فهرست مطالب زهرا غفاری

Obesity as a global challenge is caused by positive energy balance. Increasing the intensity of physical activity is related to reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases, and probably for this reason, it leads to the improvement of blood lipoproteins. Also, in recent years, special attention has been paid to the role of various plants in reducing blood fats and thus reducing obesity-related diseases. Therefore, the aim of the present study was the effect of 6 weeks of intense interval training with fenugreek supplement on lipid profile and body composition indices of overweight and obese women.

The present semi-experimental study was conducted in Birjand, Iran, in 2019. Forty-eight obese and overweight women with an average age of 29.79±7.8 years and a body mass index of 29.29±2.6 kg/m2 were purposefully selected and randomly divided into 4 groups of 12 including; The groups of exercise + placebo, exercise + supplement, supplement and placebo were placed. The exercise groups performed three sessions of intense interval training protocol (shuttle run) at maximum speed during 6 weeks and every week. Blood sampling was done 48 hours before and 48 hours after the training period and taking supplements. The collected data were analyzed using Shapiro-Wilk, covariance and post-hoc Scheffé statistical tests.

Research findings indicated a significant decrease in TG, in the groups of exercise (p=0.001), supplement (p=0.003) and exercise + supplement (p=0.0001), significant decrease TC in exercise groups (p=0.001), supplement (p=0.001), exercise + supplement (p=0.0001), significant reduction of LDL in exercise groups (p=0.001) p), supplement (p=0.002) and exercise + supplement (p=0.0001), significant weight loss in the groups of exercise (p=0.0001), supplement (p=0.007) and exercise + supplement (p=0.0001), fat percentage in exercise groups (p=0.0001), supplement (p=0.0001) and exercise + supplement (p=0.0001) and BMI in the group exercise (p=0.001), supplement (p=0.001) and exercise + supplement (p=0.0001) and no significant change in HDL (p=0.18) and WHR (0.78) were observed.

According to the results of the present study, it appeared that HIIT exercise along with the consumption of fenugreek supplement could be effective in preventing the occurrence of some diseases related to obesity.

Most cardiovascular diseases can be prevented by regular exercise and the use of herbal supplements. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of six weeks of High-intensity interval training (HIIT) and fenugreek supplementation on plasma levels of C-reactive protein and cortisol in overweight and obese women.

In this quasi-experimental study, 48 obese and overweight women with a mean age of 29.79± 7.8 years and a body mass index of 29.29 ± 2.6 kg/m2 were purposefully selected to participate in this study. And were randomly divided into 4 groups of 12: exercise+placebo, exercise+supplement, supplement and placebo. The supplement groups took one 500 mg fenugreek capsule daily. Exercise groups performed intense intermittent training at maximum speed for three sessions per week for 6 weeks. Blood samples were taken before and after the training period and supplementation to measure the research variables. Statistical analysis of data was performed by analysis of covariance and Scheffe post hoc tests at a significance level of P<0.05.

CRP in exercise+supplement group (p= 0.04) and cortisol in exercise (p=0.039), supplement (p=0.033) and exercise+supplement (p=0.006) groups decreased significantly compared with control group.

Findings show that High-intensity interval training and fenugreek supplementation alone and simultaneously have a positive effect on CRP and cortisol; by minimizing the upward trends in the production of inflammatory markers, the negative effects of inflammation are minimized. Reducing these indicators is an effective step in reducing diseases related to the immune system.

The main goal of the process of socialization is to prepare individuals for effective participation in society, in the sense of internalizing the values ​​and norms of the ruling community to meet the needs and achieve collective goals. The present article seeks to investigate the functional comparison of the normative conflicts of the educational institution with the family institution and its impact on students’ socialization. The theoretical framework of research is based on functionalism theories and the dissonance theory of social institutions. This survey research was carried out using a questionnaire. The statistical population of the study was comprised of all 7th grade students in Karaj and the drawn sample (N=379) was selected by random multi-stage sampling method. The findings indicate that consensus on the values ​​and norms of the family and school affects students' socialization, and vice versa. Contradictions in the values ​​and norms of the family and school also impact the socialization of children. More specifically, families have more emphasis on cultural and moral values ​​and norms, whereas schools emphasize religious values ​​and norms more. The results of regression analysis show that the consensus as well as the contradiction in values ​​and norms could account for 69 percent of the variance in the dependent variable, i.e., socialization.

