زهرا عبداللهی

In the present study, the seismic vulnerability of the northern Tabriz (regions 1, 5, and 10) has been assessed spatially. The evaluation process goes through five distinct phases: spatial evaluation of criteria affecting seismic vulnerability, fuzzification, determination of criteria weight using AHP, integration of all maps for evaluation criteria, and finally, damage coefficient calculation. The results of the AHP model indicate that distance to the fault residential density (with a weight of 0.229) and population density (with a weight of 0.162) are the most important criteria affecting the seismic vulnerability of the northern regions of Tabriz. Seismic vulnerability zoning shows that almost all the northern regions of the city have high to very high vulnerability to earthquake hazards. More than 16.6% and 5.6% of the study regions are located in the high and very high seismic vulnerability class, respectively. These spaces mainly include residential land uses in the western neighborhoods of Region 1 and the central neighborhoods of Region 10. Based on the seismic vulnerability coefficient for an earthquake with a magnitude of 10, the amount of destruction in these regions will be between 65 and 100 percent. Proximity to the great fault of Tabriz, high population and residential density, lack of urban open spaces, a significant part of fine-grained buildings, worn-out urban texture, and marginalization are among the reasons for the high seismic vulnerability of the western parts of Region 1 and the central parts of region 10.

This report was a part of the National Food and Nutrition Surveillance Program, analyzing anthropometric statuses of children aged 24–60 m in Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran, as well as their associated demographic and socioeconomic determinants, 1401.

A total of 280 children aged 24–60 m were included in the study via multi-stage cluster random sampling proportional to cluster size method. Data on socioeconomic status of the household and demographic characteristics of the children were collected by health workers using face-to-face interviews with the mother/caregiver of the children. Necessary training to carry out anthropometric measurements was provided to the health workers through several workshops and webinars. Descriptive and analytical analyses were carried out using STATA v.17.0 (Stata, College Station TX, USA).

  The mean age of the studied children was 41.9 m ±0.6 with similar gender distribution (141 girls and 142 boys). Analyses showed that socioeconomic status was the most important determinant of stunting and underweight in children aged 24–60 m in Sistan and Baluchestan Province. Chances of being stunt and underweight in children, who were living in higher socioeconomic status, were respectively 60 and 80% lower than children whose families were in lower socioeconomic statuses.

Evidence indicate need of rapid intervention, including enhancement of access and purchasing power of the households living in the province and possibly  other deprived provinces of the country.

Evapotranspiration (ET) is one of the most important factors in the hydrological cycle and is a key determinant of energy equations on the earth’s surface. evapotranspiration estimates are important for hydrology, irrigation, forest and rangeland, and water resources management. The evapotranspiration drives the soil water-energy balance which is largely used in general circulation models and climate modelling. Consequently, river water flow forecasting, crop yield forecasting, irrigation management systems, river/lake water quality are all dependent on evapotranspiration levels. For this reason, it is essential to accurately estimate the water budget. Numerous models have been developed to estimate evapotranspiration using remote sensing methods. The review of recent research shows that remote sensing and the use of satellite images have a high ability to estimate the amount of actual evapotranspiration.

