فهرست مطالب رضا ویسی

There is almost no food outside agriculture. The production of food, fodder, fibers and other agricultural products is directly dependent on agriculture, horticulture and gardening, livestock and poultry breeding, fish and honeybees, forests and pastures. The products of this sector include red meat, chicken meat, fish, milk, dairy products, honey, grains, legumes, sugar, oil, fodder, medicinal plants, wood, vegetables and fruits, all kinds of fruits, etc. In light of the high share of the agricultural sector in the employment of people living in rural areas of Iran, as a policy arm to prevent the migration of rural people, we see the weak presence of knowledge-based companies. Investing in the agricultural sector to achieve food security and strengthening national production and employment is considered as a strategic issue for every country. Food security is the access of all people to enough food at all times to have a healthy body. According to this definition, availability of food, access to food and stability in receiving food are three main elements. Every year, a significant amount of foreign currency is exported from the country for the import of products related to food security, which is a wide range of products in technological areas such as livestock and poultry vaccines and probiotics as well as in non-technological areas such as corn and other agricultural and livestock inputs. One of the important projects pursued by the country's technology ecosystem for several years is the improvement of the country's food industry using biological methods with the help of food production factories. Food industry is one of the vital, sensitive and important industries in the country and improving the quality of this industry means improving the mental and physical security of the people, for this reason the Biotechnology Development Headquarters in the presidential institution complex seeks to improve this industry with biological methods. Creating the necessary infrastructure and standards to ensure quality, recognizing the strengths and weaknesses in the production, market and knowledge-based products, clarifying the government's demand in the important and priority parts of the value chain, creating a field for the export of knowledge-based products. Using the capacity of foreign investment in the development of technological capabilities, encouraging large domestic companies to invest in Research and Development (R&D) activities through cooperation with domestic technology companies, leveraging the country's large market towards domestic production and investing in R&D.

Rangeland fires have devastating effects on the landscape, performance and services of rangeland ecosystems. Despite the efforts of experts, decision makers, stakeholders and government agencies in recent decades to reduce the effects of fire, its number and related economic and human losses are increasing worldwide. One of the most important measures to reduce the damage caused by fire is to predict and prevent the occurrence of fire, which is based on determining the danger zone or areas prone and potential for fire. The purpose of this study is to identify and determine areas sensitive to fire in the winter rangelands of Mohammad Gholi in Arak city of Markazi province.

The studied rangelands with an area of 3100 hectares with arid to semi-arid climate are located 15 km southeast of Arak city in Markazi province. The altitude of the region is 1900 to 2500 meters (a.s.l) and the average annual rainfall is 225 mm. The thermal extremes of the region are -11 (February) to 35 degrees Celsius (August). In order to zoning the fire risk in the region, 9 factors of slope, direction of slope, altitude, geology, land use, distance from the road, distance from the waterway network, soil science and vegetation percentage were used. Fire events were considered as a basis for predicting future fires. Non-fire areas were also identified and selected. For backup zoning and fire prediction, two support machine models (SVM) and random forest model (RF) were used.  In order to evaluate the results of these models, the statistical indices of coefficient of explanation (R2: correlation between observational and estimated data), the square root of the mean squared error (RMSE: deviation of predicted values ​​from observed values) and efficiency coefficient (CE: coefficient of efficiency: between infinite negative and 1, the closer to one indicates the higher the performance of the model in forecasting) was used. The output of RF and SVM models is between 1 and zero, which is divided into 5 (floors) of the area with very low to very high fire hazards. The models will identify the most important variables affecting the past fire and then zoning the fire risk in the region.

Vegetation, direction, slope and altitude variables had the greatest impact on fire, respectively, and the variables of geology, land use, distance from the road, distance from the waterway network and soil science were removed from the modeling process due to inappropriate and insignificant coefficients. Were. The most sensitive slope floor in case of fire is 12-25% and above and floor 8-12 has the lowest fire incidence. Also, the highest fire occurred at an altitude of 2100-1900 meters and the lowest at an altitude of 2500-2400. In terms of direction, the southwestern and southern slopes had the most and the northern slopes and the non-sloping direction had the least fire events. Vegetation, by providing the necessary fuel, has shown the highest incidence of fire in the coverage of 50-75% and the lowest in the coverage below 25%. According to the results of the implementation of the models, the support vector machine model with a coefficient of efficiency of 0.86 and an error of 3.55 in the test phase is a more accurate model in this study. The results also showed that in terms of fire risk, 11% of the rangelands were in the very low category, 16% in the low category, 35% in the medium risk category, 17% in the high risk category and 21% in the very high risk category are located.