To investigate the effects of substituting surface drip irrigation (DI) by subsurface drip-irrigation systems (SDI) on plant responses, a10 ha pistachio orchard with DI system located in Shahriar, Tehran province, was selected. Irrigation treatments including DI and SDI with saline water and DI with non-saline water (A) were established and plant responses were measured. The salinity distribution results showed that, in DI, at depth of 30-50 cm and distance of 70-100 cm, salts were accumulated. In SDI, salt accumulation was observed in surface layer and in distance of 60-80 cm from the tree. Based on all plant response indicators, treatment A showed significantly more favorable conditions. Unlike treatment A, there was no significant difference in the “canopy temperature” and “canopy–air temperature difference” between DI and SDI. By normalization of environmental-effects on foliage temperature, crop water stress index (CWSI) showed significant differences between DI and SDI treatments. Also, stomata conductance in SDI was significantly greater than DI. Additionally, treatment A had significantly the highest sap flow (SF). Based on SF measurement in 24 hour, there were no significant differences between DI and SDI irrigation systems, but the mean of this index for daylight time and midday, showed significant differences. With equal depth of irrigation water applied to DI and SDI and more favorable salinity distribution in root zone of SDI, this treatment leads to less water and salinity stress. Although the use of subsurface drip irrigation system requires long-term studies, but in view of the observed plant responses and in terms of soil salinity distribution, it is recommended to use SDI in pistachio trees.

The aim of this study was to determine the application of theories of planned behavior and social exchange in the attitudes of Khuzestan public library staff on knowledge sharing behavior through their intentions towards knowledge sharing behavior.

This is a descriptive research that was conducted by analytical survey method with a causal approach. The research population includes all employees of public libraries in Khuzestan province, including librarians and staff of 340 people, of which 181 people were selected by simple random sampling as a sample to participate in the research. The research data were distributed among the members of the research community after confirming the validity and reliability by distributing a researcher-made questionnaire designed based on Eisen (1991) and Concanhall (2005) theories. Reliability of research questionnaires using Cronbach's alpha test, attitudes toward knowledge sharing (0.80), behavioral intention (0.74), knowledge sharing behavior (0.70), planned behavior (0.71) and social exchange (74.74), respectively. 0) Calculated and approved. Data were analyzed using SPS software version 23 and Smart PLS software using descriptive statistics and inferential regression test.

The research findings showed that attitudes toward knowledge sharing (0.284) knowledge sharing intention and (0/747) on knowledge sharing behavior and knowledge sharing intention (0/164) on knowledge sharing behavior have a significant positive effect. The mediating role of knowledge sharing intention in the effect of knowledge sharing attitude on knowledge sharing behavior was also confirmed.

According to the research results, theories of planned behavior and social exchange are used in the attitudes of Khuzestan public library staff on through on knowledge sharing behavior towards knowledge sharing intention.

 The Internet is one of the most powerful tools of development in the contemporary world, but excessive use of the Internet will causes Internet addiction. Given that various factors can be influential on the Internet addiction; this research aimed to evaluate the role of sensation seeking and brain-behavioral systems in Internet addiction among students of Islamic Azad University, branch of Mashhad.

In this correlational research conducted on 92 students of Islamic Azad University, branch of Mashhad during 2016, questionnaire including: demographic characteristics data, Young Internet Addiction Test, Zuckerman's Sensation Seeking and Brain-Behavioral Systems. Data analyzed through descriptive statistics and regression analysis using SPSS software.               

