رضا نقی ها

In order to evaluate the inoculation of mycorrhizal and growth-promoting bacteria (Pseudomonas genus) on the tolerance of European borage to cadmium toxicity, a factorial experiment was performed in the form of a completely randomized design with 3 replications in the research greenhouse of the Agriculture Faculty of Yasouj University in 2019. The experimental factors include the application of biological fertilizer at 4 levels (control, application of mycorrhiza, application of growth-stimulating bacteria and combined application of mycorrhiza and bacteria) and 4 levels of cadmium concentration (0, 25, 50 and 75 mg cadmium per kg soil). The investigated traits were included root colonization percentage, plant cadmium content, some physiological characteristics and shoot dry weight of European borage. The results showed that with the increase in cadmium concentration, electrolyte leakage, proline content and cadmium content of aerial organs increased. The use of mycorrhiza and bacteria was evaluated positively compared to their non-use, so that in all four levels of cadmium, the highest proline, chlorophyll and relative water content, as well as the lowest electrolyte leakage and shoot cadmium concentration, were obtained from the combined two biofertilizers. Application of biofertilizer increased the dry weight of the aerial parts of inoculated plants compared to the control. The results showed that in the presence of 25 and 50 mg/kg of cadmium, the combined application of bio-fertilizers reduced 21% and 17% of cadmium transfer from roots to shoots of borage. Therefore, it is recommended to use biological fertilizers in areas contaminated with cadmium.

In recent years, application of natural and safe feed additives such as herbs and herbal products has been increased, due to their beneficial concequences on health and thereby animal production. One of the natural important compounds present in plants, is phenolic compounds which has been recived high interest and many investigations have been conducted about their different effects on broilers. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary inclusion of Iranian oak acorn (Quercus brantii L.) (OA), as a phenolic cmpounds-rich feedstuff, on some breast meat traits of broilers at different refrigerated (4 °C) storage times.

A total of 160 one-day-old mix of male and female broiler chicks were distributed between 2 experimental treatments (with 4 replicates of 20 birds) in a completely randomized design and fed a control diet (without OA) or a diet containing 20% ​​OA. During the rearing period, birds were fed with starter (d 1-10), grower (d 11-24) and finisher (d 25-42) diets, respectively. At the end of the rearing period, two birds were slaughtered from each replicate and samples were taken from breast muscle and kept in refrigerator. Different parameters (population of  Lactobacillus, Psychrotriph bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, total aerobic bacteria, lipid oxidation, water holding capacity, cooking loss) were measured at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 d of storage.

The results showed that using OA decreased population of Lactobacillus at 6 and population of total aerobic bacteria at 6 and 8 d of storage (p <0.05). At 2 d of storage, the rate of lipid oxidation in breast meat of OA-recieved group was higher than the control group (p <0.05) but in other days no significant difference was observed between two treatments. Feeding birds with OA had no significant effect on water holding capacity of breast meat at different storage days. In birds fed with OA, breast meat cooking loss was lower than the control group at 4 d of storage, but it was higher than the control group at 10 d of storage (p<0.05).

In conclusion, under the conditions of this study, feeding broilers with OA had no significant and constant effect on the most of investigated parameters.

With the aim of investigation, the effects of oak acorn (OA) (0 or 20 % of diet) and tannin-reducing feed additives (without additive, 10 g polyethylene glycol (PEG)/kg of diet and 0.25 % diet sodium bicarbonate) on performance and liver and kidney tissues of broiler chickens, a total of 480 Ross 308 broiler chicks (average body weight of 41 gram and same male to female ratio) were distributed among 6 experimental treatments (4 replicates of 20 birds) in a 2×3 factorial arrangement and reared for 42 days. The results indicated that application of OA had no significant effect of overall feed conversion ratio, but significantly decreased overall body weight gain. However, sodium bicarbonate improved overall body weight gain, compared to the diet without additive. Feeding birds with OA significantly increased relative weight of gizzard, ileum and caecum at 24 d of age and relative weight of caecum and duodenum at 42 d of age. On d 24, more sever cellular congestion was observed in liver tissue of OA fed birds, but on d 42, the number of liver fat vacuole was less in these birds. Feeding with OA increased diameter of renal corpuscle. In conclusion, dietary inclusion of 20% OA had no significant effects on feed conversion ratio and liver as well as kidney tissue of broilers, but because of significant reduction in overall body weight gain and production efficiency factor, this level is not recommended. However, inclusion of additives did not prevent this reduction.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of caponization of Iranian native cockerels on body weight gain, carcass characteristics, meat quality and immune response. The chockerels were surgically caponized or sham- operated at 12 weeks of age. Then, 10 healthy capons and 10 sham-operated cockerels (control group) were assigned to the experiment. The birds were kept until 24 week of age and fed the same diet. The immune system of all birds was evaluated based on SRBC, IgM and IgG titers during the rearing period. The cooking loss and organoleptic evaluation was performed on breast meat postmortem. The results showed that comb and wattle growth and the relative weight of thighs was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced as a result of caponization. In the slaughter characteristics, the capon group showed higher proportion of whole leg, liver and breast meat weights than sham-operated group. There was no significant difference in final body weight, average daily gain, carcass yield, abdominal fat percentage, immune system response and sensory attributes of breast meat with the exception of odor between two groups. However, the caponization of native cockerels can be useful for commercial purposes due to the higher marketing value of meat from capons.