The aim of this study is calibrating the METRIC algorithm in estimating evapotranspiration in the Sohrin-Qaracheryan Plain, which is affected by flood spreading. This method has been used by many researchers around the world to estimate evapotranspiration. On the other hand, estimating the actual evapotranspiration is of great importance in the plains affected by the flood, especially in the Sohrin-Qaracherian Plain’s flood spreading. Therefore, in this research was conducted to estimate evapotranspiration using the metric algorithm in the Sohrin-Qaracherian Plain, for the optimization management of water resources in the region and regions with similar conditions. In this research, were used of the daily and hourly meteorological data of Zanjan Airport synoptic station from 2020 to 2021. These the data included minimum and maximum temperature, minimum and maximum humidity, wind speed average, sunshine hours and air pressure. To check the application of metric algorithm, were downloaded Landsat 8 images for 2020-2021 years and were done necessary corrections and preprocessing on them. Landsat images are available at 16-day intervals with a spatial resolution of 30 m and were obtained from the United States Geological Survey website (http://glovis.usgs.gov). After the images processing, is obtained the albedo, surface emissivity, land surface temperature, plant indicators, incoming-outgoing radiation fluxes, net radiation flux and the soil heat flux. Next, the sensible heat flux is calculated by determining the hot and cold pixels. Finally, evapotranspiration maps are plotted. In addition, for a better comparison of the results, were compared of the layers related to vegetation index include soil heat flux and land surface temperature in the different stages of the growth period. After extracting these indices, the evapotranspiration map was extracted using ENVI software.

Results show that daily evapotranspiration increases is directly related with increase in vegetation density. at the initial of the growth period, the range of evapotranspiration is estimated between 0.08 and 4.97 mm.d-1, while this value in the middle and late of the growing season is estimated in the range of 0.086 to 5.56 and 0.59 to 9.57 mm.d-1 respectively. Based on the results of this research evapotranspiration obtained from the soil water balance model and METRIC model were estimated as 24115 and 25648 m3, respectively. The results validation of evapotranspiration obtained from the metric model was compared with the actual evaporation and transpiration obtained from the soil water balance model, and the error coefficient was obtained equal to 5.97%.

According to the results of this research, it was determined that the use of energy balance models using the science of remote sensing provides the possibility of estimating evaporation and transpiration regionally. On the other hand, the calculation error percentage shows that the metric algorithm is accurate enough to estimate ET in the studied area.

In this study, the environmental flow of the Sojasrood River (Yengikand station) at Zanjan province was calculated using the water quality )the so-called Q relationship) and M5 tree decision methods and then the results were compared with the four hydrological methods (Smakhtin, desktop reserve model, FDC shifting and single low flow indices (7Q10 and 7Q2). Evaluation of the hydrological methods showed that the FDC shifting method has the proper accuracy than other methods in determining the environmental flow of the Sojasrood River. Based on the FDC shifting method, the environmental flow (Environmental Management Class C) at Yengikand station was equal to 0.99 (m3/s), respectively, which is equal to 29/4% of MAR. The maximum value of environmental flow was obtained by the water quality method (1.48 m3/s, equal to 43.9% of MAR) and the minimum value of environmental flow was obtained by 7Q10 and 7Q2 method (0.26 m3/s, equal to 7.7% of MAR) while, the environmental flow was determined 1.11 m3/s (equal to 32.8% of MAR) based on the tree decision method. In sum, the tree decision method (M5) extracted the equations of flow duration curve and could properly determine the environmental flow and is able to provide the values of characteristic discharges of a river.

This review study aims to shade light on the effects of carrying out interventions and policies in order to reduce the incidence and prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and their behavioral risk factors (i.e., unhealthy diet, insufficient physical activity and smoking) and strategies and approaches to reduce their attributed burden.

In this research, the documents and reports available in the Ministry of Health, developed action plans, recommendations of national and international organizations, evidence gathered from monitoring and evaluations and the "National Action Plan and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases and Related Risk Factors in the Islamic Republic of Iran, 2015-2025" were investigated with respect to  each of the three main risk factors of NCDs, including unhealthy diet, insufficient physical activity, and smoking (harmful consumption of alcohol has been reviewed in another article). Each risk factor has been discussed separately in the sections describing the current situation, policies and implemented interventions, findings, and future plans.

The implemented interventions and policies to achieve the goals stated in the "National Action Plan and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases and Related Risk Factors in the Islamic Republic of Iran, 2015-2025" in the field of unhealthy nutrition, resulted in revising the food standards. Interventions in the field of physical activity have caused a 1.5% reduction in the relative prevalence of sedentary behavior in the society. Our research also revealed that interventions in the field of tobacco consumption have led a total decrease of 7.44% among Iranian people over 18 years of age, but a decrease in the use of hookah is not recorded, and its consumption has increased by 28% in 2021 compared to 2011.