There is a correlation between Internet addiction and the components of female student’s brain-behavioral systems, including drive, searching for entertainment, behavioral activation system, behavioral inhibition system but this correlation was not significant and there is only a positive relationship with the response to reward component. No significant relationships between these components have been found among male students. The correlation between Internet addiction and sensation seeking has been significant and positive and this correlation between internet addiction and disinhibition component was significant and negative, while the correlation coefficient between Internet addiction and boredom susceptibility and experience seeking components was not significant.

According to the results, there was a direct and significant relation between Internet addiction and sensation seeking. This relationship was weaker about the role of brain behavioral systems and Internet addiction.

The regional water markets as economic instruments, promote the development of decentralization and optimal allocation of water resources among farmers. For this purpose, in present study the formation effects of regional water markets in Sistan region were investigated and the potential of irrigation water transfer under stress irrigation conditions in region were analyzed. For this purpose, from the economic- hydrologic modeling system comprising of positive mathematical programming (PMP) model and with constant elasticity of substitution (CES) production function approach was used. The data and information required in this research are cross-sectional and related to the 2015-2016 crops which were collected by referring to the relevant authorities in Sistan region. The presented economic- hydrologic modeling system in the GAMS 24.7 software was solved. The results showed that with establishment of the regional water markets in Sistan region; in addition, creation the balance between supply and demand of irrigation water and equilibrate the water trading between the studied regions, increases the acrage of wheat and barley and decreases the acrage of alfalfa, onion, watermelon and melon relative to the lack of water market conditions. This result provides the possibility of lands development up to 23.4 percent compared to the base year conditions. The farmers’ total net profits of Sistan are improving under conditions of establishment of regional water markets also and changes from 22039 to 23242 million rials.

The purpose of this paper was intended to study the impact embodied cultural capital and intergenerational mobility of individuals in the city of Gorgan. The research method used in this study is suevey. For collecting the data, researcher-made questionnaire and for determining the reliability of the questionnaire, face validity technique and content validity with help of CVR coefficient technique and for determing the reliability of the questions, cronbach (alpha) coefficient were used. After questionnaire design and implementation of a pilot between 30 and responsive, questioning the reliability using Cronbach alpha coefficient (0/82). The sample of this study consisted of all women and men aged between 30 to 54 resident in Gorgan who were 146238 people based on 2011 census. The research sample size was 384 people. Multi-stage random sampling method was used to select. The samples. K-S test was used to identify the type of statistical method. In addition, parametric statistics (Pearson coefficient) was used for normal distribution of data. Descriptive results showed that 8.6 percent of responders were found to have descending intergenerational mobility, while 24 percent had horizontal intergenerational mobility and 67.4 percent enjoyed ascending intergenerational mobility. Finally, while studying the research hypothesis which is the relationship between embodied cultural capital (subjective) and intergenerational mobility of individuals in the city of Gorgan, it was approved at more -than- 95% confidence coefficient level.

