زیبا شعبانی

Determining the exact position of the impacted maxillary canine during its orthodontic treatment using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) can help select the most appropriate treatment plan. The present study aimed to compare the proposed treatment plan for impacted maxillary canines based on the factors affecting the degree of treatment difficulty in impacted maxillary canines with their definitive treatment plan using CBCT.

In this retrospective cross-sectional study, 120 CBCT images were assessed. These images were taken from patients with impacted maxillary canines whose treatments were terminated. To investigate the severity of maxillary canine impaction factors, including the type of impaction, position of canine, distance to the occlusal plane, distance to the midline, and width of follicular space, were measured using CBCT. Ten orthodontists were asked to determine the type of treatment plan proposed for the patient. Then, they determined the degree of difficulty of each measured factors using numbers 1 to 10. Then, the relationship between the specified difficulty number for each factor and the proposed treatment plan was evaluated, and at the end, the relationship between the type of proposed treatment plan and the patient's actual treatment plan was measured.

A total of 26 men and 94 women with a mean age of 18.85 ± 6.5 participated in the present study. A significant relationship was observed between the variables of age, transverse to midline, and the type of impaction, with the type of treatment.

Although the findings of this study showed a low inter-observer agreement on severity degree concerning the width of follicular space, the inter-observer agreement on severity degree with the other factors was high.

The epidemic Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the most serious public health threat in the world now. HIV affects the human immune system and causes damage of catching opportunistic infections. The epidemic pattern of the disease is strongly dependent on high risk behaviors as a major factor in the community. The aim of this study was epidemiological investigation of HIV/AIDS patients in Bandar Abbas Behavioral Disorders Counseling Center during 2005-2015.
This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2016 on 426 HIV-positive patients aged 18 years old and older who were under the care of the Counseling Center for Behavioral Diseases in Bandar Abbas during 2005 to 2015. Demographic and clinical information were extracted from the patients’ records by the staff of the consulting center and was recorded in the researcher made checklist. Data were analyzed using chi-square and Fisher's exact tests.
The average and standard deviation of age of patients was 36.30±8.02 years, most of them were in the age group of 18-44 years old ,and 73% (311 cases) were male. Twenty three percent (92 cases) of patients were in AIDS stage. Most of the patients were infected through drug injection abuse (62.4%) and sexual intercourse (42.5%).
The results of the current study showed that most of the patients have been infected through injecting drug use. Therefore, desirable education and proper counseling are effective to prevent and control the risk factors and reduce the incidence of the disease in the community.

Increasing student's knowledge and attitude about HIV, HBV and HCV appear important and essential to prevention of such diseases. The aim of present study was survey of educational intervention on knowledge and attitude of dental students of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences toward standard precautions for prevention of blood born diseases.

This study was a controlled clinical trial and involved four phases. In first stage, 60 students of Dental School of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences were selected randomly. Data was collected by a questionnaire, and then students were divided into intervention and control groups. In second stage, educational intervention was performed for intervention group. In third and fourth steps, immediately and three months after intervention the questionnaire was given, in both groups. Data collected and were analyzed using independent t-test, repeated measure and Pearson correlation coefficients; p< 0.05 was considered as a significant difference.

The average age of students was 22.13±1.722 years and 66.66% of them were female and 33.33% male. This study showed score of student's knowledge and attitude in both groups had no significant diference before intervention (attitude: P=0.622, knowledge: P= 0.202) but had significant difference with each other, immediately and three months after intervention (P<0.0001). Knowledge and attitude's score didnt correlate with age and gender (P=0.065).

Our study showed that training toward standard precautions for prevention of blood born diseases, can enhance student's knowledge and attitude.

Needle stick injuries are the most common kind of occupational exposure to blood and body fluids. Obeying the standard precautions decrease the risk of injuries. This study assessed the effect of educational intervention based on Health Belief Model on the behavior associated with standard precautions among medical student’s of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences. This was a case-control interventional study. Study population was consisted of 117 medical students of Fourth to seventh- year who were randomly assigned to two intervention groups; case group (n=57) and control. Data were collected using a questionnaire made by researcher and were analyzed by statistical of Paired and independent t tests using SPSS (18th edition). The results showed that 80.8 Percent of students had no history of previous training on standard precautions.15.5 Percent had experienced injuries with needles and sharp objects (Needle Stick), and 13.5 Percent of them had a history of contact with patients’ secretions. The intervention in the case group, regarding the standard precautions, increased statistically significant the mean of structures of knowledge, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, self- efficacy and behavior. Despite the increase in the score of cues to action and reduction in the score of perceived barriers, changes were not significant the result showed that educational intervention is e ffective in conducting healthy behavior and has been compatible with the Health Belief Model. Continuous education regarding precaution standards is recommended for medical students.