High slopes and heights with maximum vegetation (suitable fuel source) in the area and lower grazing intensity have the highest incidence of fire. While in low cover due to insufficient fuel and in low slopes due to change of Rangelands to agriculture, fire is less likely to occur. The area to the south also provides suitable fuel for the fire by receiving more solar heat, dominant cover of Astragalus and dense cover of annual grasses. Among the selected models, the vector support machine model had better performance in zoning and fire risk prediction than the random forest model, which is due to its ability to integrate many input variables without changing them, and Establishing nonlinear relationships between variables identifies effective factors and can provide valuable information for fire control and prevention to rangeland managers.

This study aims to measure the effect of multisensory marketing on creating brand loyalty in the tourism industry and includes two parts: quantitative and qualitative. In the quality section, 50 university experts and managers of tourism institutions in Mashhad were interviewed to identify the components of sensory marketing and loyalty to the tourism destination brand. Also, in the quantitative section, a researcher-made questionnaire was designed according to the 5-point Likert scale. The statistical population of this section includes 10,000 tourists (Iranian-foreign) in the city of Mashhad. Morgan table; The sample size was 384 people using a simple random sampling method; Questionnaires among tourists have been completed. The quantitative tool is based on the conceptual model and research variables (researcher-made). To analyze the data in the qualitative part, the coding method was used and in the quantitative part, the first and second-order confirmatory factor analysis methods and the implementation of the model with the help of PLS ​​software and Spearman correlation tests were used. The results and findings indicate that according to the views of experts on the relationship between consumer senses and loyalty to the destination brand, there is a significant relationship between consumer senses and loyalty to the destination brand. Tourism and tourism marketing seems to be related to creating a pleasant experience for the customer from the destination, and building this experience is possible through multisensory marketing.

Abstract Prioritization of selected touristic sites according to multi criteria decision technics, with the purpose of determining the tourism potentials of these areas for tourism planning, development and investment and launching reconstruction projects counts is considered as a necessary approach to the process leading to uniform and sustainable development of rural areas and prevention of waste of time and money. In this research instances rural touristic areas in west Guilan are prioritized for tourism development and investment. To do this a descriptive-analytic approach is used along with 29 criteria, 11 of which concerning natural and human attractions, 5 regarding tourists attracting domain, and 9 involving authorized and programmable land area. Findings resulted from analytical hierarchy process (AHP) demonstrated that Lisar area, as a selected touristic site, was ranked as number one for tourism planning and development. This is because of the beautiful beach and historical sites in Lisar, its artificial, cultural and social attractions, as well as the touristic route with beautiful scenery. Esteel lagoon, regarded as having natural and human attractions such as lagoon, lake, penetrable forest, historical sites and social and cultural attractions stands second for tourism planning and development. Touristic village of Guisoom, being a part of Talesh county, with sand beach, forest route, and artificial and natural attractions achieved a rating of three for tourism planning and development

Given the expansion of urban population resulting in increased use of vehicles, fuel provision has been at the center of government activities’ attention. CNG is an environment-friendly and reasonably priced fuel which is intended to substitute liquid fossil fuels. To this end, the establishment of CNG stations alongside gas stations has been taken into account in the urban services sectors and it requires strategic planning and thinking. Undoubtedly, such a vital industry which provides the fuel for transportation and mobility plays a role of utmost importance; experts and planners of the industry must consider suitable locations for CNG and gas stations in line with fast, secure, and proper service provision. One of the most considerable issues faced by drivers involves the lack of accessible CNG and gas stations relative to the number of vehicles throughout the city. Subsequently, the identification of suitable locations for these stations can be a significant contribution to service provision.