Storage of semen in the liquid form rather than cryopreservation is becoming popular as preparing and transportation is less expensive in this method. While maintaining the optimal osmolarity in all Tris-Egg yolk based extenders (TEY), the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of sugar type (glucose and fructose) and sugar concentration modifications on ram semen kinetics during incubation at body temperature. The semen diluents with different Sugar: Tris ratios (30 mM: 300 mM and 210 mM: 100 mM) were made with two different monosaccharide (glucose and fructose) and were compared with a standard extender used for freezing ram semen. The results showed that regardless of the diluent medium, the mobility parameters of sperm significantly decreased after incubation for two hours at 37°C. There was no significant interaction between storage time and type of extender. Also, the percentage of total motility and progressive motility were not significantly influenced by treatments. However, some of the motility parameters of incubated semen samples, including linearity, curvilinear velocity (VCL) and straight-line velocity (VSL) were improved by enhancing concentration of sugars in diluents. It is concluded that an increase in sugar: Tris ratio in TEY extenders, may improve the kinematic parameters of ram semen at body temperature. Thermoresistance of spermatozoids at body temperature can be considered as an indicator of male gametes fertility inside the female reproductive tract.

Aromatherapy with essential oils (EO) in rats has been reported to alter some of the serum variables and reduce anxiety. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of aromatherapy with ginger EO on serum metabolites and fear related responses in capons and intact cockerels.

In this study, 10 caponized and 10 sham-operatedcockerelswere used. Half of the poultries in each group (capons=5 andsham-operated cockerels=5) were treated by aromatic EO in a chamber, and the rest of experimental poultries were exposed to water vapor in the same chamber. Eachbird after removal from the chamber was held by both legs and swung into an inverted position for 30 s and thereaftertonic immobility (TI)test was performed on it.Two weeks after this test, the aromatherapy process was repeated in all birds and blood plasma metabolites were measured before and after aromatherapy.

Aromatherapy in the caponized group resulted in a decrease in the tonic immobility duration, indicating a decrease in fearfulness induced by harvesting process.Moreover, aromatherapy significantly increased plasmalevels of glucose, protein and total urea in cockerels.

Aromatherapy is probably by activating the sympathetic system and increase blood pressure, lead to increased levels of glucose, protein and serum urea and reduce the number of inductions required to attain the TI response. Therefore, ginger EOexposure during manual harvesting maybe advisable to reduce fearful responses in cockerels.

The conversion of forests to agricultural lands generally has damaging effects on soil qualitative indices. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of land use change on the physico- chemical and biological characteristics of the soils of Mokhtar Plain, Yasouj Region. Five soil samples (0- 30 cm) were taken from three land uses of dense forest, degraded forest, and dry farming. The physical, chemical and biological analyses were carried out in a completely randomized design. The results showed that by following the change in the forest land use to dry farming, the EC (56%), organic matter (67%), total nitrogen (71%), exchangeable potassium (48%), Basal respiration (42%), exhaled respiration (63%), fungi community (23%), acid phosphatase (59%), and alkaline phosphatase (79%) were decreased in the dry farming land use. However, the bacterial community (20%) and pH (5%) were increased in the dry farming land use and the amount of available phosphorus did not show any significant difference, as compared to the dense forest. In general, it can be concluded that by following forest degradation and change in land use, soil organic matter and its related indices, especially biological ones, are more affected. So, in order to maintain soil quality, appropriate management practices such as managed land use change, avoidance of tree cutting, especially on steep slopes, preventing of overgrazing, and addition of organic matter should be carried out in dry farming land use.

