فهرست مطالب سبحان کاوسی

The aim of the current research is to analyze the lived experiences of teachers of the challenges of Arabic lessons at the secondary level. This research is a part of qualitative research and Husserl's descriptive phenomenology The participants in this research are secondary school teachers working in Sabzevar in the academic year 1402-1401 and the research tool is a semi-structured interview. To select the subjects, a targeted approach and theoretical saturation criterion were used, and finally fifteen managers were included in the group of participants. Data analysis was done using thematic analysis method. After extracting and categorizing the subject, the dimensions include the turning of Arabic lessons into religious education, lack of creativity and competence of teachers, one-dimensional reading of central rules, challenges of the Arabic curriculum, lack of audio-visual tools, lack of evaluation with book goals and lack of updating and It was the transmission of experiences .Data validity was determined by using verifiability techniques through researchers' self-review and reliability by carefully directing the flow of information collection and aligning related research. According to the results, the need to accept the necessity of redesigning and revising the Arabic lesson in order to eliminate the weaknesses and problems related to it; It is undeniable Teachers should bring students closer to the ultimate goal of understanding and understanding texts and conversations by strengthening the learning motivation in students and using active teaching methods.

Cognitive psychologists believe that the process of cognition in the mind is based on a schema that determines the way the mind works, like a network consisting of awareness and knowledge, and these schemas are the result of our experiences with the outside world, and we express them in language. We transfer ourselves and are considered one of the most important concepts in the science of semantics. These schemas were first proposed by Johnson. According to Johnson's theory, image schemas appear in three main axes: volume, movement and power.
Image schemas, which is the subject of the present research, are actually one of the most important topics in cognitive linguistics. Cognitive psychologists believe that the process of cognition in the mind is based on a schema, and like a network created from the structures of awareness and knowledge, it determines the way the mind works. This schema is the context that needed to give meaning to experience, personal event, situation or linguistic element. Mark Johnson was the first person to use this term in linguistics. He believed that human body movements and their sensory connection with the outside world follow repetitive patterns called visual schemas. in semantics, a word or sentence can be examined from different aspects. This science claims that in analyzing the meaning of these words or sentences, attention should be paid to conceptualization. Conceptual metaphor is also one of the important topics in the science of cognitive semantics, and because of the deep relationship that this theory has with human knowledge and his daily experiences, it has been the focus of linguists. This metaphor actually establishes a connection between two objective and abstract domains, the objective domain is the origin domain, and the abstract domain is the destination domain, which is expressed based on the elements in the origin domain. Nizar Qabbani was born on 30 April 1998, in Damascus; he started writing poetry at the age of 16. He was mostly known for his love poems and women were the main subject of his poems, but due to the defeat and retreat of the Arabs, the poet gave up writing love poems and turned to writing political poems. This research aims to investigate the use of image schemas according to Johnson's theory in three main axes: volume, movement and power in Nizar Qabbani's poems.

The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical, which examines the poet's poems based on Johnson's theory.

Schemas are the result of our experiences with the outside world, which we transfer to our language, the subject of schemas is associated with physical experience, and corporatization has a direct effect on the conceptual structure of humans. In fact, image schemas have a meaningful and materialized structure that results the movements of the human body in three-dimensional space are perceptual interactions and how to deal with objects. Power schemas appear when there is a resistance force and an obstacle against the movement, the abstract plan of dealing with problems and obstacles is to provide states and qualities for phenomena that do not have physical obstacles in one's mind. Whenever there is talk of prohibition, there is talk of the power schema, in these verses there is also the first type of power schema, because the existence of an authoritarian government in the society of that time was considered as a barrier that prevented people from doing many things and continuing their path. He stopped them in such a way that he deprived them of a good night's sleep. Volumetric schemas have been created from the assumption between mental phenomena and human experiences of being in environments such as rooms, beds, etc. this type of schema makes it possible to visualize containers by simulating the placement of objects inside each other. Nizar Qabbani cannot do anything because of the prohibitions that his cruel society has created for him, and as he stated in these verses, (as if I have been in a closed space), here the poet is considered as an object that is placed in a closed space. Movement schema is the result of human experience of his own movement and with other objects. This movement has a starting point called origin and an end point called destination. What is placed between these two points is called the path. Based on this, the movement from point (a) to point (b) must pass through all the points that are on the path from (a) to (b), and another point is that the paths have directions. In addition, each path is associated with the passage of a certain amount of time.

