زینب کوچکیان

Suicide is among the human behaviors influenced by different biological motives.In current conditions, some issues such as the increasing rate of suicide, the decreasing age of attempting suicide, and the increasing rate of using violent ways to suicide have made it necessary to address this subject as a social problem. Using a qualitative approach and based on the grounded theory of the social and cultural reasons behind suicide attempt, the current study aims to investigate the interaction between the person who suicides and his/her family, group and society as well as its relationship with suicide attempt. Through this, the study seeks to find a more vivid image of the relationship between the factors affecting suicide attempt. A purpose-based sampling was applied in this study; the data was collecting by interviewing the subjects who attempted suicide (15 females) and were treated in the hospitals of Tehran, Iran. The findings indicate that the factors explaining the suicide attempt from the viewpoint of suiciders included Verbal violence, physical violence, social violence, forced displacement, the prevention of employment and divorce, the pressure of tradition, the feeling of tirednees and loneliness, disputes with the schools parents and relatives, lack of sympathy for the spouse, child labor, illness and physical problems, lack of the sponsor and the non- acceptance of the family were identified as the causative conditions of suicide. The results showed that the most obvious reason for the suicide attempt was the way these individuals or their families dealt with the issue of violence.

The present study aims at analyzing the content of the text, exercises, and self-tests of the sociology textbooks of second grade of high school based on Guilford's creativity factors, including cognitive memory, convergent thinking, divergent thinking, and evaluation thinking.

The method of the present research is content analysis,The study population comprised Sociology Textbook(I), Sociology Textbook(II), and Sociology Textbook(III) published in 2020. Regarding the data collection, the study employed a researcher-made content analysis form based on Guilford's creativity index.

Investigating the degree of the text's content matching with Guilford's creativity factors showed that the level of cognitive memory is the most important factor, explaining 83.8 percent of the content of the textbooks, followed by convergent thinking with 8.33 percent, divergent thinking with 4.51 percent, and evaluation thinking with 0.13 percent. Regarding the conformity of the exercises and self-tests with the model, cognitive memory enjoyed the highest conformity with 56.98%, followed by divergent thinking with 24.30%, convergent thinking with 52.7%, and finally evaluation thinking with 0.86%.

Thus, it can be concluded that in all the three areas, namely text, exercises, and self-tests of sociology textbooks, cognitive memory has received more attention and creativity levels has received less attention.

The current study aims at evaluating the content of questions in Iranian University Entrance Exams based on the attention given to the levels of Bloom's taxonomy. The study applied content analysis and Sociology questions in Iranian University Entrance Exams from 2013 to 2022 were the study population. Given the Bloom's taxonomy pattern, a researcher-made content analysis form was used as a study tool. The findings demonstrated that the question share in the knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, composition, and evaluation level were 72.5, 22.5, 1, 3, 1 and 0 percent, respectively. Overall, the study results proved the unbalanced distribution of the level of questions in terms of Bloom's taxonomy and in favor of low cognitive levels. It is recommended that when designing test questions for University Entrance Exams, all cognitive levels be given enough attention; that is to say that the attention to cognition should not be restricted to knowledge level. The results of this study can be taken into account in designing National University Entrance Exams.

The present study aims at analyzing the text content, images, and self-tests of the Sociology textbooks of the Second Grade of High School in Iran education system in order to determine the central issue and the mental involvement of these texts based on Romey's (1968) model. The statistical population of the study is the following textbooks: Sociology(1), Sociology(2), and Sociology(3) published in 2021. The data were collected using researcher-made content analysis form based on William Romey's model. In the analysis of the texts, the questions, and the images of Sociology(1), 1,222, 154, and 194 terms were analyzed and the engagement rate of the texts, the questions, and the images were 0.122, 0.619, and 0.590, respectively. In the analysis of the text, the questions, and the images of Sociology(2), 1057, 77, and 212 terms were analyzed, and the engagement rate for them were 0.036, 2.27, and 0.341, respectively. Regarding the analysis of the texts, the questions, and the images of Sociology(3), 1,048, 136, and 201 terms were examined and the mental engagement were calculated as 0.085, 0.250 and 0.477, respectively. These results indicated the passivity of the text of Sociology(1), the text and images of Sociology(2), and the text and questions of the Sociology(3). In the overall evaluation of the three textbooks, by examining 4,301 terms, the mental involvement rate of the entire content under investigation was calculated as 0.122. Therefore, it can be concluded that the texts of Sociology textbooks of the tenth grade in Iran are constructed passively.