Fast growing of engineering infrastructure to meet human requirements is directly related to the need for a resistant soil to carry out construction load. On the other hand, the importance of environmental issues has led to an ever-increasing demand for new and environmentally friendly methods for soil remediation. The method of microbial induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) is considered by the researchers as one of the most environmentally friendly methods. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of MICP on the uniaxial strength of carbonate sand. Therefore, samples of Bushehr carbonate sand were cured after the injection of bacteria and cement solution. Then a uniaxial compression tests were carried out to evaluate the compressive strength. Also, the effect of cement solution concentration and curing time on the results of MICP method was investigated. The results show that maximum uniaxial strength of sand stabilized with MICP is about 3.5 kg/cm2, which indicates the proper performance of MICP method for stabilization of carbonate sand. The UCS of the samples depends on the concentration of cement solution. Stabilized samples with a higher cementation of concentration solution had more uniaxial resistance than samples with lower cement concentrations. The curing time more than 14 days did not significantly affect the uniaxial resistance.

Microbial induced carbonate precipitation (MCIP) is an environmentally and suitable method for soil remediation. In this method, urea is hydrolyzed by the urease enzyme, that is splashed from Sporosrcina Pasteurii bacteria. The calcium carbonate is formed in the presence of calcium ion. Calcium carbonate connects the soil particle like a bridge and improve its engineering characteristics. In the present research, the effect of MICP on the permeability of carbonated sand was investigated. The effect of factors such as concentration of the cementation solution, curing time and relative density on soil permeability have been studied. To consider the effect of different factors on the MICP performance, number of samples have been treated with MICP method and then constant head permeability test were conducted on the treated samples. the results show that as the concentration of cement solution was increased, the permeability of the samples was decreased. Loose Samples resulted in more decrease in permeability with respect to the dense samples. Also, bacterial activity was increased with time and after 14 days the variation in permeability was reduced. The highest rate of permeability reduction was around 60% for the sample prepared in loose state and cured with one molar concentration of cementation solution for 28 days

Land use changes such as conversion of forest to cultivated lands, significantly affect soil properties and modify soil forming processes. Land use changes can drastically affect the soil environment, which in turn markedly affect soils and soil processes. Human activities that are not associated with proper planning have undesirable effects on natural resources such as soil, including land use change. The results of the investigations in different parts of the world show that changing the use of natural ecosystems to managed ecosystems has destructive effects on soil properties. Cutting off the forest trees and converting pastures into agricultural lands will destroy or disrupt natural ecosystems and reduce the current or future production capacity of the soil. One of the important issues in the world is the destructive effects of agriculture on soil quality. These destructive effects can include a wide range of soil changes including physical properties such as soil compaction, soil water depletion, soil structure destruction and soil texture change, chemical properties such as accumulation of some elements such as N, P, K, and soil salinity, and soil biological properties such as soil microbial population and soil fauna activity changes, soil organic matter reduction and also effect on useful soil enzymes. Land use change from forest to agriculture does not necessarily lead to soil degradation. Land use changes and forest destruction in Yasouj region has increased in last decades. In this study, we investigated the effects of land use change on some soil characteristics in Servak plain, Yasouj region.

Servak region is located in 4 km south of Yasouj city. Three main land uses of dense forest, degraded forest, and dry farming were chosen to study the role of land use change on some soil properties.. The elevation of the region varies from 1833 to 1869 m above sea level. Five soil samples (0-20 cm) were taken from each land use. Samples from each land use were taken from almost similar elevation and slope to minimize the effect of topography. Soil samples were transferred to the laboratory, air dried and passed through a 2mm sieve. The chemical and biological analyses were carried out. The determination of soil organic carbon was carried out based on the Walkley-Black chromic acid wet oxidation method. Available K was extracted with 1N ammonium acetate at pH=7 and was determined by flame photometry. The Olsen method was used for the determination of available phosphorus. Total nitrogen was measured using the Kjeldahl method. Soil bacterial communities were counted using culture medium (Nutrient agar. The basal respiration rate was estimated by back-titration of the unreacted NaOH to determine CO2 evolved over 10 h. The substrate-induced respiration was measured by adding 2 ml of 1% glucose to soil samples over 6 h. Soil suspensions were prepared by 10-fold serial dilutions with 1g soil. Counting the soil fungal community was done using a culture medium (Potato dextrose agar) and was prepared by 10-fold serial dilutions. The activity of alkaline and acid phosphate enzymes was measured based on a colorimetric method using p-nitrophenol.

The land use change from a dense forest to dry farming has modified many chemical and biological soil properties. The results of analysis of variance and comparison of the means of data obtained from this study showed that as a result of land use change from dense forest to dry farming, Organic matter, total nitrogen, exchangeable potassium, basal and substrate-induced respiration, fungal community, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase enzymes contents were decreased. Also, soil bacterial communities were increased at 1% level in dry farming land use. The amounts of phosphorus did not show any significant difference. In general, it can be concluded that following the degradation of the forest and land use change, the soil organic matter and relevant properties, especially biological indices, are more affected compared to the other properties. Soil organic matter plays a key role in ensuring agroecosystem productivity and the long-term conservation of soil resources.