According to the findings, the goals stated in the aforementioned document have not been fully achieved, so new interventions and policies should be used by those involved.

 Ensuring food security is one of the main pillars of sustainable development and combating it should be considered as one of the major goals of a country’s economic and social development plans. This study aimed to review the current threats to food security in Iran and globally.

 This study is a review article based on reviewing scientific literature about food security and food and nutrition policy through reviewing resources available in internal and foreign databases using appropriate keywords ‘food security’, ‘Iran’, ‘world’, ‘food insecurity’, and ‘challenges’.

 The coronavirus 2019 epidemic, climate change, drought and water scarcity, food loss and waste, hot and cold wars and conflicts (types of sanctions), economic crises, and the global increase in food prices all increase the risk of food insecurity worldwide, especially in low-income countries. The government’s economic and supportive policies can directly affect the food basket of low-income households, needed to meet physiological and nutritional needs. Subsidies and government food aid programs can strongly affect food security. It is important to allocate subsidies to vulnerable groups; however, it should be targeted to meet the basic needs of low-income groups.

 In recent years, when the toughest sanctions were imposed on Iran, the Supreme Leader of Iran emphasized on paying attention to “resistance economy”. A resilient economy approach should be taken to ensure national food security through creating sustainable food and nutrition system with the cooperation of all development sectors, and more effective cooperation of the capacity of the Supreme Council of Health and Food Security. In this regard, environmental factors such as domestic water and soil capacities, reducing food loss, waste, and promotion of the production and consumption of local and traditional food, as well as supporting rural agriculture should be taken into consideration.

 The objective of this study was to determine the strategies and actions required to promote food and nutrition security and accessibility of the population to an adequate, equitable, healthy and desirable food basket.

 This was a qualitative study. The data were collected through literature review and individual interviews with policy-makers, planners and managers involved in food and nutrition security. The most important determinants of food insecurity in the country were determined using the Delphi method. MAXQDA10 software was used for data analysis.

 Based on the views of the interviewees, the most important factor influencing food and nutrition security was found to be economic access to food. This was followed by four other factors, namely, income gap; lack of a specific authority responsible for food and nutrition security at the national level; poverty and low family incomes; and not paying sufficient attention to sustainability in food production. Strategies suggested to promote food and nutrition security included physical access to food, economic access to food, food safety, access to micronutrients, promoting nutrition culture and literacy, access to food and nutrition services, and sustainable food production.

 Economic access to food, i.e., sufficient purchasing power of the people, is currently an important factor in determining food and nutrition security in a population. Food and nutrition policies should be developed in a way as to ensure increased economic access to food, sustainability in food production, production of healthy foods, and promoting the population’s food and nutrition culture and literacy.

The Ministry of Health and Medical Education for the first time drafted and communicated the National Nutrition and Food Security Document in order to implement targeted programs. This study aims to evaluate the provincial nutrition and food security document and outline strategies to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of provincial document deployment at the organizational, inter-organizational and community level.

Documents received by the universities / colleges of medical sciences were classified for evaluation purposes. The studied dimentions consisted of the provincial document cut-off, the beneficiaries of the program, the establishment and implementation of the submitted documents. In the next step, self-declaration compliance assessment and scoring were performed.

Out of 28 provincial documents (90%), 60% were documented, 21% provincial data were not used, and desirable measures were taken to attract stakeholders. No effective measures were taken to evaluate the results as the most important pillar of the document. Among 255 projects anticipated, 7 were documented and 6 were approved, and only 4 projects were submitted to the researchers, and for 5 projects had written

Despite the relatively favorable performance in most of the documented and targeted areas of the document at the national level, assessments show that this trend has not been very successful at the provincial level. This study clearly shows policy makers' lack of support for nutrition programs and poorly evaluates nutrition support.