The results obtained in the analysis section indicate that the use of visual schemas helps the audience to understand the meaning and concept of the poem, and in this way they can better understand and understand the meaning of the poet or the author of the text. Nizar Qabbani has written most of his poems in a political manner and in the direction of social justice and freedom from the oppression of oppressors and to remove the homeland from the hands of foreigners, and he emphasizes this issue in many places in his writings. According to the examination of the mentioned examples, it can be clearly seen that a significant amount of schemes is used in Nizar Qabbani's poems and among the schemes created by Johnson (power, volume and movement); the power scheme has the largest share in the poems. Yes, it is of the first type, i.e. a barrier created in the path of movement prevents the continuation of the path, and only one case of the third type is seen in this research. After this scheme, the volumetric scheme and then the movement scheme are placed in the next stages in Nizar's poems.

Due to the importance of virtual teaching in universities, the Adobe Connect network has been used to facilitate communication between students and professors, especially during the Corona era, and Arabic language is also one of the university courses in Iran during the Corona era. Connection is taught, and of course, teaching in this network has caused many challenges to both sides of the communication, which are discussed in this essay. In this research, considering the novelty of the topic, the advantages and disadvantages of virtual education in Arabic language in Kosar University of Bojnord, with the aim of determining the quality of virtual education, showing the amount of learning in virtual space and the extent of teacher adherence to class rules, curricula and teaching methods and determining the quality of educational content in the course of virtual education and the problems and obstacles of virtual education from the perspective of Arabic language and literature students. The method of this research is descriptive and comparative. The findings of the research indicate that from the students’ point of view, the quality of virtual education in the field of Arabic language and literature at Kosar University in Bajnord is positive and significant. In addition, the amount of this difference is as much as 13.86 and more than the average value of the students’ views of the real society. Also, lack of comprehensiveness of the Adobe Connect network in terms of technology and software, financial poverty of some students in accessing mobile phones or tablets, lack of an effective strategy in the culture of using virtual space, the damage done to Arabic language due to the inappropriate use of sentences and words, the increase in workload, and pressurizing families financially are among the disadvantages of virtual learning.

Children's literature is educational tool to answer children's questions that develope his personality. The article -with the analytical method- study authoritarianism and carnavalism in “A New Dream”. Adults write for children, and authority determines what should be in children's literature. Therefore, there is imbalance between adults and children, which reinforces the authoritarianism of adults over children's literature. Main characters in “A New Dream” are animals bearing human characteristics and through it we can stimulate the child’s imagination. Adults are the creators of children's literature, and when the character childs act like an adult without supervision, the carnival enters the story. The relationship between Carnival and children's literature is related to the authoritarian relationship between children and adults. the adults not seen in this story, and the little reader does not wait to hear them advice, teachings,. three characters seem at first little adults, and sometimes the characteristics of the characters are depicted and difficult for the reader to imagine them as children that can cause a kind of mistrust in the child and may lead to a kind of strangeness to them. We see some contradictions in characters' intelligence and inability. The most important point seek to resolve problems. Filling the blanks is a process that the writer uses in the story and leaves gaps in which the reader has the task of filling them in order to complete the structure of the text. But Tabbala fills in the blanks and not allow the child's to imagination.