Social mobility indicates the dynamic aspect of the society and indicates the efforts and activities of every individual, group and institution in changing their social status, generally from lower to upper levels in society. The purpose of this article is to investigate the effect of objectified cultural capital on intergenerational social mobility in Gorgan city, Iran. The theoretical ground for this article is based on the cultural theory of Pierre Bourdieu. Bourdieu underscores the cultural roles such as cultural capital in the success and failure of the agents in work. According to the issues mentioned above, the questions of this study are as follows: 1) what kind of relationship is there between objectified cultural capital and social mobility level of the citizens in Gorgan? 2) What kind of effect does gender role have on social mobility level of citizens in Gorgan? 3) What is the status of horizontal, descending and ascending social mobility in Gorgan? In this article efforts and scientific studies were made to answer the questions raised above.
Theoretical Framework: The transition of an individual from one social status to another is called “social mobility”. The transition of an individual from a social status to a similar one is called “horizontal mobility”. The transition from one stratum to another, whether it is toward the upper or lower level is “vertical mobility”. There are two approaches based on the classic and modern theories of social strata and mobility. 1) Those who evaluate the various strata within the framework of social strata by defining their occupations.Sociologists who think status cannot be transformed to a particular stratum do not regard occupation as the only index for strata. Bourdieu identifies three types of cultural capital in his book The Forms of Cultural Capital: 1) Embodied cultural capital such as memory, experiential, behavioral and acquired skills are considered as physical and individual capitals. 2) Objectified cultural capital includes cultural and media objects which in fact are parts of one’s properties as well as one’s objectified abilities such as works of art and writing. 3) Institutionalized cultural capital suggests educational degrees. Academic proficiency brings with it symbolic and economic benefits such as a high salary and a high profile job. Professional degrees are examples of institutional capital.
This article is a survey study in terms of its method. In order to get the needed information, in-depth interview and questionnaire are used. To determine the content validity, content validity ratio (CVR) technique is used. After designing the questionnaire and pilot study among 30 participants, the reliability level of questions was calculated (82%) by Cronbach’s alpha. The unit of analysis is the respondent individual in this study. The statistical population includes all the men and women of 30 to 54 years of age in Gorgan, which according to the 2011 census was equal to 146238 people. The sample size was 384 people according to the Cochran’s sample size formula. To choose the samples, random multistage sampling was used.
Out of 384 participants in this study, 50.3 percent were men and 49.7 were women. In terms of group age, 20.3 percent were 30 to 34 years of age, 20.1 percent were 35 to 39 years of age, 19.8 percent were 45 to 49 years of age and 20.1 percent were 50 to 54 years of age and the average age was 42.3. The result of the Pearson Coefficient Correlation indicated that with 0.081 and with 0.119 level of significance, the research hypothesis 1 that there is a significant relationship between the objectified cultural capital and intergenerational social mobility of citizens in Gorgan is thus found: with 95 percent of confidence coefficient, the research hypothesis is rejected and the null hypothesis, that there is no relationship between the objectified cultural capital and intergenerational social mobility, is proved. According to the amount of the calculated t(2.638) and the level of significance (0.009), we can say that the research hypothesis (H1), that the gender of participants causes difference in the level of intergenerational social mobility,is proved with the confidence coefficient of more than 95 %; and the null hypothesis (H0), that the participants’ gender does not cause any difference in the level of intergenerational social mobility, is rejected.
Conclusion and Suggestions for Further Research: The results of the research showed that there is no relationship between the objectified cultural capital and the social mobility in Gorgan. According to the calculated mean, the level of intergenerational social mobility of men being equal to 3.050 out of 5 and that of women being 2.268 out of 5, we can conclude that men’s level of intergenerational social mobility was more than that of women’s. Of the total participants’ social mobility level, 8.6 percent was made up by descending intergenerational social mobility, 24 percent was made up by the horizontal intergenerational social mobility and 67.4 percent was made up by the ascending intergenerational social mobility.

In today's world, large enterprises, geographical and technological development, the temptation of fraud among managers, employees and external individuals associated with organizations and firms have provided. Fraud and corruption, a fact that can not be easily ignored, a problem that causes administrative system to compromised health and consequently high cost of business and society learn to distrust space. The traditional view that the only duty of the government and courts dealing with fraud knows, has no place in today's complex economy .Therefore, it is necessary to except the judiciary and the government, all factors, including managers, employees, auditors and accountants are also in the fight against corruption and fraud actor. (S.amacher, 2011)
Given the importance and necessity of monitoring the auditors to discuss the role of corruption and fraud in health administration , this study deals with the issue The population of the study, auditors, senior auditors and audit firms, benefit administrators who guide their number is over 150 people. Using the formula to determine the sample size, the sample for a questionnaire survey of 60 to 95 percent, respectively. Data were collected through a questionnaire containing 46 questions that are appropriate to the objectives of the study were used. The questionnaire was distributed in 06cases, of which 50 were completed and analyzed. For data analysis, frequency distribution, graphs, mean and standard deviation were used as the main tool for doing that is spss software. The findings of this study, the relationship between auditors and the supervisory role of the administrative system of health promotion shows , so that the direct relationship between auditors supervision ( ethics and codes of ethics in accounting , planning , monitoring internal controls and monitoring of internal audit ) and administrative health data ( rule of law , accountability, transparency , integrity ) emphasizes . It is worth mentioning that most of the relationship between health and integrity of ethics and ethical to the 0.287 was confirmed.