Large-scale conversion of indigenous forests to cultivated land, driven by long-term agricultural development in the Servak region, has greatly affected the physicochemical and biological properties of the soils. Generally, the conversion of the natural ecosystem to agroecosystems decreased organic carbon content and relevant indices such as basal and substrate-induced respiration, fungal community, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase enzymes contents in the top-soils at depth of 0 to 20 cm. The decrease of organic carbon in cropped farms could be attributed to the enhanced oxidation of soil organic C caused by cultivation. The results of this study showed that any management and type of land use that decreases soil capabilities can reduce soil quality and increase the susceptibility to degradation. So, in order to maintain soil quality, appropriate management practices should be done.

Acorn kernel contains a high percentage of starch that can be used as a source of energy in animal’s diet, but it has a high percentage of tannin, which can have deleterious effects on the animals. Tannins are bitter phenolic compounds with a diverse structure that are divided into two groups of condensed and hydrolyzable. Condensed tannins are flavonoid polymers of the proanthocyanidins compounds. Hydrolyzable tannins have a polyhydric alcohol at their core, the hydroxyl groups of which are esterifies with gallic acid. They may have long chains of gallic acid coming from the central glucose core (Reed 1995). Tannins have a high tendency to bind to proteins such as enzymes (Osawa et al. 2000). The harmful consequences of the high percentage of tannin in the diet of ruminants can reduce feed intake, have a negative effect on the activity of rumen bacteria, reduce the efficiency of digestive enzymes in the livestock and also reduce the availability of nutrients, which ultimately reduce growth and production of these animals (Salinger et al. 1996). Also, the high levels of tannin compounds in the poultry diet can reduce feed intake, growth rate, digestion of protein and amino acids, intestinal and pancreatic activity (Armstrong et al. 1974; Brand et al. 1989; Mahmood et al. 1997, 2008). Various chemical and physical methods such as sodium bicarbonate, polyethylene glycol, soaking in water, cooking or steaming, have been reported to reduce the amount of tannin and its harmful side effects (Frutos et al. 2004). Now a day, bioprocessing has vast applies in livestock and poultry feed, using the enzymatic capabilities of microorganisms. Furthermore, Lactobacillus plantarum is a safe microorganism that has the potential for high enzymes to break down and eliminate tannin compounds (Curiel et al. 2009). This bacterium has vast applications for food processing in the industries (Siezen et al. 2011). Material and

The Experiment was done in a completely randomized design with 7 treatments and 3 replicates. Experimental groups were treatments with or without bacteria, aerobic or anaerobic condition and 5 or 10 days processing periods. The moisture content of all samples was adjusted to 50% by sterile water. For each gram of experimental sample, 107 CFU of Lactobacillus plantarum bacteria were added and then, placed into the incubator at 37 ° C. In this experiment, phenolic and tannin compounds, pH, soluble carbohydrate and volatile fatty acids (acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid) were measured. Phenolic and tannin compounds were measured based on Makkar (2000) method. Soluble carbohydrate was measured by spectrophotometric method with standard raffinose solution (Dubois 1956) and volatile fatty acids (acetic, propionic and butyric acid) were measured by gas chromatography. Soluble carbohydrate in four treatments (zero day and ten days without bacteria, ten days with bacteria in aerobic and anaerobic conditions) and volatile fatty acids in three treatments (10 days without bacteria and 10 days with bacteria in aerobic and anaerobic conditions) measured. These treatments were selected to interpret and justify the main events of fermentation processes. Data were analyzed by SAS software (2011). The comparison of the means was done using Duncan's multiple range test at P<0. 01.