Classical data envelopment analysis models calculate the performance of decision-making units based on a common performance boundary and make no distinction between efficient units. In this study, the method of super-efficiency and cross-efficiency is used to rank the efficient branches of banks before the cooperation phase. Then, in the cooperation phase, each efficient branch is considered as a player and the subdivisions of the efficient branches are considered as a coalition, and the problem is examined using the method of cooperative game theory and Shaply value. In this study, the efficiency change variable shows the impact of each efficient branch in different alliances. From the total variable of efficiency change of efficient branches in each coalition, a characteristic function called profit from the coalition is introduced. The value of this characteristic function is determined for all possible alliances and Shaply value is introduced as the solution of this cooperative game and the ranking of efficient branches is presented in terms of cooperation. The resulting model is implemented on a case study and the ranks of efficient branches are compared in the super efficiency method and cross-efficiency (before cooperation) and Shaply value method (after cooperation).

Analyzing today’s societies is impossible without considering modernity. The human biospheres in various fields are still more or less experiencing modernity. One of the institutions influenced by modernity is the family. The purpose of this study is to study how family values develop in the city of Ilam. The approach of the present study is qualitative and based theory method. To achieve this purposel with 32 couples living in Ilam for two decades based on purposive and theoretical sampling; A semi-structured interview was conducted‚ The data are collected and then using a three-step coding process (open‚ axial and selective)‚ 110 concepts‚ 23 component categories‚ 27 major categories and finally two nuclear categories were extracted. Findings showed that the difference in family values between the two generations is in the method of choosing a spouse‚ lifestyle‚ change in family traditions‚ child-centered and etc. The family is moving towards a modern and fragile family. As a result‚ there is a change in values in the family‚ which in recent decades in Ilam has been affected by the process of modernity and its consequences. In this process‚ the transformation of values has taken place with the focus on the fading of traditions. Traditional values (previous generation) have been marginalized and replaced by modern values in families.

High intakes of saturated and trans fatty acids can increase risks of cardiovascular diseases and cancers. Therefore, removal of partially-hydrogenated vegetable oils containing trans fatty acids has been suggested as one of the most effective health interventions. The aim of the current study was to investigate the policy effects of decreasing trans fatty acids in partially-hydrogenated vegetable oils as well as increasing intakes of unsaturated fatty acids through the introduction of novel products into the market and assessing the averages intake of saturated and trans fatty acids by households of capital cities in West Azerbaijan, Fars, Khuzestan, Lorestan, Semnan and South Khorasan Provinces.

This cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out on households in capitals of six provinces. Data were collected from the begging of May to the end of July 2014 using telephone interviews. Information on the types of fats and oils used for cooking as well as the purchase pattern and their quantities were collected using questionnaires. Fatty acid profiles of the consumed fats and oils were investigated as well.

The commonly consumed oils in the provinces included partially-hydrogenated vegetable oils, blended oils and frying oils. These oils included more than 70% of the total oil intakes. Furthermore, the average intakes of oils and fats per capita in the provinces were ordinarily West Azerbaijan, Khuzestan, Lorestan, South Khorasan and Fars. Intakes of trans fatty acids ranged from 0.32 in Fars to 0.67 g/person/day in West Azerbaijan. Results of this study showed that quantity of the trans fatty acids in partially-hydrogenated vegetable oils  has decreased by 95%, compared to that in previous decade. Moreover, consumption of partially-hydrogenated vegetable oils by households has decreased by 45%, compared to that in the last decade.

Effective policies, reformulations of oils and decreasing of trans fatty acids in partially-hydrogenated vegetable oils have included positive and effective changes, which have led to improve quality of fats and oils consumed by the households.