The symbolic presence of the myth and its re-creation in the contemporary literature of the world, including Persian and Arabic literature, has caused the innovation and richness of literature. Based on the importance and impact that myths have on the content and thought of literary works and the necessity of a comparative study of this impact in the literature of nations, in the present research, with a descriptive-analytical method, to explain the causes and methods of the symbolic use of the Tammuz myth in Arabic culture and literature and mythology. Haji Firouz in Persian culture and literature. The results of this research show that the myth of Tammuz in Arabic literature is used in a symbolic way and indicates resurrection, modernism, hope and new life, and poets such as Khalil Al-Mawahir, Bayati, Siyab, etc. Arabic has used it symbolically. On the other hand, the mythical figure of Haji Firoz has not been used in the poems of contemporary Persian poets, but in folk ballads, it has been manifested as a symbol of Nowruz, rebirth, transformation, joy, negative struggle, and return. Despite some similarities between the myth of Tammuz and Haji Firouz, it seems that rereading the texts related to the two Muzis and the similarities between him and Haji Firouz are not enough to identify the two as having the same origin, and Tammuz and Haji Firouz cannot be considered to have a common origin.

Literary criticism means the study, discussion, and evaluation of literary genres and can take the form of a theoretical discourse based on literary theory or a more detailed discussion of a literary work. Ibn Khaldun has dedicated the sixth chapter of his book "Al- Moqaddama" to its sciences and types and methods of education, as well as to literature and poetry in particular. One of the most important approaches of Ibn Khaldun is to pay attention to the concept of poetry and add a new subject to the theory of Arab poetry called "Queen of Poetry". He expresses the nature of poetry differently from other literary critics and balances the gift and queen of poetry in the scales of criticism and analysis. The purpose of this discussion is to examine the concept and nature of poetry from the point of view of Ibn Khaldun as a literary critic, in order to explain the difference between his opinion and others Finally, by examining the analytical-descriptive method of the critic's critical approaches and analyzing his views, a relatively comprehensive understanding of his literary-critical personality can be achieved. Ibn Khaldun's method of criticism is influenced by his historical attitude and considers time and place to be involved in criticism, and the acquisition and preservation of language as the factor of the poet's success.

The old method of criticism in Arabic literature was based on a comparison between two poets. As a result of that criticism, it often led to the preference of the older poet. This type of criticism was not so favorable because of the differences in tastes and the criterion of criticism and it did not achieve the main purpose of criticism. Thereafter, it was attempted to create a new critique by relying on new methods of criticism based on different views and methods. This criticism continued in different periods of the history of Arabic literature (Jahilia, pre-Islamic and Umayyad and Abbasid). Until Arabic criticism reaches a point in the west of Andalusia which presented a clear movement around the boom of literature and criticism of literature at various stages. The purpose of this study is to investigate the matching criteria between the best poets and poetry to show. The purpose of this study is to examine the criterion of "matching" between the best poets and poetry to show Excellence In terms of Critics Bani Ahmar According to What are the criteria? After analyzing this research through analytical and descriptive method, it was obtained that the time cannot be a criterion of the superiority of poem or poetry but factors like the queen of mind and the beauty of art, religion and magic each can in turn be a factor in the superiority of poetry.

Resistance literature evokes the resistance of truth against falsehood and encourages perseverance in goals and ideals, which of course is not limited to time and place and is one of the most important categories that poets have at times devoted a large part of their texts to it during different periods. The way poets have referred to these concepts in their poems is an issue that has occupied the minds of many researchers. The purpose of this descriptive-analytical study is to analyze the effects of stability and awakening in the poems of Al-Barghouthi to extract examples of awakening and stability, to categorize and analyze how to deal with these concepts. The results of this study indicate that Al-Barghouti, with the help of his poems, calls the people to wake up and stand against oppression and uses his pen to awaken and make his nation aware, hoping that with his poetry he will wake up the neglected human society. He has been able to use symbols and myths to show the current situation of Palestine and to give objectivity to the Palestinian identity and their awakening.