There are a number different views and theories with respect to the location of public services across cities along with planning for urban land use. Yet during the recent decades and under the influence of systemic perspectives, the major approach in the area of physical-spatial organization of cities has been based upon policies and strategies that are largely focused on retaining planning coordination, urban dynamics, application diversity, integration between the city and nature, ecological balance, adjacency among houses, work places and recreation centers, traffic relaxation, social bonds, etc. With regards to the location and organization of urban services, it is recommended to adopt suitable strategies in line with increasing environmental awareness and supervision, modifying flexible criteria and regulations for various applications, strengthening urban designs, physical-spatial organization of activities, technical provisions, preventing pollution, and developing cooperation in urban management; it is also recommended to refrain from separating activities and enforcing strict rules.The idea of a GIS was first introduced in Canada by Tom Linson in 1960.. A lot of research has been done in Iran in the field of GIS utilization. The first of them was Akbar Parhizkar's dissertation in1997 in the PhD thesis "Case Study of Locating Fire Centers in Tabriz" and Face and Nasiri Studies in 2010 entitled Spatial Distribution of Gas Industry Infrastructures and in particular CNG stations across Qom province and Khodro Gas Company in 2008 locate CNG stations along the country's highways. In this research, it is anticipated to provide the number and location of traffic distribution in different cities and roads of the country in order to determine the level of service utilization of the stations and the necessary coverage in urban and road networks for vehicles. These recommendations can provide the necessary means for introducing more harmony between physical and social environments, that is, equilibrium in human-environment relations. Consequently, the main perspective adopted in this study is the systemic view; It is attempted to analyze the status quo of CNG and gas stations throughout Qazvin city using the principles of said view as well as location criteria of land use (compatibility, utility, capacity, and dependency matrices).

The present applied study is conducted using the quantitative method. To evaluate the location status of urban equipment such as CNG and gas stations in Qazvin using location criteria, first the suitable lands for the establishment of these stations should be identified using location indices. Then, the positioning location and spatial distribution status should be compared with location results. To this aim, the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) should be employed and suitable principles must be taken into account among different indices so as to identify proper locations for the establishment of CNG and gas stations.

Given the presence of high-pressure equipment such as compressor storage tanks and their connecting pipes, refueling stations have a significant potential for unexpected incidents. Therefore, compliance with safety regulations is essential. Accordingly, the entire initial design stages including construction, installation, operation, and maintenance should follow an acceptable, standard procedure. Standard guidelines on the construction of CNG and gas stations may be different in various countries. In Iran, the national standards adopted for these stations are a combination of standards in Argentina and New Zealand.CNG station standards in Iran are divided into 4 parts: Structural necessities of CNG stations;Piping;Equipment safety;Periodic investigations and testing.

Given the results of analyses conducted on the results, CNG and gas stations throughout Qazvin city are currently at an undesirable state in terms of indices including structural necessities, equipment safety, and periodic investigations; moreover, citizens’ access to these stations are inadequate as well. Ultimately, after carrying out the location model and conducting comparisons between the final plot obtained from the location model and the current plot of CNG and gas stations across Qazvin city, it was shown that out of 20 CNG and gas stations, 2, 9, and 9 stations are located in areas with good, medium, and weak values, respectively. The results of comparisons with zoning maps also demonstrated that none of these 20 stations in Qazvin are located at very good lands.

Today the central part in competition with other commercial centers in Rasht, is not only losing its dominant dominance over the entire space. The city is also facing a lot of local issues and challenges. The outcome of such processes and negative changes, the emergence of an important and fundamental issue in the central part of Rasht, namely, the decentralization and the diversification of the various spatial, human, economic, social and cultural capital in the central part of the city on the one hand, and its replacement and substitution At the expense of the city, on the other hand, today, in the form of exhaustion, wilt and increasing decline of neighborhoods in the central part of Rasht, manifested itself. Therefore, this study first of all seeks to understand that the physical spatial dynamics of the central part of Rasht has been influenced by what is happening. The results of this study showed that "factors based on avoiding adverse conditions" are the most important factors in deciding on the separation and displacement of households and therefore the physical spatial dynamics of the central part of Rasht city. Also, based on the findings of this research, it was revealed that the structure of the political economy ruling the city of Rasht by changing the investment-decadal cycles and the priority of the value of exchange of land and property value values on the declining trend of the central part of Rasht city And the rehabilitation of activity spaces has been affected.

