رضا نقدی

Among the few endowment deeds of Astan Quds Razavi survived from the Timurid period is a copy of endowment deed belong to Khajeh Jalal al-Din Ahmad Estarabadi. According to the document that has been recorded in a literary-historical collection of the nine and early 10th century (AH), the holder endowed a Tekyeh and a Bath in Estarabad to the lightening of Holy Shrine of Imam Reza (as) and helping the poor Muslims. The results showed that the endower and the trustees was among the Shiite authorities and Sadats of Estarabad in the Timurid and early Safavid periods. Moreover, the results showed that Estarabad was one of the most significant Shiite centers in the period, and some prominent scholars of the region served in the Holy Shrine of Imam Reza (as). The properties specified by the endowment have become part of the neighborhoods of Estarabad following the expansion of this city in later periods. Moreover, due to the expansion of the Holy Shrine and the increase of pilgrims, an increasing need of the Holy Shrine has been providing lighting and supporting pilgrims.

Nishapur was one of the important cities where Imam Reza's (AS) stopped for a while on his way from Medina to Merv. Despite the plethora of research that have been done about the residence of that Imam, especially Hadith al-Silsilah al-Dhahab (Hadith of the Golden Chain) in Nishapur, no research has been done so far about the residence of the Imam, its location and the reason why he settled in this neighborhood and its fate. In addition, in some sources and research, including the book of Oyoun Akhbar Al-Ridha (AS), this neighborhood has been recorded in different and wrong ways. Therefore, in the present study, an attempt has been made to analyze and study this neighborhood based on library sources, including the books of history of Nishapur(Tarikh-i Nishapur), and Oyoun Akhbar Al-Ridha (AS), as well as historical and archaeological evidence, using a descriptive-analytical method. Findings show that this neighborhood is called Fuz / Faz and was located in Qohandez of Nishapur, because Qohandez is one of the strongest and safest neighborhoods in the city and also in the easternmost direction. And the exit gate of Nishapur was located towards Merv and Tus. Therefore, government officials, considering that the Imam should reach Merv, the center of the Caliphate, in complete security and respect with less contact with the people, and faster, settled the Imam in the Fuz / Faz neighborhood, which had all the above conditions. Also, due to the destruction of this neighborhood by Arsalan Arghun and Ghuzs, Mongols and numerous earthquakes, as well as its extinction until the Timurid period, especially the Safavid period, the monuments of Imam Reza (AS) neighborhood have been abandoned and replaced by the current footsteps of Nishapur. 

Current research aimed to evaluate the effect of nano priming using multi-walled carbon nanotubes on drought tolerance of Caucasian alder. This study was employed a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with four replications. Drought stress was applied in the laboratory, using a solution of polyethylene glycol 6000 at 0, -2, -4, -6, and -8 bar on the primed seeds with concentrations of 0, 10, 30, 50 and 100 mg l-1 of carbon nanotubes. The results showed significant effect of nano priming and drought stress on germination factors such as germination rate and percentage, root fresh weight, shoot fresh weight and root to shoot fresh weight at the probability of 99%. The highest germination rate and percentage at all levels of drought stress, was related to100 mg l-1 of nano carbon treatment. The highest fresh weight of root and shoot at all levels of drought stress was related to 30 mg l-1 of nano carbon treatment. According to the results of this experiment it could be concluded that nano-priming improve seed germination characteristics of alder tree under drought stress.

In this study, some of the physical and mechanical properties of polypropylene fiber/ wood fiber/ cement composites were investigated. For this aim, three levels of polypropylene fiber, namely 2 wt.%, 3 wt.% and 4 wt.% were mixed with 15 wt.% of wood fiber mixed with cement in a rotary type mixer. The samples were formed by cold press method. Then water absorption, thickness swelling, flexural modulus, flexural strength, and impact strength of the manufactured composites were evaluated according to ASTM standard methods. The results showed that polypropylene fiber exhibited a positive effect on physical and mechanical properties of the wood- cement composites. The physical test results indicated that the hybrid composites containing 4% PP fiber/11% wood fiber exhibited the lowest water absorption and thickness swelling values. The mechanical test results also indicated that greater flexural strength and impact strength can be achieved by addition of 4% polypropylene fiber to wood- cement composites. Also the three point bending test results showed that addition of PP fiber from 2 to 4% decreased flexural modulus of the wood- cement composites, continuously.

The properties of catalyzed organosolv pulp obtained from maple juvenile wood were studied. The physical properties of fiber (e. g. length، width، and cell membrane thickness) and chemical composition of maple juvenile wood (e. g. average cellulose، lignin، extractives، and ash content) were determined. The variables were cooking temperature (190 and 200 ºC) and time (40، 60، and 80 minutes). Chemical charge (280 ml methanol، 70 ml water، and 0. 025 mols of Calcium Chloride and Magnesium Nitrate) was kept constant. Pulp screen yields (54. 9 to 60. 91%) and Kappa No. (15. 5 to 18. 4) were measured. Pulp freeness was reduced to 350 ml CSF in PFI mill، and ten 60 g/m2 handsheets were made from the selected pulps. The strength properties of catalyzed organosolv handsheets including tear length (3. 83 to 4. 25 km)، tear index (10. 22 to 12. 81 mN. m2/g)، and burst index (1. 74 to 2. 15 kPa. m2/g) were compared with those of the conventional Kraft handsheets of maple juvenile wood. The least allowed values of the mentioned properties in the Indian (IS) and Japanese international standards (JIS) reveal that while the tear length value is slightly below that of the standards، the values of tear and burst indices are well beyond the given standards، and the environmentally-friendly catalyzed organosolv pulping process (higher yield and lower Kappa No. compared to Kraft) can be recommended to produce paper pulp from maple juvenile wood.