The present inquiry is an attempt to examine critical-structural theorems through the views of Ibn Khaldun, the philosohoer, historiographer, and the theoretician of civil sciences. As a prominent critic, he has put forth a number of theories with respect to literary criticism. In his book, Muqaddimah (Prolegomena), he points out certain criticism criteria not as a philosopher, but as a critic; his comments and opinions can be explored in brief across these criteria. Ibn Khaldun has addressed, expressed and interpreted a number of critical and rhetorical criteria which demonstrated his inspiration from former philosophers of Andalusia. Critical criteria in his book, Muqaddimah, include the poetic queen, words and meanings, style, poetic style, prose, and the Holy Quran; accordingly, the following question can be posed: What are the criteria set by Ibn Khaldun in his critical theories? Given the hypothesis of the study, Ibn Khaldun has been able to formulate new theories and present new ideas in areas of defining poetry, explaining the concept of words and meanings, and differences between poetic devices, natural words, and artificial words, similar to the old critics. Subsequently, the purpose of this study is to examine Ibn Khaldun’s literary approaches and opinions in order to explain critical-structural theories through his point of view. As a part of the Arabic literature history, it appears necessary to address the critical perspective of this well-known author in the area of literary criticism.

Review of Literature:

The only available text on the criticism of Ibn Khaldun’s views written in Persian is titled, “Ibn Khaldun and Literary Criticism” which includes a short inquiry translated by Abbas, published in Keyhan Newspaper. In a paper titled, “al-Dhouq kima yarah Ibn Khaldun”, the author defines the concept of taste among critics and rhetoricians whilst pointing out Ibn Khaldun’s ideas in this regard. In the second section of another article titled, “Qira’ah fi Muqaddimah Ibn Khaldun an al-Adab va Naqdah”, the author writes about the concept of literature and its criticism from the perspective of Ibn Khaldun; being similar to another paper titled, “Ibn Khaldun Adiban Naqidan”, the author addresses the concept of literature and defines literary techniques such as poetry and prose as well as examining Arabic poetry and its conventions in different historical periods. In the fourth chapter, the author investigates Arabic poetry during various historical periods and then discusses Ibn Khaldun’s definitions on poetry. In a thesis titled, “Ibn Khaldun Naqidan”, the author presents a biography of Ibn Khaldun; in the third chapter, he addresses Ibn Khaldun’s views on the criticism and Arabic language sciences which involve syntax, linguistics, rhetoric, and literature. In another thesis titled, “al-Qazaya al-Naqdiyah ind filasifah al-Andelus”, the author ultimately addresses Ibn Khaldun’s critical-philosophical comments. Following the study of related literature and focusing on the most important points in similar research, the present study attempts to examine critical theorems of the old critics and their definitions in this context; next, Ibn Khaldun’s opinions are examined and the differences between the ideas of other critics before him are discussed. The approach adopted in this study is a comparative approach between Ibn Khaldun and other contemporary and former critics; subsequently, the present inquiry involves a set of comprehensive discussions.

In this study, it is attempted to describe and analyze Ibn Khaldun’s views on the areas of literature and criticism and study discussions related to the criticism of the Andalusia period with respect to the ideas of this 8th century (A.H.) prominent writer and critic, using credible literary and historical research. The conduct of the study through said approach can yield valid results which could be beneficial for other scholars in the area of literature.

According to the results of the study, in addition to areas such as history, civil sciences, and philosophy, Ibn Khaldun was also an expert in literature; he is an advocate of prioritizing words over meaning and has special insights around the definition of taste and style as criticism criteria as well as the styles of poetry, prose, and Quran. Examination efforts into Ibn Khaldun’s set of critical approaches and the accumulation of his views can offer a relatively comprehensive account of his literary-critical character.