Qeshm Island in Iran can be said gate for Geotourism. The largest island in the Persian Gulf, due to its unique geological and Biodiversity Phenomenon, High potential for becoming a major hub for ecotourism and geotourism in the Persian Gulf basin. One of the forms is longest salt cave of world in Namakdan salt dome with length is 6580 meters. with its great potentials and capabilities in the field of Geotourism development, has not been able to reach its real status yet. Therefore, this question arises: what are the potentials and limitations of developing the region’s geotourism? And, what strategies are required for developing this kind of tourism and national and regional development resulted from it? The present study, considering this aim, is of applied kind and regarding the methodology is analytical, descriptive and survey study. The population of the present study is Qeshm island and the community sample is the experts of tourism in Qeshm and bandarabbas town. To analyze the data and identify the strategies of the region’s geotourism development the SWOT model was used. The findings show that the region under study with 20 advantages and the weight score3.733, 21 opportunities with the weight score 3.960 versus 16 advantages and the weight score 3.768 , 14 threats and the weight score 3/535 , has great capabilities for developing in the Persian golf , however, the existing weaknesses and threats hinder the realization of these potentials and capabilities

Prioritizing tourism areas based on scientific principles and decision making techniques in order to determine the potentiality of the area for planning, investment, and executing development project is one of the necessary approaches to achieve a sustainable development and to prevent wasting time and capital. This research was a descriptive – analytical research using 29 criteria to prioritize areas of East Gilan province regarding investment and tourism development. The obtained results from the AHP showed that Deylaman was ranked first as far as planning and development of tourism was considered. Lahijan with its natural beauty and man-made attractions was in the second rank and Ziaz and Sajiran were ranked the third. The results of cluster analysis showed that Deylaman, Lahijan, Ziaz and Sajiran, Ti ti, Shvyyl, and Abi nam were classified with the first priority for planning and were identified as a tourism pole. Halu Dasht, Leh Leh Rud, Khoseyl Dasht, Kelachay, Chaf and Chamkhaleh, Ali Sorud, Ab Sefid, Chaboksar and Amirkolaye were given the second priority for planning and becoming the tourist centers. Finally, Javaherdasht, Kia Kalaye, Mian Lengeh, and Serule were assigned the third priority for planning and becoming tourist centers.

Population data is easily accessible and shows the relationship between city size and other socio-economic factors in the city indirectly, so many geographers using this type of data to gain an understanding of the structure of the cities network and distribution of the people in the different levels of urban hierarchy. In fact, urban hierarchy is the best way of space organization in respect to population distribution and function in the area. But the most important part of urban hierarchy is the relationship between neighbor habitats. The dynamics of urban systems could be seen from the traffic of goods, services, thoughts and population among city centers and rural areas. A structured urban hierarchy results in equal distribution of goods and services and facilities in the region. In third world countries, there is an unbalance population distribution in the urban hierarchy. Iran as a third world country is under pressure from recent rapid urbanization and subjected to changes in the urban hierarchy resulted to an inequality in its city network structure.
Literature review: Cities could be known as a reflection of many social and economic processes thorough time that their formations, relations and interactions create a complicated system, so urban systems are known as main part of spatial structure (Rostaii, 1998: 1). Distribution of cities in urban network is called urban hierarchy (Farid, 2000: 396). There is two main interests in the study of urban hierarchy; one based on population size, economic structure and relation between cities and one based on the flow of data and information. In fact, urban hierarchy is the spatial vision of all of the small and big habitats in the national economy. In developed countries, due to existence of many functions and activities in every city and an equality in distribution of economic opportunities, the urban network is like galaxy.
The economic and political concentration processes in Iran in recent decades, led to the phenomenon of prime city in the country and the dominance of Tehran over other cities in urban network. On the other hand in provinces, central cities acted as a prime city in the area and the second city usually is far from it in respect to population and function. These shows the concentration of investment and function in large cities that absorbs resources from peripheral cities to large cities and metropolises. Guialn province like other provinces in the country experienced this situation. In this province, Rasht due to its politic and economic situation, its location in the region and due to existence of required economic infrastructures for production especially in industry and service sectors, is considered as the main pole in the region. This caused the population migration to the city, even from other provinces and led that many other parts of the region remain undeveloped. So the main goal of this study is to analyze the urban hierarchy in Guilan province between 1966 – 2011.The method of the study is analytic and descriptive based on some of the urban and regional planning models.
The results shows that the urban hierarchy in the province is unequal in the situation is getting worse. in this study using different models like differential levels, entropy coefficient, rank size rule, prime city factor, the Jefferson factor, the Kingsburge factor, Mahta factor and Momow factor, it is shown that the urban hierarchy in the province is unequal and in the recent 50 years, the urban network have faced prime city phenomenon. The results of the entropy model shows that the urban hierarchy is facing inequality. According to differential model, more than 94 percent on the cities in the province are in the first group with a low population and only 43 percent of people live in these cities. On the other hand Rasht with a population about 43 percent of the province, is the pole in the seventh group. Also based on rank size rule, it is concluded that the urban hierarchy in the province is very different from the rule. The result showed the dominance of the prime city and the increase of the small size cities and absence of middle size cities. The results of the analysis with the Jefferson factor showed the spatial inequality and the huge difference between prime city (Rasht) and second city (Bandar-e-Anzali). Also the results of the analysis with the Kingsburge factor, shows in inequality in population distribution in Guilan province. Based on the results of four city of Mahta, it can be inferred that the Guilan province faces prime city phenomenon and in the last decade faced super prime city. Analysis of the prime city phenomenon based on Momow factor was similar to other results and showed the existence of the prime city phenomenon in the Guilan province.