The findings of the experiment indicate that the highest reductions in the content of total phenol, non-tannin phenol, total tannin, condensed tannin and hydrolyzable tannin (39, 24, 49, 49. 5 and 59 %, respectively, see table 1 and 2) were observed after 5 days of processing and there was no significant difference between 5 and 10 days of processing. It is assumed that significant reduction in phenol and tannin compounds was the consequence of Lactobacillus plantarum enzymatic activity. A research showed that Lactobacillus plantarum were reduced phenolic compounds of pomegranate juice (Mousavi et al. , 2013). Stopping the decline in phenolic compounds after the 5 days could result in lowering the pH to below 4 (Table 3) and cessation the biological activity of the Lactobacillus plantarum (Hunget 1957), or decreasing the efficiency of the enzyme tanase (tannin aceyl hydrolase). Also, there was no significant difference between the total phenol, non-tannin phenol (Table 1), total tannin, condensed tannin and hydrolyzable tannin percentage (Table 2) of aerobic and anaerobic treatments, which showed that the biological processes reduced phenolic compounds in aerobic or anaerobic conditions with the same efficiency. It has been reported that the enzymatic processes of breaking tannins compounds by bacteria in aerobic conditions are slightly different from the anaerobic conditions, resulting in different end products (Bhat et al. 1998). Our research findings show that the acidity of experimental samples in aerobic treatments was more than anaerobic in the 5 or 10 days of bioprocessing period (P<0. 01). Smetankova et al. (2012) showed that Lactobacillus plantarum grows faster in aerobic conditions and therefore, the pH decreases more quickly. After the processing, the amount of fatty acids (acetate, propionate and butyrate) increased, but the percentage of soluble carbohydrate decreased (P<0. 01). Table 4 shows that acorn kernel contains high percentage of soluble carbohydrate (on day zero), which is required for the growth and biological activity of Lactobacillus plantarum bacteria. Table 5 presents the results of statistical analysis of the treatments for the percentage of volatile fatty acids. The results showed that the percentage of acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid after 10 days of aerobic or anaerobic bacterial processing increased significantly, in comparison with non-bacterial treatment, but no significant difference was observed between aerobic and aerobic conditions, which indicates that in this study the activity of bacteria for the production of volatile fatty acids was not different in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions after ten days.

For the first time, this study has shown that in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, the tannins compounds were broken down and reduced in equal proportion. The results of the experiment have shown that Lactobacillus plantarum bacteria can be used for bioprocessing of acorn kernel to reduce its tannins.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of adding Ethanolic lemon pulp extract (ELPE) to drinking water of broiler chickens on performance, immune system and blood serum parameters. We used 450 male and female day-old broiler chicks (Cobb 500) allocated in a completely randomized design with five treatments, five replications and 18 chicks per each. Treatments include no ELPE (control), 0.4, 0.8, 1.2 and 1.6 percent ELPE in drinking water from 2d until the end of experiment. Adding ELPE to drinking water did not have any effect on feed intake, average daily gain and Feed conversion ratio. The highest amount of IgM and the lowest amount of IgY belonged to group that fed 1.6 percent ELPE. ELPE treatments significantly increased response to Phytohemagglutinin-M (PHA-M) injection compared to control group. The levels of triglyceride, low density lipoprotein and very low density lipoprotein were significantly lower in 0.8 and 1.6 percent ELPE treatments compared to other groups (P

Because of beneficial consequences of herbal plants on the performance and intestinal microlflora of broilers (Windisch et al. 2008), they have been proposed as an organic alternative to antibiotic growth promoters. Miswak (Salvadora persica) is a plant that grows around Mecca and in the Middle East area in general. High levels of active compounds such as flavonoids, eugenol, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, salvadourea, alkaloids and oleic and linoleic acids are present in Miswak. It has antibacterial, antioxidant and antifungal properties (Battaa et al. 2013). There is no report on the influences of dietary supplementation of Miswak in broiler chickens. However, in a previous study dietary supplementation with different levels of Miswak (0.50, 0.75 and 1.0% diet) improved performance as well as reproductive performance of Dokki4 laying hens (Battaa et al. 2013). Common Myrtle (Myrtus communis) belongs to the Myrtaceae family. The genus Myrtus includes flowering plant with approximately sixteen species reported in areas of the Middle East and Asia. Myrtle is one of the important aromatic and medicinal species from this family. It is a native plant to southern Europe, North Africa and west Asia (Nadkarni, 1989). Different compounds such as 1,8-cineole, linalool, linalyl acetate, terpineole, terpinolene, tannins and flavonoid are found in dried leaves of Myrtle. However, antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant properties of this herb have been reported (Garg and Denger, 1988). Mahmoudi Bardzardi et al. (2012) indicated that dietary supplementation with 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg diet of Myrtle extract improved body weight gain and also feed conversion ratio of broilers. In another study, it was shown that addition of Myrtle extract reduced the adverse effects of aflatoxin-contaminated diets on broilers (Sadeghi et al. 2013). On the other hand, Myrtle extract can reduce the count of E. coli and increase the number of Lactobacillus in gut system of broilers (Ghazanfari et al. 2014). The aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of Miswak stem and leaf powder and Myrtle leaf powder on the performance and cecal bacteria of broilers.
Material and A total number of 408 one-day-old Cobb -500 chicks (male and female) were obtained from local hatchery and transferred to the rearing place. In a completely randomized design, birds were allocated to 6 experimental treatments with 4 replicate pens of 17 chicks each. The control group was provided a basal diet without any feed additive, while supplemented groups were received same basal diet which supplemented with one of the following feed additives: antibiotic (1g Neomycin/Kg diet), 0.5% stem and leaf powder of Miswak, 1% stem and leaf powder of Miswak, 0.5% Myrtle leaf powder and mix of 0.5% stem and leaf powder of Miswak 0.5% Myrtle leaf powder. All groups had free access to starter (d 1-21) and finisher (d 22-42) diets, throughout the rearing period. Fresh steam and leaf of Miswak and leaf of Myrtle were collected from the range of Larestan, Fars Province, Iran. They were dried in shadow, finely ground and added to the experimental diets based on their dosage. Body weight and feed intake were measured on 21 and 42 days of age. Moreover, at 21 and 42 days of age, one bird from each replicate pen (4/treatment) was slaughtered and samples of cecal content were collected to determine the population of E coli and Lactoacillus bacteria.
The current findings indicated that feed intake was not significantly influenced by dietary treatments (P> 0.05) throughout the study. Dietary addition of 0.5% Myrtle had deleterious effects on body weight gain and feed conversion ratio during starter phase of the study. Thus, birds fed diet containing 0.5% Myrtle gained less body weight and worse feed conversion ratio than those feed the control diet (P0.05). In line with these results, Al-Fadil et al. (2013) did not find positive effect of Neomycin on broiler body weight. Bulbul et al. (2014) reported that supplementation with 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg Myrtle oil did not influence broiler body weight gain while, 5000 mg/kg of this additive decreased body weight gain. Inconsistency in their results and others was attributed to the source and levels of Myrtle oil. In contrast to our results, in a previous study (Battaa et al. 2013) dietary supplementation with Miswak resulted in significant improvements in performance and reproductive traits of Dokki4 laying hens. On day 21, significant differences were observed in count of E.coli and Lactobacillus bacteria among experimental treatments (P Under condition of the current study, dietary addition of different feed additives (antibiotic, Miswak and Myrtle) had no significant effect on broiler body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio. Population of cecal Lactobacillus and E coli were significantly influenced by the feed additives which used in the current study.