Ibn Khaldun has drawn boundaries for each type of rhetorical and spoken techniques (poetry, prose, and Quran); according to his descriptions, each technique involves its own special styles. One of the innovative ideas of Ibn Khaldun in criticism is his rejection of a gift that most believe is granted to a writer or a poet. He uses the word “queen” as a replacement for this word.
Regarding the subject of words and meanings, Ibn Khaldun believes that verbal structures, whether in prose or in poetry, lie within words rather than meanings; subsequently, meaning is a function of words and the latter becomes the primary aspect. This shows his preference of words over meaning. Ibn Khaldun believes that as a criticism criterion, taste is not an inherent virtue to measure beauty and enjoyment; rather, taste is an acquired value for humans. He also believes that style is not created unless language compositions are completed; according to Ibn Khaldun, style is similar to a social phenomenon and he expresses its social aspects in poetic examples such as the beginning of ode with crying over homeland, whining, questioning and also poetic elements such as metaphor, similes, examples and descriptions. As for the relation between poetry and religion, he believes that there are very few, if any, imaginations in divine poetry; he expresses their meanings as common and clear in which no technique is used. The reason behind such an observation is that there is no need for poetic rules such as fantasies.

Shoshtari is one of the famous poets at 7 th centuty in andolucia. His poem has different language and structure among other poems. also his poems have mystical meaning he told these mystical meaning in Zajal and Movashah with different structure and popular way wich people liked them. He told these poems to people not to mystic people and gnosises. The main goal of this research is showing the innovations in mystical poem. Since first of all we show the Shoshtari،s location in arabic literature and then after telling his innovations in telling mystical meaning with popular and friendly way we will present the meaning of “Movashah” and “Zajal” wich Shoshtari was one of their innovator and we will see the reflection of some samples in Movashahat and Zajals.

Addressing modes and characters used in addressing in every language expresses some of the beauty of the language، each for a specific purpose it may be used to express the speaker''s feelings. So the writers and scholars of rhetoric whose are active in the texts and books to explore the beauty of the different rhetorical modes review the addressing as one of their aesthetic style. a significant contribution of Nahj-ol-balagha dedicated to the political and the political sermons of Imam Ali And the most important theological bases of the political passagesis the voice and the issues surrounding it. That Imam Ali (AS) has said a political writings and political speeches And in that letter called or address Contact or contacts with the specific ways according to their position in space and place is one topic that has the ability to analyze the rhetorical and aesthetic The purpose of this discussion is analysis the aesthetic addressing type and the letters in the sermons. The accuracy of these structures in addition explaining the aesthetic explanat and extended also the Being generally and Circle the truth in of imam Ali،S speech. Check out the letters Of addressing After analyzing the aesthetics of sounds and letters addressing And examining their samples in nahj-ol-balagha، Demonstrate the correct application of Contracts Ways addressing based on their aesthetic applications.

Gaston Bachelard, the philosopher, mathematician, physicist and French literary critic, relying on the four elements of water, wind, earth and fire, provided a new way of critique in the literature. In his critique, the poet in his mind Envisions the idea of dreams and imagination, and thought into words, then, he converts these ideas into poetic images in the shape of words. According to him, the four elements are the source of inspiration and imagination that ensue influence and wonderful abundance. He consider water to be a live passionate female creature, who infuses different fantasies in the different states to the audience. This kind of critique is seen in some ode of naturalistic poets including Izzo-al-din Al-Monasara, Palestinian poet, to compose this ode paid too much attention to nature and the water along with other natural phenomena has an important role in this ode. Sea, springs, rain, dew and tears, each one in this long ode, has an important place and with their real and symbolic implications, they created the fiction that in many cases, based on Bachelard’s imagination, can be interpreted. It is worth noting that, according to the postmodern tendencies of Monasara, the evidence is not complete. In some cases his poetic imagination is not the same as Bachelard’s imagination. Using the element of water, the position that water has in Monasara’s poetic imagination, the role of water in the poet illustrations and to what extent it is consistent with Bachelard’s innovative critique. This paper is an attempt to show Monasara’s imagery and imagination. For example, the inspiration of flowing waters, static, deep, dark, pure and sweet, used in the ode that are consistent with Bachelard’s method, have been evaluated.