In order to eliminate the harm of formaldehyde from panels bonded with UF resin to environment and human health at the source, the low volatile and nontoxic aldehyde of glyoxyal (G) was chosen to react with urea (U) to prepare the wood adhesive of urea-glyoxal (UG) resin a substitute for urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin. The urea-glyoxal (UG) resin was synthesized under weak acid conditions, and its different properties were measured. Also, the effect of nanoclay on physico-chemical, thermal and mechanical properties of UG resin was investigated. For this purpose, the prepared UG resin was mixed with 1, 2 and 3 wt% nanoclay by mechanically stirring for 5 min at room temperature. The physico-chemical properties (such as SPG, viscosity, solid content and gelation time) and dry shear strength of the prepared resin were measured according to standard methods. Also, the effect of nanoclay on curing temperature of UG resin was analyzed by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) device. The physico-chemical test results indicated that addition of nanoclay increased SPG, viscosity and solid content of UG resin and decreased gelation time in the prepared resin. Dry shear strength test results showed that increasing nanoclay content from 1 to 3 wt% increased shear strength of UG resin; as the panels containing 3% nanoclay exhibited the highest shear strength value and wood failure percentage. Based on DSC test results, hardening rate as well as enthalpy value of the prepared UG resin was decreased by addition of nanoclay.

There are places on the migration route of Imam al-Riḍā (A.S.) from Madina to Merve and then to Tūs that are famous as Imam al-Riḍā’s (A.S.) station and place of footsteps. One of these residences has been located next to the noble sepulcher, which has become famous as qadamgāh, sajdagāh, qatlgāh, and ghuslgāh because of the Imam’s residence, worship, martyrdom, and major ritual ablution. The present article deals with searching into this sacred place and clarifying its appellation.

In the Northern corner of the Razavi Shrine that is known as the Rezvan courtyard garden, there was an old and extensive cemetery until the period of Reza Shah Pahlavi. This cemetery was known as Ghoslgah or Ghatlgah. In the middle of it, there was a house that was known as the Bektashi Tekkya. The Bektashi Sufi dervishes lived there and the Astan Quds Razavi granted them a pension. This article is a research on the history of the Tekkya and the Bektashi dervishes.

The capsules containing radioactive materials as brachytherapy sources are used for implanting into some target organs for malignant disorders treatments, such as prostate, eyes, and brain cancers. The conventional method for sealing the tubes is to weld them using a laser beam which is now a part of tube melting methods (self welding). The purpose of this study was to seal miniature titanium tubes containing radioactive materials in the form of capsules. This study introduced a new method based on melting process. A piece of commercially pure titanium grade 2 in the form of disk was used for the experiment. The sample was melted at the top of the tube by a TIG welding device for a short time duration. After complection of the melting, the disk in the form of a drop was mixed with a small part of it and both were solidified and hence closed the tube. We evaluated the tubes for the metalargical properties and seal process which took place by TIG in different zones, including the heat affected zone (HAZ), fusion zone (FZ), and interface (I) of the joint of the drop to the tube. Finally, the produced samples were tested according to the ISO2919 & ISO9978 and the results confirmed the Disk & TIG procedure.

Family descendants of Imam Mūsā al-Kāẓim (A.S.) through the progeny of Hamza b. Nūsā al-Kaẓim (A.S.) are among the Sādāt who entered Mashhad since fourth/tenth century and undertook the management of the Holy Shrine and the chieftainship of the Sādāt. They kept this important position toward the latter days of Timurid period. At this period, Sādāt Raḍawī, i.e. the progeny of Mūsā Mubarqa‘, son of Imam al-Jawād (A.S.) gradually began to replace the former, until the Safavid Shāh Tahmāsb I made some alterations in the Holy Shrine’s establishments and appointed some custodians there on his behalf. Although not appointed as custodians, Sādāt Raḍawī continued to hold positions in the Holy Shrine’s administration. This article tries to reconstruct the genealogy of Sādāt Raḍawī (descendants of Imam al-Riḍā – A.S.) and clarify the role of each one of them in the Holy Shrine’s establishment.

The effect of rainbow fungus (Coriolus versicolor), an Iranian native fungus, on the color reduction of bleach plant effluent was studied. The effective variables in this research were time, temperature, pH, and biomass amount. To investigate the independent effect of each variable on color reduction, the other variables were kept constant considering the optimum growth conditions of fungi stated in literature. The highest color reductions were observed after each independent variable treatment; time of 6 days (59%), pH of 3 to 4(45%), biomass amount of 12 g/l (42%), and temperature of 25°C (50%). Considering the observed results, it can be concluded that the rainbow fungus can efficiently reduce the color of bleach plant effluent from pulp plant.