Lifestyle and its various components have multiple effects on human health and disease. These include dietary intakes and nutritional patterns, which can greatly prevent non-communicable diseases by adhering to dietary recommendations and guidelines. One of the most important and practical studies, showing relationships between the diets and diseases and the level of health in each country, is the cohort design of the study that can show the trend of changes in incidence and exposure over time. Design of the Iranian teacherschr('39') cohort, which specifically investigates relationships between the food intake, nutritional status and physical activity and the incidence of non-communicable diseases, began in 2001. To design the study and compile the questionnaire, advices of Dr. Walter Wilt from Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, USA, were used. This study was carried out in collaboration with the Office of Community Nutrition Improvement, the Office of Health and Wellness of the Ministry of Education and the Center for Research on Social Determinants of Health, Iran. The choice of teachers was due to their ability to understand and answer questions. The self-administered questionnaire was developed based on the data from the Institutechr('39')s 2000–2002 national food consumption survey as well as statistical methods to investigate food items and their portion sizes. In a pilot study on 1000 teachers in Tehran, the feasibility of the study was verified. In general, follow up of outcomes in teachers includes fewer barriers due to their use of national insurance services.

Formulation of the National Nutrition and Food Security Document (NNFSD) is an important effort in the field of operationalizing Iran’s upstream food and nutrition documents. This study aimed to assess and analyze the performance of the Specialized Nutrition and Food Security Working Group in achieving strategic goals of NNFSD.

Qualitative content analysis was carried out on existing documents of the Supreme Council of Health and Food Security. The executive quality of the sessions was assessed on the basis of three indicators, including existence of evidence-based reports, clear approvals, and follow-up of approvals. The main themes were presented separately for the strategic objectives in the form of three broad categories, including challenges, approaches, and related actions. The qualitative analysis of data was performed using MAXQDA software.

Most of the Specialized Working Group’s sessions only focused on five of the seventeen strategic goals, including decreasing the main risk factors of agricultural and food products, decreasing the amounts of salt, sugar, and fats in foods and drink, while increasing average intake of the basic items in food basket, stablishing food fortification, and increasing nutritional literacy of target groups. Of 71 sessions held, the quality of 16 sessions (22.5%) was acceptable and only 43 approvals (31.2%) out of 138 in working group’s sessions were followed up and performed.

The need for serious and documented follow-up of approvals, improving presented reports with referring to sufficient evidence, and also more comprehensive coverage of issues and problems in the field of food and nutrition confirms the necessity of revision, strengthening performance and management of the mentioned working group.

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)- Cas systems are well-known acquired immunity systems that are widespread in archaea and bacteria. The RNA-guided nucleases from CRISPR-Cas systems are currently regarded as the most reliable tools for genome editing and engineering. The first hint of their existence came in 1987, when an unusual repetitive DNA sequence, which subsequently was defined as a CRISPR, was discovered in the Escherichia coli genome during an analysis of genes involved in phosphate metabolism. Similar sequence patterns were then reported in a range of other bacteria as well as in halophilic archaea, suggesting an important role for such evolutionarily conserved clusters of repeated sequences. A critical step toward functional characterization of the CRISPR-Cas systems was the recognition of a link between CRISPRs and the associated Cas proteins, which were initially hypothesized to be involved in DNA repair in hyperthermophilic archaea. Comparative genomics, structural biology, and advanced biochemistry could then work hand in hand, not only culminating in the explosion of genome editing tools based on CRISPR-Cas9 and other class II CRISPR-Cas systems but also providing insights into the origin and evolution of this system from mobile genetic elements denoted casposons. To celebrate the 30th anniversary of the discovery of CRISPR, this minireview briefly discusses the fascinating history of CRISPR-Cas systems, from the original observation of an enigmatic sequence in E. coli to genome editing in humans.