After industrial revolution, complex economic and technical developments led to wide changes in the size of cities, the proportion of the population in urban areas, and the growth rate of urbanization (Johnson, 1998). More than half of the world population currently lives in urban areas and the uncontrolled expansion of cities is becoming a global concern. It is predicted that over 65% of world’s population by 2025 will be living in cities (Kaya, 2006). Meanwhile the rapid increase in the urban sprawl leaves a harmful impact on the environment (Jaeger, et al, 2010). Nowadays, most developing countries are dissatisfied with the process of the spatial expansion of their settlements (Zebardast, 2004). Such disproportionate growth of cities plus the ordinate density of urban areas have led to the phenomenon such as informal settlements (Shiite, 2002). The consequences of such phenomenon are increased and unused lands, the high proportion of open spaces, the reduced population density, the fragmentation of urban sectors and social segregation. This study aimed to examine the factors affecting the rapid and spiral expansion of the city of Rasht. The findings obtained from the current study can help to manage the city of Rasht in deliberate planning for preserving the environmental resources such as agricultural lands and gardens through vertical development policies, attention to the plans for land preparation, the performance of housing cooperatives, and providing appropriate lands through establishing the urban land banking within the framework of the proposed strategic plan.
Theoretical framework: The theoretical framework of the study is based on Holder n’s quantitative method in order to determine the indiscriminate urban growth. The advantages of this method is to determine the factors associated with urban sprawl (e.g. population and indiscriminate growth) while this model can be interpreted easier compared to other models (Anseline, 1995). Therefore, Holdern’s model is considered as one of the fundamental methods in determining indiscriminate urban growth. Using this method, the amount of urban growth caused by the population growth and the indiscriminate urban growth can be determined (Ebrahimzadeh, 2009).
The current study is an applied research and the method is of descriptive-analytical approach. The maps were drawn using GIS software while the analysis data were done using the obtained maps in the next step.
The results obtained from Holdern’s model concerning the city of Rasht revealed that between the years 1966 and 2006, about 57% of the city’s physical growth was associated with population growth, and 43% was associated with vertical and spiral growth leading to a decrease in gross population density and an increase in urban lands per capita gross.
This study aimed to examine the physical development of the city of Rasht to determine the factors affecting the spatial development of the city, to review the history of development for the city and the pattern for physical development, to identify the abilities and limitations of physical development and to provide solutions for fundamental and practical planning for the spatial development of the city. The method of the study was of descriptive-analytical approach. After reviewing the historical development of the city, the factor and limitations affecting the spatial and physical development of the city were examined. The role of urban development plans and projects (detailed and comprehensive scheme, preparation, housing cooperatives, Mehr Housing Project, etc.) were then examined in the context of urban development of the city of Rasht. The administrative, service and tourism capacity of Rasht and the attraction of population from local and regional areas have led to an increase in the population of the city. This has provided the need for lands in order to supply housing for different social strata along with the development of unplanned buildings, constructions and their expansion towards agricultural lands and gardens. Such consequences have increased the need for deliberate, appropriate, and organized urban designing and planning for an optimized utilization of the available lands in the city. Moreover, various factors, including the increase of deserted barren lands, the expansion of informal settlements, and the integration of villages to urban areas as well as the housing cooperatives and urban development projects have played a major role in the unbalanced spatial development of the city.
The speculation of more than 25 % of barren lands in the city’s legal boundary, 7.7% of the expansion of informal settlements, 5.6% of the development of housing cooperatives, and the 25.4% of the increase in the integration of villages to urban areas, which is inconsistent with the approved detailed and comprehensive developmental plans of the city have played a major role in the unbalanced development of the city. The contribution of only three factors of the integration of villages into the main urban districts, the development of housing cooperatives and the development of informal settlements have added a surface area of almost 4051 hectares to the main legal district of the city, equivalent to 39.6% of the total area of the city. Another factor affecting the city’s unbalanced spatial development is the urban land-use changes while implementing the comprehensive and detailed projects and plans that have added a surface area of almost 9290 hectares to the city from the implementation of the first comprehensive project (i.e. from 1966 to 2006).