Previous study indicated that the lack of thyroid hormones during brain development can be associated with structural and biochemical changes in the brain that can cause psychological disorders. Physical exercise affects brain neurochemistry and may be amilorate behavioral deficit in hypothyroidism. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of moderate forced exercise on the effects of maternal hypothyroidism on anxiety-like behaviors in adulthood rats.
For the induction of hypothyroidism , 6-propyl-2-thiourycil (PTU) was added to the drinking water (50 and 200 mg/L) of mothers, from the 6th prenatal day to the 21th postnatal day. Maternal hypothyroid adult offspring were exercised on treadmill with moderat intensity for 2 weeks. For measuring the anxiety, animal were tested in an elevated plus maze (EPM) and light and dark box (L/D).
Induction of hypothyroidism during the rat fetal and early postnatal period increased anxiety-like behavior in both EPM and L/D box tasks. Treadmill exercise with moderate intensity, during the postnatal period did not affect the levels of anxiety significantly. Also forced exercise alone increased anxiety behavior significantly.
These findings indicated that maternal hypothyroidism increase anxiety-like behaviors and treadmill exercise with moderate intensity did not amilroate this behavior. Moreover, physical activity in moderate intensity had anxiogenic effects.

The biggest worry, discussed in tests being inequitable, is the presence of bias possibility or differential functioning. Because bias causes test validity to be suspected and doubted. In this research differential item functioning on the whole 14 blocks of mathematics tests of TIMSS in grade 8 between Iranian girls and boys has been studied using IRT approach. In the order that, first, data have been recoded by SPSS and the assumption of items being unidimensional in all blocks, by NOHARM software have been studied. In the next step the best model that is known as “base model” has been fit for data by BILOG-MG software. In the next process from that base model for studying the items having differential functioning and anchor, IRTLRDIF (Thissen,2001) has been used and at last for final estimation of item and ability parameters, MULTILOG software has been used. Findings show that from 219 items, being studied, of mathematics test in grade 8 of TIMSS 2011, 144 anchor items and 75 items have DIF and items have differential functioning and it is to the loss of girls, the focal group.

The oil spillage has always been a source of contamination in the soil affecting the environment، the plant and animal life. The source of the contamination is usually due to faulty extraction of the oil from the earth، refining، processing and finally the transportation. The spillage of the crude oil can penetrate through the soil and get to the underground water and the farming lands and by doing so، damage the animals grass land and humans farming products. Lentil is a widely used crop in human''s diet and so it makes it important to be investigated. In this study، the effect of the contaminated soil on the growth and germination of the lentil and the activity of alkaline phosphatase has been investigated. The results showed that the 5% concentration of oil in the soil delayed and decreased the number of germination and the biomass of the shoots and the roots، also decreasing the normal size of the leaves. Therefore 5% concentration of crude oil in the soil showed it is a suitable dose to study the effect of contamination on the enzyme. The results showed that the activity of the enzyme in the roots of the control was significantly different compared with that of the contaminated ones. Measurement of the enzyme kinetics for the determination of the Vmax and Km also showed a significant difference، suggesting that there may be an alkaline phasphatase isozyme presence in the roots، which is responsible for this difference observed between the contaminated and the control samples.