Attending University is not always pleasant for all the students and students can sometimes encounter with challenges leading them to uninterested, fatigue, and ineffectiveness feeling. Uninterested, fatigue, and ineffectiveness feeling are of academic burnout dimensions have attracted many researcher's interest in recent decades. Bearing this mind, the present research aims at identifying the relationship of perception of learning environment and academic burnout with academic resilience mediating among the students of Hakim Sabzevari University.
The present study is cross-sectional (modeling of structural relationships). The population encompasses all the educational sciences students of Hakim Sabzevari University; 170 of which are randomly selected as the sample. The instruments are three questionnaires, Dundee Ready Educational Environment Measure questionnaire, Samuel's Academic Resilience questionnaire, and Breso Academic Burnout questionnaire. The collected data are analyzed by SPSS and AMOS.
Findings: The findings of the study demonstrated that perception of learning environment had a significant effect on academic burnout (-0.33) and academic resilience (0.51). And academic resilience had a significant effect on academic burnout (-0.55). Beside the direct effects, the indirect effect of perception of learning environment on academic burnout via academic resilience was significant (-0.28). Also according to the model fit indices, goodness of fit index (0/93), Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (0/07), normative fit index (0/90) the proposed model was a good fit.
Not only perception of learning environment directly influences on academic burnout, but it also indirectly influences it through academic resilience.

This study aims to identify the women's awareness of their legal and social rights and social factors have been associated with it. To rely upon the theories as well as studies of topics of study hypothesis was developed that govern the relationships between predictor variables and criterion is. The study population included all married women Meshkinshahr city-based sample of 385 people, as the final sample is calculated. Using multi-stage cluster survey method and sampling, as well as stratified random sampling method, the sample selection and the required information was collected using a questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using Spss Nrmafzaramary. Results show that the average level of knowledge of the legal and social rights of married women studied, is 44/80. Of the average, 30% of respondents had a low awareness, 44/7% and 25/2% average knowledge of a greater awareness of their legal and social rights. According to the results of the bivariate analysis, age, location, employment status, education, social participation, cultural capital, acceptance of gender stereotypes, the media and communicate with friends and their knowledge about legal and social rights have shown statistically significant. According to the results of the bivariate analysis, about legal and social rights have shown statistically significant.

River discharge as one of the most important hydrology factors has a vital role in physical, ecological, social and economic processes. So, accurate and reliable prediction and estimation of river discharge have been widely considered by many researchers in different fields such as surface water management, design of hydraulic structures, flood control and ecological studies in spetialand temporal scale. Therefore, in last decades different techniques for short-term and long-term estimation of hourly, daily, monthly and annual discharge have been developed for many years. However, short-term estimation models are less sophisticated and more accurate.Various global and local algorithms have been widely used to estimate hydrologic variables. The current study effort to use Lazy Learning approach to evaluate the adequacy of input data in order to follow the variation of discharge and also simulate next-day discharge in Talar River in KasilianBasinwhere is located in north of Iran with an area of 66.75 km2. Lazy learning is a local linear modelling approach in which generalization beyond the training data is delayed until a query is made to the system, as opposed to in eager learning, where the system tries to generalize the training data before receiving queries
The current study was conducted in Kasilian Basin, where is located in north of Iran with an area of 66.75 km2. The main river of this basin joins to Talar River near Valicbon village and then exit from the watershed. Hydrometric station located near Valicbon village is equipped with Parshall flume and Limnogragh which can record river discharge of about 20 cubic meters per second.In this study, daily data of discharge recorded in Valicbon station related to 2002 to 2012 was used to estimate the discharge of 19 September 2012. The mean annual discharge of considered river was also calculated by using available data about 0.441 cubic meters per second. To estimate the discharge of considered day, three methods of constant, linear and quadratic functionscontrollers based on the local linearization provided by the lazy learning algorithm were considered. Lazy learning is a memory-based linear technique for local modeling approach which is reported as a high-efficient algorithm for simulating variables with low input data.The series of input data was categorized into previous 6, 8, 10, 15 and 20 days, 1 and 2 months, 1, 2 and 3 seasons and also 1 and 2 years to evaluate which series is appropriately enough to predict next-day discharge inthe river. Then, mean absolute error and root-mean square error were calculated for all series and modelsin order to find the best estimator model and the most appropriate series of input data.
Results showed that constant and linear model had the minimum root-mean square error of 0.001 and 0.057 respectivelywith previous 60 days’ data series. Whilethe quadratic model had its best estimation with previous 2 season data series with the minimum root-mean square error of 0.059. The result indicated that the more input data increase, the best quadratic model estimate until 60 days. But after 60 days, estimation error gradually increased. Consequently, not more data but adequate areneeded for accurate estimation. Also, RMSE in linear model had less fluctuation and therefore less sensitivity compared with other models. And quadratic model had less fluctuation and sensitivity to neighborhoods. Also, according to results, the more variation in each period increase, the better estimation is accrued by lazy learning algorithm. Hence, it was expected that next-day discharge prediction in low-water period needs longer data series than high-water period.
Regarding to thousands of prepared training models, constant model with previous 60 days’ data and minimum error of 0.0001 was selected as the most accurate estimatefor next-day river discharge in Talar River. Results showed that despite of some limitation and demerits, the local Lazy Learning algorithm has significant efficiency in time series simulating. Although the accuracy of simulation increase with more input data, but this algorithm can runby at least 5 training data. However we find lazy learning to be the best performing approach on average goodness indicators (such as mean absolute error and Root-mean square error). On the other hand, the lazy learning predictor can be quickly developed and easily kept up-to-date by adding new data to its database. Also, it does not face with overfitting problems which are common in global modeling approaches.According to some noteworthy features of lazy learning noticed in this regards, this approach will have good performance for time-series studies.