Further development of cities population in physical development and Land use changing of the city border fields has an effective role. Rasht's population is increased from 294000 in 1991 to the more than 600000 in 2011. In this period the area of city is from 2994 hectare to 10240 hectare. The result of population increase and the area of the city, physical development of the city and in result Land use changing of the city border and to the building of these fields, therefore knowing the effective outfits on the city's development for correct and logical opposition with its adherence problems and thinker design and future development of the city is important. The kind of research in usage research and its method is resolution-descriptive. Surveying results of the research shows that during 1991 to 2011, is about 3587 hectare from the fields of city, has a Land use changing and goes to the basis of the city. According to the Rasht municipality, the number of residential units of the Rasht city from 84053 in 1991 to 140355 units in 2010, that is the sign of 67 Percentincreasing in this period. Even the resulted findings from comparison of two plans of Rasht City in 1991 with 2011 shows that in this period the number of 10 villages in a city and even the number of 57728 of royal territories in a border of city is added to the municipality services restrict. That is involves in different Land use changing, such as residential, commercial, industrial and…

As cities grew and many of the men admitted that their needs are met in Today, due to increasing urbanization and population growth increases demand and tempers are having a lot of problems Future continuation of this situation around and even within urban environment will limit Thus sustainable development at all levels of human life must be considered, including the location of her life The purpose of this study was to evaluate the spatial expansion of urban development, the city of Astaneh Ashrafieh based on the theory of sustainable urban development is environmentally sensitive To achieve the desired goal, the criteria specified in Environmental Sustainability And the amounts of each of these criteria and sub-criteria and finally collected by using analytic hierarchy process (AHP) attempted to analyze the data The research method used in this study is descriptive and analytical Results of data analysis showed that the steady state urban development based on environmental criteria - low Nest is stable in an environment with a score of 3.29.

Guilan province, inequality and lack of balance in the optimal distribution of resources and focus on facilities and services at the First City area (Rasht), imbalance and gaps in development between regions has caused. In this regard, the development target areas and identify the distribution of economic justice - social areas reduce regional disparities is essential. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the rank of metropolitan areas having the province in terms of development indicators and trend of development levels in the years 1375 to 1390 has done. The research method used in this study cross - the dominant approach, it is applied. To check the status of Guilan province gain and development of 40 indicators of economic, cultural, educational, health, housing and infrastructure, recreation and entertainment combined index is applied. Using factor analysis and Mauritius, the degree of development of each province is calculated and ranked. Then, using cluster analysis, urban areas in the province developed, semi-developed and is classified as disadvantaged. Another noteworthy Guilan province in 1996 due compare with 2011, an increase of inequality between the urban areas of the province. And finally calculated based on the regression model, the priority order of the indices to predict degrees of Guilan province in housing and infrastructure, recreational and entertainment services, economic factors, cultural services, education and health indicators are.

Commercial and economic transactions are considered as the driving force and engine of development in any society. Such transactions may act as the factors of dynamism and prosperity of border areas while playing an essential role in improving life standards of people، poverty reduction، appropriate and equitable distribution of incomes and population size، as well as expediting better cooperation among border areas. This study tries to analyse the role of commercial transactions in stabilizing the rural population. The statistical population of the research consists of 309 households residing in 13 villages located in the western part of Sardasht Township in Iran''s border with Iraq. Based on Cochran''s formula and simple random sampling method، the sample volume composed of 90 households of 3 villages calculated by cluster sampling method. The data gathered by questionnaires، interviews and documentary studies were analysed through the use of descriptive and inferential statistics. The data were analysed to determine the effects of border markets on the sample rural residents'' income and welfare facilities and their population retention in different times mentioned in different census takings. The results showed that border transactions may lead to rural population retention in the under-studied area، and that by organizing such transactions we can expect the expansion of rural settlements in border areas may end in the development of rural settlements.