In the present paper, Tepe Sarghal’eh and its surface fingings have been studied. This survey coincided with excavation of one of the sites in the region. The site had previously been identified. In this review we have tried to gather complete data. The discovered potsherds show this mound just belongs to late Chalcolithic period and Il-Khanid (Mongol) dynasty. What makes this mound a remarkable one is the existence of first Uruk pottery samples in Kurdistan province. In other words, finding such potsherds in Sarghal’eh Tepe indicates the importance of this site – as it is located on the route to Mesopotamia – and the influence of Mesopotamia on this area, selecting appropriate places as well as the site size. 

Already for a number of years “classical” programs for environmental monitoring are being supplemented by bio-indication measures. Here, investigations on living organisms or their remains (e.g. peat) are used to indicate the environmental situation in either qualitative (bio-indication) or quantitative (bio-monitoring) terms. This provides pieces of information on environmental burdens of a region at a given point of time or on its changes with time (trend analysis). Classical bio-indication often deals with observation and measurements of chemical compound (both inorganic and organic ones) in well-defined bio-indicator plants or animals (including man). In terms of analytical procedures and results there are parallel developments between progresses in bio-indication and innovation in analytical methods. After some 30 years of development in bio-indication there are now following lines of further development: 1) more frequent inclusion of multi-element total analyses for a thorough investigation of mutual correlations in the sense of the Biological System of Elements, 2) more work on (analytical) speciation issues to proceed into real effect-oriented environmental sciences, and 3) there should and must be a focus on integrative bio-indication methods because for a large number of environmental monitoring problems a single bio-indicator will not provide any meaningful information: a single bio-indicator is about as good as none at all. Integrative concepts such as the Multi-Marked Bio-indication Concept (MMBC) provide basic means to get into precautionary environmental protection effects drawing upon such a second-generation bio-indication methodology. A selected bio-monitoring case study of Switzerland illustrates the new methodologies.

In view of the existing methodological drawbacks in the previous investigations of NEO-Personality Inventory-Revised, the present study aimed at reinvestigating the construct validity of this inventory in Iran. 334 students 231 female and 98 male, 5 not specified) with a mean age of 23.1 were selected via convenience sampling from Tehran, Elm-o-Farhang and Shahid Beheshti Universities, and completed NEO-Personality Inventory-Revised. Inclined rotation and parallel analysis was used for exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Exploratory factor analysis resulted in the extraction of five factors, which altogether accounted for 59.25 percent of the total variance of the data. As a result of exploratory factor analysis, a noticeable number of cross-loads and wrongly loaded subscales were observed. Confirmatory factor analysis also resulted in weak to moderate fit indexes. Considering the results of the present study and with regard to the medium and weak alpha coefficients in the Garousi Farshi study, the primary applicability of this questionnaire in the Iranian culture is questionable. It seems that factor analysis at the level of characteristics could be helpful.

Saffron (crocus sativus L.), an important spice rich in carotenoids, is used in folk medicine to treat numerous diseases. This study examines the effects of saffron consumption on innate and humoral immunity of healthy male students.

41 healthy volunteered university students in two control and case groups were included in this study and consumed respectively milk and milk containing saffron for 6 weeks. Blood samples were collected from the subjects at weeks 0, 3 and 6. Innate immunity was evaluated by determining the percentage and counts of monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, platelets and the total white cells, CRP concentration and C3 and C4 concentrations and humoral immunity was assessed by deterning the percentage of lymphocytes and the concentrations of IgG, IgM and IgA.

Three weeks after saffron consumption, monocytes percentage and IgG concentration increased significantly (P<0.05, P=0.01). Total white blood cells and platelets count also reduced significantly (P<0.05). After 6 weeks, monocytes percentage and IgG concentration reduced significantly (P<0.05, P< 0.001) and platelets count increased significantly (P<0.05) as compared with week 3.

This investigation demonstrated that saffron consumption enhances innate and humoral immunity systems and has anti-inflammatory effects. These effects depending on the duration of saffron consumption.