All available methods to measure the properties of natural and simulated rain droplets are costly, cumbersome and time consuming. In this study, high speed photography method and image processing technic used to measure the droplet diameter distribution and velocity of simulated rainfall. ImageJ software and edge detection method used for image processing and droplet size were measured with the accuracy of 1:1000 mm. The results of droplet measurements showed that the simulator can simulate droplets with a diameter range of 2.0 to more than 6 mm at pressure of 20, 40, 60 and 80 Kp. According to the proper operation of rainfall simulator at pressure of 60 Kp, droplets velocity was calculated from 2.1 to 5.7 m/s for different diameter classes at the height of 0.5 m above surface which is close to terminal velocity of natural rainfall. Also Duncan test showed that there are significant differences between the droplet size in four operational pressure and droplet size decreases with increasing operational pressure. The results of this study showed that photography and image processing is a rapid, cost-effective and high accuracy method to characterization of simulated rainfall properties.

The National Food and Nutrition Surveillance (FNS), with the aim of providing information for policy makers, was established in Iran since 2014. For the first couple of years, it focused on the problem of vitamin D deficiency. The scope of this paper is to translate information about the vitamin D status to policy. Materials and
In total, 667 apparently healthy children aged 5-18 years were randomly selected from six regions of Iran (West Azerbaijan, Semnan, Lorestan , South Khorasan, Khozestan, and Fars). Blood samples were obtained after an overnight fasting in two seasons (winter and summer).
About 93% and 72% of the children had undesirable vitamin D status (25(OH)D Repeatedly reported high prevalence of hypovitaminosis D has made the policy makers to urgently implement a high-dose supplementation program (50’000 IU/mo) in schools. By this means, it can be expected that calcidiol concentrations increase about 42 to 50 nmol/L, and then during summer, the prevalence of deficiency would return to the baseline (~72%). Based on our findings, in summer, the highest concentrations of 25(OH)D will reach to the range of 85-103 nmol/L that even with 2SD, the peak concentration will still be far from toxic levels. Continuation of vitamin D supplementation for children during summer is, therefore, recommended. Keywords: Vitamin D Deficiency, Children, Seasonal change, Supplementation