The bacteria species that have positive effects on plant growth and performance, which is called plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs), can help or play a crucial role in reforestation programs. For this purpose, phosphate solubilizing bacteria were isolated from soil of Yasuj forests, Iran in this study. Ten isolates of phosphate solubilizing were extracted from five soil samples. Two out of ten bacteria strains with highest phosphate solubilizing activity were selected. The results of gram staining and other biochemical tests illustrated that those bacteria were identified as Microbacterium aurantiacum and Streptomyces cinereorectus. In order to study the effect of PGPR bacteria on growth performance of Brant’s oak seedlings, an experiment as completely randomized block design was done in greenhouse conditions. Treatments consist of four seedlings groups of non-inoculated (control), inoculated by M. aurantiacum, inoculated by S. cinereorectus and inoculated by a mixture of both strains. The results of analysis of variance of the effect of PGPR bacteria strains on growth performance of oak seedlings revealed that all studied traits with exception of stem length and shoot to root ratio were significantly affected by bacterial treatment. So that, inoculated plants showed better growth performance compared to the control treatment, but plants treated with both strains had lower stem and leaf fresh weights in comparison with pure inoculated plants. It can be concluded that the application of biofertilizers especially M. aurantiacum might be conducted to increase the growth and subsequent establishment of seedlings in the first year resulted in successful reforestation.

Mastitis is an important disease that could turn up in both milking and dry off periods in dairy cattle. Considering the importance of Escherichia coli in causing microbial mastitis, this study in an Insilico way was undertaken to investigate the amount of biomass, toxin production and to identify genes affecting on Escherichia coli growth in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions in alveoli of mastitis dairy cow. The optimum rate of Escherichia coli growth or biomass production adopting aerobic condition was 2.0155 millimoles per gram dry weight per hour (mmol/gDW/h) but in anaerobic condition this value was 1.0152 mmol/gDW/h. The most toxin production was obtained in aerobic condition (1.6701 mmol/gDW/h). This substantial amount of biomass production could be a great indicative of rapid growth of Escherichia coli and therefore, inflicting the mastitis in dairy cow. Multiple gene deletion indicated that four genes ompF, ompN, PhoE and ompC brought about of stopping biomass production. Also, it was indicated that solA, LpxM ¡ ZnuA and znuB genes are suitable drug targets for reducing or stopping toxin production in Escherichia coli.