Suicide, as a conscious action in hurting oneself causing death, is among the social issues of human society that is increasing day by day. Suicide epidemiological studies in Iran has shown that attempting suicide and committing an act of suicide is increasing. Using a qualitative approach and based on the grounded theory of the social and cultural reasons behind suicide attempt, the current study aims to investigate the interaction between the person who suicides and his/her family, group and society as well as its relationship with suicide attempt. Through this, the study seeks to find a more vivid image of the relationship between the factors affecting suicide attempt. A purpose-based sampling was applied in this study; the data was collecting by interviewing the subjects who attempted suicide (8 females and 2 males( and were treated in the hospitals of Tehran, Iran. The findings demonstrate that the following factors can explain the reason behind attempting suicide from the viewpoint of those who attemptedit: showing arbitrary behaviors, prohibited behaviors, and valuing romantic relationships and psychic attitudes towards marriage on an individual level. In addition, the following factors were identified as the causal conditions of attempting suicide: collapse of the power hierarchy, lack of involvement in family discussions, parental conditional support, limited interactions, individual's unwillingness to meet the needs of his/her spouse, domestic violence at family level, belief in gender differences in the expression of feelings, and lack of youth freedom in choosing favorite wife or husband in macro level. The results of the study indicated that the most obvious reason behind the suicide attempts of the subjects were being placed in the elimination cycle; a cycle that is caused by special causal, interventional,and contextual conditions.

Suicide is among the human behaviors influenced by different biological motives. In the current conditions, given some issues such as increased suicide attempts, lifestyle change, and decreased age of suicide attempts, it seems vital to deeply investigate suicide. Using qualitative phenomenological approach, the present study tries to focus on the data obtained from in-depth semi-structured interviews with 30 individuals who attempted suicide (23 women and 7 men) to understand and identify risk factors that are effective in explaining how the suicide occurs. The results indicate that to understand suicide, the psychological disorders, the consequences of antisocial behaviors, and the risk factors that over time have influenced the lifestyle on the individual, family, and social levels should be taken into account. In-depth interviews demonstrate that most of the respondents were involved with issues including addiction, nonconformity, multiple secrecy, free relations with the opposite sex, illegal behaviors, early marriage, running away from home, and dropping out of school. Thus, identifying the risk factors and the interactions among them is of crucial importance in this regard.

Suicide, as a conscious action in hurting oneself causing death, is among the social issues of human society that is increasing day by day. Suicide epidemiological studies inIran have shown that attempting suicide and committing an act of suicide is increasing. Using a qualitative approach, and based on the grounded theory of the social and cultural reasons behind suicide attempt, the current study aims to investigate the interaction between the person who commits suicide and his/her family, group and society as well as its relationship with suicide attempt. Through this, the present study seeks to find a more vivid image of the relationship between

Although Trans sexuality and sex change might be considered as a personal issue¡ it has some influentional socio-cultural causes and consequences. This article aims at the illustration of Trans sexuality in Iran. To achieve this goal¡ the theoretical studies have been applied to describe the nature of Trans sexuality. Later sex transition and legal system in Iran will be explained. And finally some social and cultural consequences of Trans sexuality will be discussed.
This study has been carried out by a survey including interviews with two different samples groups: 1) the Trans sexuality policy makers¡ 2) forty cases of transsexuals.
Findings and The findings show while Iranian legal system is not against trans sexuality and sex transition¡ transsexuals suffering from gender identity disorders are encountered some social and cultural problems in their private lives and public sphere.