Increased social crimes and disorders are of the complex problems of metropolises. One of the most important urban crimes is the production، distribution and consumption of drugs. These social disorders have resulted in the increase of theft، prostitution، murder، street fights and generally insecurity and disturbance in the streets of these cities. The purpose of this research، is the spatial evaluation and analysis of the dispersal patterns of criminal behavior and crime-prone drug centers all over district 2 of Tehran municipality to achieve proper monitoring methods in any urban area. This research uses descriptive-analytic، survey and adaptive methods to investigate the relationship between the variables of population density and land use with the number of drug-related crimes committed in district 2 of Tehran municipality. The statistical population of this research includes all the drug-related crimes committed from 04/20/2008 to 01/20/2009 in district 2 of Tehran municipality. The research results show that there''s a direct relationship between the population density residing all over district 2 of Tehran municipality according to the Spearman correlation coefficient (0. 774)، with 0. 95 confidence and error rate of less than 0. 05. Also، given the value of the Spearman correlation coefficient (0. 828)، with 0. 99 confidence and error rate of less than 0. 01، there''s a significant statistical relationship between the variables of usage type and the number of drug-related crimes committed in district 2 of Tehran municipality.

One of the major studies in order to understand the distribution of activities in the city is studying how urban land use is organized. Rapid urban development in the last century and especially in recent decades, causing widespread plans for building a harmonious development in urban arias. Comprehensive plan for the city as an important tool in the management of inventory in the decades, since its emergence had faced with with faint. Today, the urban green space as one of the main indicators of sustainable development and healthy city is referred to be a measureable factor for urban development. Impact of urban development and the complexity of environmental problems, the availability of green space and expanding it to seem to be inevitable. One of the major problems for cities is urban green space that adversely affects every aspect of human life. Compared with urban planning standards, in addition to the low level of use of green space in cities and its variations has created some problems such as the lack of equitable distribution of green space in the city and pointed out the problems of citizens. From the perspective of planning and urban design, landscape spread wider context of the development of vegetation and improve the natural environment of the city. Standards per capita should be made clear, before any plans for the development of urban green space and, In line with the above, the present study aims to assess the user realizing urban development projects; emphasizing the use of green space in the city Dorud a descriptive - analytical study. Studies show researcher adopted comprehensive plan Dorud compared to existing designs residential, educational, cultural, recreational, medical, industrial, and transportation and is quoted. Other members of the proposed Master Plan, adopted in with unrealized designs are available. Dorud in use per capita green space in the status quo is 4.04 square meters, The 9 square meters per capita compared with the approved plan has been approved, is not realized. Model of SWOT strengths of 11 to 25 internal weaknesses and external opportunities for 11 to 16 external threats In conjunction with the existing implementations of Urban Development Goals have been identified and studied. Impacts of urban development and the complexity of environmental issues, and expand the availability of green space it always has been inevitable. Concentrated in cities as centers of human activity, in order to ensure its sustainability choice but to accept the structure and function of natural systems are affected... Among these green spaces as an integral and essential component of the body cities. They have a fundamental role in the metabolism deficiency can cause serious problems in urban life created Due to the critical nature of urban green space management mechanism and also the necessity of justice in an effort to expand access to city parks and green spaces suitable, Equitable distribution of land in the city, is considered one of the issues of urban planning, Therefore, to address the issue of social justice in the distribution and location of urban essential problem seems to be. Conducted studies on how to increase public participation in the creation, preservation and maintenance of green spaces (parks within the city) and increasing social control through the use of popular participation is essential Studies undertaken to prepare a comprehensive plan for the city's green spaces Dorud and integrated planning for this type of user, any plan to create green space, And urban parks in the city should be in the context of the proposed studies.

This research is ready with aim of analysis space distribution and determine suitable place for sareyn spa water complex with use of (AHP) models. So notice to space distribution of these complex and regard of location standards can produce sarein city to one of the important tourism Polaris and satisfy the tourism people. in this research to reach of these aims is used standards for example، compatible land use with spa water complexity، access to city across way، near to habitant center and suitable distance from industry center and factory، Elevation and slope. Exit result of AHP model in this research point to that the most suitable lands for spa water complexity is around habitant tissue and take between distance of tissue and ring road of city and too identify that realm 1111/7 hectares in progress of this research 154 hectares is contain good and very good lands and 176/7 hectares is contain medium lands and 781/1 hectares is contain weak and very weak lands is for spa water complex. And finally notice to land value final map 3 zones on the floor very well and good، and the land was barren land component with respect to privacy and the right of the current water treatment facilities for the construction of water treatment was proposed complexes. These three zones can be proposed as recreational zones، sports، tourism، and health and are used mixed.