Otitis Externa is one of the most common diseases that physicians deal with. The purpose of this study was to find out the prevalence of microbial agents and pattern of antimicrobial resistance in patients with acute otitis externa in the desert region of Rafsanjan. After examination and diagnosis of acute Otitis externa، a sterile swab sample was taken from the ear. The culture was then performed on the Triptic soy broth environment. If the microbial culture was positive، antibiogram was performed according to NCCL standard. Out of 124 patients with Otitis Externa، 88 showed positive culture and 36 had negative culture. The most common microorganism isolated was Staphylococcus aureus (29%) followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (25. 8%). In 12 cases (11. 88%)، fungi was found alone and in nine cases (7. 24%) fungi and bacteria were found together. In 14 cases (11. 29%) out of the 124 cases، there were two or more bacteria in microbial cultures. The most sensitive of antibiotics were ciprofloxacin and vancomycin and the most resistant type of antibiotics were cotrimoxazole and cephalexin. In this study، the effects of weather and climate variability on antimicrobial agents were observed in Otitis Externa. It is recommended that before the start of the treatment، laboratory investigations be performed to identify the causative agents.

The preventive measures against H1N1 influenza are vitally important. The aim of the present study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and performance of academic hospital staff about H1N1 influenza. This study was carried out on Ali-ebne-Abiltaleb Hospital staff in Rafsanjan, Iran. The data gathering tool was a researcher made questionnaire comprised of 38 questions on demographic (8 questions), knowledge (4 questions), attitude (9 questions) and performance (17 questions). 136 staffs completed the questionnaire. Knowledge of the staff was found to be acceptable. Majority of them had a good attitude towards the prevention of H1N1 influenza. Their performance was also assessed to be good. Having good knowledge, positive attitude and suitable performance by the staff highlights a bright perspective in prevention of H1N1 influenza. However, generalizing the results of this study to other academic hospitals needs further investigations.

Pharmaceutical pollution of the eco-system is a life-threatening problem cuasing great concerns for health researchers. Pharmaceutical pollution of drinking waters and its adverse side-effects on public health has been recently reported in the developed countries. The aim of this study was to investigate the different aspects of bio-environmental side effects of pharmaceutical pollutions mentioned in online resources and websites. For this review study, the main key words of "Pharmaceutical" and "pollution" were searched through; Google scholar search engine, Springer and Elsevier sites. By altering the research strategy, the most up-to-date references, articles, books and related subjects focusing on different cities of our country, Iran, were retrieved. The findings of this search showed that large amounts of chemical sewage is released into the environment by pharmaceutical factories. The other sources of contamination are as folows: expired and unused drugs, and excreted pharmaceutical metabolites formed during drug metabolism in humans and animals. Unfortunately many researches confirmed that the conventional water treatment processes are not effective for reasonable purification of drinking waters. Additionally, due to the long half-life of some drugs especially antibiotics, the risks of drug resistance, mutagenic effects on microorganisms and other cells, and their environmental accumulation are high and may lead to hazardous consequences. So more studies in this field are warranted.

Vertigo is one of the most frequent causes of refard of patients referred to the physicians and is a symptom of a disease. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of sinusitis in patients brain MRI who referred with vertigo during last 10-year. In this cross-sectional study, we analyzed patients who referred to ali-ebn-Abitaleb hospital of Rafsanjan from 1997 to 2007 (10,052 people) for MRI. Sampling was done by census method and questionnaires were completed by reading their files. Total of 516 patients with dizziness were identified and examined and questionnaires were completed. Data were analyzed with SPSS software version 17 and Chi square test and Fisher. Of all patients referred during last 10 years, 516 had vertigo that 90 patients (17.3%) were suffering from sinusitis. There was no significant difference between sinusitis and vertigo and sex, but there were a significant difference between age groups and sinusitis (P<0.05). According to the results, in treating patients with vertigo, a complete clinical history need to be obtained and also sinuses should physically be examined and sinusitis night be considered.

Healthy individual’s nasopharynx is colonized with several organisms. In some situations. soch as inflammation tonsils or adenoid infection, the nasopharyngeal microbial natural make up messy and opportunistic pathogens will growth more and causes upper respiratory tract infection. Tonsillectomy should be performed in this condition. This study was designed to compare nasopharynx flora before and after tonsillectomy. In this prospective study, microbial culture obtained from pharynx of 50 Children between 3 to 8 years old with tonsillitis or adenoiditis and recurrent pharyngitis or nightly snoring candidate for Adeno(tonsillectomy). Microbial culture obtained before and at days 10th day and 30th following surgery. Data were analyzed with SPSS software. The average of age was 5.72. 56% of children were female and 44% male. Seven bacterial species isolated before surgery that reduce to six species at day 10th and four at day 30th study. Hemophillos influenza from 28% before surgery reduced to 10% at day 10th and 3% at day 30th after surgery. Staphylococcus areus from 26% before surgery reduced to 16% at day 10th and 10% at day 30th after surgery. Adeno(tonsillectomy) is effective in reductiun of pharynx pathogens and revert to normal flora and can prevent recurrent infections of upper respiratory tract. More studies with a wider sample size and higher technology are needed for detection of differat microbial varieties..