Different cereals are used to feed the sheep. The grains have different level and combinations of non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC) that can affect the digestibility and performance of the lamb. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary level of NFC and type of cereal grain on performance, nutrient digestibility and carcass characteristics of fattening lambs.
In this study, twenty nearly 90 day-old lambs with the average weight of 25±1/1 kg were assigned in a factorial arrangement based on completely randomized design with four treatments and five replicates each, over 80 days. Treatments consisted of 1- ground barley grain with 33 percent NFC, 2- milled barley grain with 40 percent NFC, and 3- ground corn with 40 percent of NFC. Metabolizable energy, crude protein, forage to concentration ratio and cell wall level were same between experimental treatments. In this experiment, feed and fecal sampling was performed on two times during the experimental period. At the end of the finishing period, two lambs from each treatment were slaughtered and carcass weight and hot, hip, shoulder, fat, carcass without tail, thigh and shoulder, weight of liver, kidney, heart, pancreas, abdominal fat and empty rumen and reticulum were recorded.
Digestibility of organic matter, neutral detergent fiber and crude ash decreased with increasing levels of NFC. Use of corn grain increased of digestibility organic matter, acid detergent fiber and crude fat. There were significant differences between treatments for carcass treatments, percent of pestle, carcass without tail, percent of abdominal fat and tail to carcass. The lowest percent of kidney and pancreas was observed in corn grain with 40 percent NFC. Using corn with 33 percent NFC caused the decrease in rumen and reticulum emptiness.
The results showed that lambs performance, carcass weight, thigh percent and carcass without tail and abdominal fat percentage and fat in the carcass weight were affected by grain. The dry matter digestibility was not affected by grain, but organic matter digestibility was higher in lambs that fed diets containing corn. It seems that corn with 40 percent carbohydrate showed better performance among treatments and recommended for breeding programs.

Restriction of using antibiotics in human and animal brought an increasing application of effective biological compounds in this regards. In present research¡ to investigate the effects of Chevillpowder on microflora and immune response of femalebroiler chicken¡ a total of 476 commercial broilers (Cobb strain) randomly assigned to 7 treatments¡ each with four replicates in a way that each replication contained 17chicks. Birds fed the same basal diets treatment with 0%(control)¡ 0.4 and 0.8%Chevillpowder in days 1 to 28¡ 29to 42and 1 to 42. For evaluating the immune system response in the days 28and 35¡ we injected sheep’s red blood cells (SRBC) into wing vein of two birds at each replicate. To measure the carcass weight¡ fat weight¡ triglycerides¡ cholesterol¡ HDL and VLDL¡ two birds were killed in each replication. The highest average of daily gain observed in the control group and the lowest one was seen in 0. 8 percent Chevill. Lactobacilluscount significantly increased in 0.4%or 0.8%Chevilltreatments¡ but E. coliwas decreased significantly on day 28of age (p

The aims of this study were investigate the effects of Silybum marianum seed on the intestinal microflora and immune system of broilers. Current research was conducted in a completely randomized design with 4 treatments, 4 replicates and 20 chicks in every replicate. Treatments included: basal diet without adding Silybum marianum seed powder, basal diet with 0.2% seeds of Silybum marianum, basal diet containing 0.4% of Silybum marianum and basal diet containing 0.6% Silybum marianum seed powder. To evaluate the efficiency of the immune system by injection of sheep red blood cells as antigen, immune response with haemagglutination method were measured and weight of immune organs such as spleen and bursa of fabricius were measured too. Also at the ages of 21 and 42, two groups of bacteria, Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus were counted. Total immunoglobulin of treatments 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6%, were increased significantly compared to the control. IgY in receiving treatment 0.6% of Silybum marianum significantly increased in comparison with the control and 0.2 0% of Silybum marianum. IgM of all Silybum marianum treatments are also higher compared to the control. The results showed that the number of lactic acid bacteria in treatments 0.4 and 0.6% of Silybum marianum compared to the control at 21 days was significantly increased (P

The purpose of this study was to determine changes in the normal flora of the gastrointestinal tract and blood parameters of rainbow trout after taking probiotics and oregano extract. This study was completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 3 replicates each with 40 fry 22 g of the rainbow trout. Treatments consisted of basal diet, florfenicol, 0.5%, 1% and of oregano extract, 2% Bactocell probiotic. After an 8 week experimental period, blood smear for cellular immunity, content of digestive tract for useful and unusual bacterial counts, the liver and gill for detection of histomrphological changes were collected. The results showed that the number of lymphocytes in antibiotics group was significantly more than that of the control. The percentage of monocyte in extracts treatments increased significantly. Total number of bacteria in the digestive system did not change much, but the numbers of lactic acid bacteria in the treated extract 0.5 and 1% were more than that of the control group. In florfenicol groups, hepatocytes were vacuolated and ratio of lipids and glycogen in hepatocytes were increased. It seems that use of organo extract in fish diet have not bad effects on the liver and gill histology and may show good effects on the liver performance and detoxification roles and increased counts of lymphocytes, monocytes and lactobacillus bacteria in the digestive tract.

