سجاد پیرسا

With the industrialization of societies and the new lifestyle and the epidemic of corona disease, the use of disposable containers has become a must. On the other hand, despite the harmful effects of plastic containers on human health, environmental pollution and the creation of nondegradable waste, society has moved towards the use of containers based on biodegradable polymers. These polymers should be selected according to the type of product and its storage conditions and lack of reactivity with food inside them. Active packaging changes the conditions of the closed atmosphere in a way that increases the shelf life of food. Active packaging methods can be used in the production of these disposable containers. In this study, we tried to collect research on the types of polymers used in the preparation of biodegradable disposable containers that show active properties. Different polymers can be used for production according to its source, but these packaging polymers must be able to be decomposed by nature or reused as animal and poultry feed after discarding. In this way, many pollutions and problems of using these containers will be solved.

The purpose of this research was to prepare nanocomposite film based on wheat gluten containing quercetin nanoliposome and zinc oxide nanoparticles and use it to package rainbow salmon; For this purpose, in this research, the effect of quercetin nanoliposome at the levels (0, 5, 10% by volume) and zinc oxide nanoparticles at the levels (0, 3, 6% by weight) using the response surface method in The central composite design template was investigated on the physicochemical properties of the nanocomposite film, and finally, the optimal sample was used in the packaging of rainbow salmon meat to check its properties during the storage period (0, 3 and 6 days). Also, the results of the research on packaged fish meat showed that the use of wheat gluten nanocomposite film containing 10% quercetin nanoliposomes and 6% zinc oxide nanoparticles led to a decrease in peroxide index, volatile nitrogen compounds index, thiobarbituric acid index and total microbial count during the storage period. Became. Also, no significant difference was observed in the fat of the examined samples, and the color of the packaged fish meat was duller than the control sample. Finally, according to the obtained results and investigations, the addition of 10% quercetin nanoliposome and 6% zinc oxide nanoparticles in the wheat gluten nanocomposite film formulation led to the improvement of the properties of the produced film and the properties of the packaged fish during the storage period.

The aim of this research was to produce a film based on mucilage of the flower of Paneerak modified with licorice root and copper sulfate nanoparticles. The D-optimal statistical scheme was used to study the antioxidant, antimicrobial, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermal decomposition (DSC) properties of the films. The results showed that with the increase of licorice and copper sulfate nanoparticles, the antioxidant activity of the film increases significantly (p<0.05). The results of the antimicrobial activity of the prepared films showed that the addition of licorice and copper sulfate nanoparticles caused the antimicrobial activity of the film against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. X-ray diffraction analysis shows that copper sulfate nanoparticles are physically combined with the mucilage polymer of Paneerak flower and it reduces the crystal structure. The results of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) confirm the physical presence of copper sulfate nanoparticles in the polymer matrix and have electrostatic interaction with the polymer network. The results of the scanning electron microscope (SEM) show that the surface of films containing licorice root copper sulfate nanoparticles are more heterogeneous than the mucilage of Paneerak flower. Licorice and copper sulfate nanoparticles were able to delay the thermal decomposition of the mucilage of Paneerak flower and increase the thermal stability of the mucilage film.

Addition of nanoparticles of copper sulfate and licorice root to edible films based on mucilage of Paneerak flower improved antimicrobial, antioxidant, DSC and SEM.