To determine the effect of opium smoking cessation on the frequency and type of microorganisms in the nasopharynx of opium smokers. This was a cross-sectional study performed in psychology and ENT department of Moradi Hospital of Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences in 2008 (Kerman, Iran). Nasopharyngeal cultures were taken from 50 opium smokers before and 2 to 3 months after cessation of opium smoking. Potential pathogens were identified. Eight potential pathogens were isolated from nasopharyngeal cultures obtained from 43 individuals before opium smoking cessation, and 4 were recovered from 33 individuals after cessation (P < 0.0001). Streptococcus pneumonia, staphylococcus saprofiticus, streptococos α hemolytic, and staphylococcus aureus in 2nd culture were not seen.The most sensitivity to antibiotics was related to ceftriaxone (84%), ciprofloxacin (74%) and cloxacillin (72%); the most resistance was to amoxicillin (26%) and the least resistance was to chloramphenicol. In our study, some potential pathogens decreased or even disapeared after opium cessation. Our patients have not been advised to change their number of cigarettes. We have used methadone pill for substitution of opium. It seems that opium smoking affects nasopharyngeal flora.

Mucormycosis is a rare but often fatal disease caused by a fungus from the group of Mucorales. It most commonly affects the nose and brain. The aim of this report is the emphasis to quick recognition and treatment of some opportunistic infections in patients with diabetes or suppressed immune systems and emphasis on surgery with protection of vital organs functions and limitations of some endoscopes in the nasal surgery. Case Report: This report presents a 76-year old diabetic female with severe headache, facial pain and hearing loss and recognition of paranasal sinus mucormycosis who was hospitalized in Rafsanjan Moradi Hospital. After two successive surgeries, (endoscopic surgery and medial maxillectomy) and medical therapy with Amphotricin B after 45 days was recovered. In the patients who are referred with headache or facial pain, exact examination and history-taking about underlying disease and immunosuppressive drugs is necessary. Protection of vital organs in the surgery for removeal of necrotic and infected tissues and endoscopic surgery with Caldwell-Luc procedure for better access to anterior wall of maxillary sinus must be considered.

Giardia Lambelia is a unicellur parasite, and has been recognized to be the most common intestinal pathogen worldwide specially in the developing countries. The Giardia agent has been implicated as a common cause of diarrhea in children of daycare centers. Therefore, regular and continuous investigation of this infection is necessary to control and and contain the epidemic of this disease particularly at the children nurseries. The present study was performed to determine the prevalence of giardiasis at Rafsanjan's nurseries in 2003. This cross sectional study was accomplished on 252 children who were selected randomly with the mean age of 5.33±0.96. All relevant variables including age, sex, type of nursery, parent’s job and education, and past history of parasitic infectious disease were gathered from all the participants. Three stool samples were collected from chidren on an every other day basis. The samples were examined using direct and formalin-ether methods. The positive reports were then statistically analyzed. Of all 252 participants, at public nurseias 140 girls (55.56%) and 112 boys (44.44%), the stool exams of 44 children (17.5%) were positive for giardiasis. Twenty seven of the infected children were male. The percentage of giardiasis in children whose mothers were housewife with low education was 22.4% (19 cases). This value among children with poor personal hygiene and with a history of parasitic infectious diseases was 44.4%, and 69.2% respectively. based on our findings, giardiasis still must be regarded as a hygienic problem especially in public nurseries and it can be prevented by continuous public education, and regular training of health workers focusing on improvement of personal hygiene

Cesarean is child birth from abdomen and uterous septum. c/s in compare to normal vaginal delivery has more complication such as infection post section and mother mortality and morbidity post c/s is more than NVD. review of studies showed an increase, cause of this increase dident identified but the important indication are: dystocia, no growth in delivery, fetal distressand breech presentation. This study is cross-sectional descriptive that collected with simple non probability sampling and includes all femal who went hospital for first delivery since Farvardin 81 to Esfand 82.These women were 430 persons that 160 of those became C/s.These persons were selected and completed questionar for perpose of search(evalution c/s prevalence in nullipara)by editor.collected data analized by descriptive statistical test with software spss/win. Cesarean frequency in this study is 37.2% evaluated age women were 16-40 years that all women were over 35 years old and became c/s in first delivery.92 persons (57.5%) with mother problems.44 persons(27.5%)fetal problems special fetal distress. 24persons (15%)mother and fetal problems.72%of c/s were term,23.5%post term and 4.5%preterm. Conclussion: Increasing in C/S that occure in pregnant mothers specially in nullipara showed important role of medical and care workers personel specially gynecologists that with strategen and correct decision making can prevention of un necessary. c/s and reduce of its compactions.