The present study was conducted to isolate and identify phosphorus solubilizing fungi and to evaluate their ability through a qualitative and quantitative experiment. An experiment was carried out with 5 soil samples of Koh- Sepid Lar, Kohgyloyeh and Boyer Ahmad province. The ability of isolates was studied in solid and liquid cultures. Quantitative experiment consisted of blank, four fungi isolates and Aspergilus niger, with 3 replications. Two fungi that showed the highest potential in P solubilization were used for identification by ITS- PCR methods. Four of the fungi produced very clear zone on the Pikovskaya culture. The order of soluble P content in the liquid culture was: blank< fungi 4< fungi 3< fungi 2< Aspergilus niger< fungi 1. Two high potential isolates, 1 and 2, were Cladosporium cladosporioides and Eupenicillium rubidurum, respectively. This is the first report about the potential of these fungi to solubilize P.

In order to investigate the influences of raw or acetic acid-treated oak acorn on the performance and cecal flora of broiler chickens, a total of 340 one-day-old male and female Cobb 500 broiler chicks in a completely randomized design consisting of five treatments with four replicates and 17 chicks each were used. First group was fed with a corn-based diet (without oak acorn) as control, while the chicks of groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 were fed with diets containing 20 or 25 % raw or treated oak acorn, respectively. The results indicated that treatment with acetic acid significantly reduced content of the all phenol components (total phenol, total tannin and condensed tannins). Dietary inclusion of raw oak acorn at the levels of 20 and 25%, significantly reduced broilers body weight gain (P

Introduction & To achieve high performance and health, it’s better to use additives in the human diet which have beneficial effects on good bacteria and damaging effect on the harmful bacteria. For this purpose, effects of Chavill extract on growth, viability and death of lactobacillus and salmonella, in skimmed milk and imaging gastric-intestine media were studied in vitro conditions. This study was investigated in two completely randomized experiments with three levels of Chavill extract. In the first experiment, ability of the Chavill extract in Skim Milk medium was examined to survey survival, proliferation and death of beneficial and pathogenic gut bacteria. The second experiment which was down in the simulation of simulated gastric juice and simulated small intestine juice, the effect of Chavill extract on survival, proliferation and death of the bacteria were investigated. Treatments in both of experiments were three levels of Chavill extract (0, 1, and 3 %) for three probiotic bacteria species. Data were analyzed with SAS 9.1 software and their means were compared by Duncan’s Multiple Range test at a significance level of 5 %. By increasing of Chavill extract concentration to 1%, probiotic bacterial counts significantly increase compared to control treatment and the differences were significant and the count of Salmonella typhimurium difference with control significantly decreased. Using 3% Chavill extract compared to 1% extract, increased number of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus plantarum, decreased number of Lactobacillus casei, inhibit growth of Salmonella typhimurium bacterium and block growth of this bacterium. The second experiment on simulated gastric juice showed that numbers of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus plantarum bacteria increased and Lactobacillus casei and Salmonella typhimurium decreased. Also, findings of bacterial survival on simulated small intestine juice showed that there was no significant difference in bacterial on Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus plantarum. Results showed that Chevill have good effects on binifical bacteria of digestive system and increases the number of beneficial bacteria and have harmful effects on pathogenic bacteria. It seemed that this plant could be used in diets and also for diseases causing imbalances of normal flora in the gastrointestinal tract.

Proteins as direct products of genes are considered as the appropriate markers to assess genetic diversity and to identify resistant individuals. For investigation of Cypress (Cupressus sempervirens) seed storage protein based on quality activities by using SDS-PAGE method، 40 samples were taken on dried and healthy trees on two altitude classes. Results showed that weight of molecular bands on electrophoretic pattern of protein bands were between 18 and 125 KDa. Results of clustering and discriminant analysis also showed that trees from the two altitude classes could be distinguished by protein bands، but trees with different dried degrees could not be distinguished. Genetic diversity indices such as Shannon index and Nei، polymorphism percentage، showed trees with low and high dried degrees had the highest and lowest degree of the indices، respectively. Also trees from high altitudes had higher genetic diversity than trees from low altitudes. Diversity within the populations in the two altitude classes was more than variation between the populations. Also Genetic variation among altitudes in different populations (FST) was equal to 0. 42. Therefore، results implied that Cypress trees in the studied region contain high genetic diversity، especially at high altitude. Also we could not distinguish dried and healthy trees by using seed storage protein.