Identification of environmental factors and spatial crime and try to eliminate or reduce the impact of these factors, the most important strategies to enhance safety and prevention of disorders known, The social disorder in any way that a man could have, within the context of spatial and temporal characteristics that distinguish these behaviors from each other. As one of the largest areas of District 2 of Tehran Municipality, Tehran has a host of problems such as rapid population growth, physical expansion of the city, heterogeneity and lack of social cohesion, such as rural areas with old texture Darake, Evin, Tarasht, Farahzad and urban areas Islamabad, Islamabad southern and eastern Javydabad. According to studies done on drug-related crimes, most crimes committed in the area of Tehran is the second highest among the 22 districts of Tehran Municipality has. The purpose of this study was therefore to analyze the spatial conditions - physical influence on drug-related crimes in District 2 of Tehran municipality. Residential land uses were evaluated in District 2 of Tehran, green space, and other commercial and office utilities, transportation and warehousing had the highest percentage of drug-related crimes, And on the other hand, respectively, residential land, landscaping, utilities and most of the land area of ​​District 2 of Tehran municipality. Hence it can be concluded that the type and use of urban land in the establishment of the conditions and crime is affecting the other hand, some other spatial features are barrier deterrent offender. Therefore, considering the high proportion of residential land adjacent to green space and impact of crime in the land of the rising crime rate, the hypothesis was based on the effects of land use and geographic distribution of land use in the formation of spatial patterns of delinquency and crime rates and drug-related crime in District 2 of Tehran is confirmed.

Due to everyday need of entertainment in today's cities,the changein work patterns and life styleis growing. On the other hand, restoration and preservation of the vitality and dynamism of cities and urban environments requires the presence of both urban spaces, inhabitants, and their social interactions with one another. This study aims to find the indexes of extension of city districts as compared to that of leisure uses during 1996 to 2006. A cross-sectional method is usedalong with quantitative models including Leisure Development composite index (LDI) and Williamson coefficient of variation (CV). The results based on the model (LDI) in 1996 marks the sixth district with a score of 0.74 as the first-rank place, district 8 with a score of 0.38 in the second rank, and district 3 with a score of 0.23 as the third-rank pace in the city.Districts 1, 4 and 5 are descendently rated. Based on a combination of measures to develop tourism in 2006, the city district 3 with a score of 0.80 was in the first place, district 4 with a score of 0.73 in the second place, and district 6 with a score of 0.58 in the third rank.Districts 10, 8 and 2were ordered descendently.The distribution of the indices related to the leisure areas in the city in 2006, using the Williamson model, reveals unequal access to recreational areas by the residence of the city.

Today، the industries of firm tourism have an important role in economical and social development of countries that economists know it as invisible exports. Increasing of tourists in this region، with inappropriate planning and weakness of substructures and managing of tourism have negative effects on ecological، economical and social point of view. Therefore، current study about knows of management role in improving of tourism in noshahr and presenting true solutions for firm improvement of tourism in this city. Measuring and descriptive analytic methods have used in this study، statistical community shows the residents of noshahr are 42175 that according to the Morgan table، 350 people have chosen among them. In current research statistical method spearman correlation coefficient and software Spss used، to test and analyze the data. Conclusions of the study show that the usefulness of changes of facilities growth in tourism and improvement of permanent tourism has positive relationship with each other، among the characteristics urban managers. Also، there are not positive relationships between the coastal lands with permanent improvement of it. According to achieved conclusions، coastal programming coordination of related organizations with tourism، Creation of job chances، improvement of retail services and developing the necessary substructures، constructing the camping، organize the rental houses، notifying and doing seasonal check up and control can be so useful in urban permanent development.

Disproportionate development of cities and extended accumulation cause the phenomenon like as informal settlements. And the results of developing the informal settlements are forming different damages of economy, society and environment. Results of thisseductions are inability of city a spaces in answering to largess necessity. Generally this unbalance urban growth forms in unprepared lands of city and its results are like as increasing unutilized lands, increasing open spaces, decreasing the accumulation of population separation of urban and social units: so the important issue that stays against the urban development is their future develop place. Recognizing and choosing a best place to future develop of city requires observing the roots and best development of criteria orientation. In finding place we try to rest the different parameters of relationship with each other.