determined in closer distance to a charge center, compared to another grid base methods.

Extended finite element method (X-FEM) has been recently emerged as an approach to implicitly create a discontinuity based on discontinuous partition of unity enrichment (PUM) of the standard finite element approximation spaces. Despite numerous progresses in mesh generating updating of finite element mesh during crack propagation remain extremely heavy and difficult. This problem becomes more complicate, when there are many discontinuities in the finite element domain. However, the extended finite element method (X-FEM) in the combination with level set method (LSM) could overcome this cumbersome issue. In this contribution, predefined cracks and internal boundaries are created using level set functions and also the effects of soft/hard inclusions (interfaces) and voids are considered on crack propagation schemes. In fact, the interaction of crack and heterogeneities are considered. The level set functions are utilized to represent the locations and the evolutions of internal interfaces. In addition, the stress intensity factors for mixed mode crack problems are numerically calculated by using the interaction integral method. Different crack growth paths are simulated automatically for different oriented edge and center cracks and the interactions of internal boundaries on crack propagations are shown. All numerical examples are demonstrated the flexibility and capabilities of X-FEM in the applied fracture mechanics.

The anatomy، palynology and trichome types of Phlomis olivieri were studied in order to understand the usefulness of these characteristics for systematic purposes. Results showed that vascular bundles were next to each other in the stem، the mesophyll was composed of 1-layered palisade and 3-4 layered spongy parenchyma. There were two collateral vascular bundles in the centre and two small subsidary bundles in the corners of petiole and there were 4 small vascular bundles in the bracteole. Five main types of trichomes (peltate، capitate glandular، stellate، unicellular simple and dendroid trichomes) were observed. The capitate trichomes were subdivided into three groups: type 1 (short stalk)، type 2 (medium or tri-cellular stalk) and type 3 (long or four-cellular stalk). Stellate trichomes were subdivided into two groups: group 1، sessile or short stalked trichomes and group 2، long stalked trichomes. The dendritic trichomes also were reported for the first time in this species. The pollen grains were tricolpate، relatively large، ovate and the exine ornamentation was reticulate and perforate.

The research mainly intends to evaluate performance of strontium aluminum polyphosphate as an eco friendly zinc free anticorrosion pigment in formulation of the protective primer based on epoxy resin. Comparing to zinc phosphate، the most effective content of the modified pigment was determined through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. According to pull-off، the superior SAPP incorporated formulations resulted from EIS showed enhanced adhesion strength during 60-d immersion period. Moreover، indentation test results revealed that the effective concentrations of SAPP anticorrosion pigment could stop coating hardness drop within the exposure.

This article is a taxonomic review after Flora Iranica concerning some species of Bromus sect. Bromus. Comparing the holotype, isotype and paratype of B. pseudobrachystachys with the lectotype of B. brachystachys and also reexamination of three Iranian and Iraqi herbarium sheets putatively determined under the latter’s name showed all belong to the former. B. racemosus, B. arvensis and B. secalinus are confirmed to occur in Iran. Despite B. tigridis was identified from Turkey based on the sheet Sorger & Buchner 82-62-54, the Iranian specimen was identified as B. racemosus. Furthermore, a new record of this section i.e., B. macrocladus is reported here from mountains of Razi village (W Khoy, NW Iran).

As a result of our study on the genus Bromus, B. rigidus and B. sewerzowii are reported as new records for the flora of Iran. Bromus diandrus-rigidus complex comprises a group of species ranging from tetra- to octaploid levels, which have been treated in different ways. Based on a specimen from Golestan National Park, B. rigidus is reported along with its illustration and a comparison with its closely related taxa. Furthermore, B. sewerzowii is the second record that is based on a specimen from North Khorasan (Sarakhs). In addition, a taxonomic key to two the species and their allies has been presented.