Adding copper nanoparticles and rosemary essential oil can improve the structural and mechanical properties of films based on fenugreek seed mucilage and eggplant skin powder. The aim of this study was to prepare edible films based on mucilage of fenugreek seeds and eggplant skin powder containing copper nanoparticles (0, 2, 4% w/w) and rosemary essential oil (0, 4, 8% w/v). Edible films were prepared based on mucilage of fenugreek seeds and eggplant peel powder, and copper nanoparticles (0, 2, 4%) and rosemary essential oil (0, 4, 8%) were added to it. The structural and mechanical properties of the prepared films were investigated. According to the obtained results, increasing the amount of copper nanoparticles and rosemary essential oil in the film decreased the mechanical properties of the films. According to the obtained results, increasing the amount of copper nanoparticles and rosemary essential oil in the film decreased the mechanical texture of the films. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that copper nanoparticles were physically combined with fenugreek seed mucilage polymer and eggplant skin powder, resulting in the strengthening of the crystal structure. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) results confirmed the physical presence of copper nanoparticles in the polymer matrix. The results of the scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that the surface morphology of the nanocomposite film is heterogeneous compared to fenugreek seed mucilage and eggplant skin powder. Exposure of the prepared detector film to different pHs led to the change of the color of the films from red to yellow. These color changes of the films were consistent with the color changes of the anthocyanin solution. The addition of copper nanoparticles and rosemary essential oil to edible films based on fenugreek seed mucilage and eggplant skin powder improved the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) of the films, and also weakened the mechanical properties.

adding Smyrnium cordifolium nanoparticles and milk thistle essential oil can improve the physicochemical properties of films based on alfalfa seed mucilage.

The purpose of this study was to prepare edible films from alfalfa seed mucilage with Smyrnium cordifolium nanoparticles (0, 2, 4%) and milk thistle essential oil (0, 1, 2%).

Edible films based on alfalfa seed mucilage were prepared and Smyrnium cordifolium nanoparticles (0, 2, 4%) and milk thistle essential oil (0, 1, 2%) were added to it. The physicochemical properties of the prepared films were investigated.

According to the obtained results, increasing the amount of Smyrnium cordifolium nanoparticles and milk thistle essential oil in the film decreased the mechanical properties of the films. The results of antimicrobial activity showed that the addition of Smyrnium cordifolium nanoparticles increased the activity of the film against Staphylococcus aureus. The dynamic light scattering (DLS) results confirmed the Smyrnium cordifolium nanoparticles. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) results confirmed the physical presence of Smyrnium cordifolium nanoparticles in the polymer matrix. The increase of Smyrnium cordifolium nanoparticles and milk thistle essential oil in the films could delay the thermal decomposition of alfalfa seed mucilage and increase the thermal stability of the mucilage film.

Adding Smyrnium cordifolium nanoparticles and milk thistle essential oil to edible films based on alfalfa seed mucilage improved the antimicrobial, Fourier infrared (FTIR) properties of the films, and also weakened the mechanical properties.

The aim of this research was to produce a film based on alfalfa seed mucilage with avondol nanoparticles and milk thistle oil. A composite film of alfalfa seed mucilage with avondol nanoparticles (0, 2, 4%) and milk thistle seed oil (0, 1, 2%) was prepared. . The physicochemical properties of the prepared films were investigated. According to the obtained results, adding Avondol nanoparticles and milk thistle seed oil increases the thickness and antioxidant. But increasing the amount of Avondol nanoparticles and milk thistle essential oil in the film decreased the humidity, solubility and water vapor permeability of the films. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the Avondol nanoparticles were physically incorporated with alfalfa seed mucilage polymer. The results of scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that the surface morphology of nanocomposite film is heterogeneous compared to alfalfa seed mucilage. Finally, based on the results, adding avondol nanoparticles and milk thistle oil to edible films based on alfalfa seed mucilage improved the thickness, antioxidant and SEM, but weakened the moisture, solubility and permeability to water vapor.

In this study, mucilage was extracted from fenugreek seeds and essential oil from rosemary. The composite film of fenugreek seed mucilage and eggplant peel powder was prepared with copper nanoparticles (0, 2, 4%) and rosemary essential oil (0, 4, 8%). The physicochemical properties of the prepared films were investigated. According to the obtained results, with the increase of copper nanoparticles and rosemary essential oil, the thickness and antioxidant of the film increases. Humidity, water vapor permeability and solubility of the film decrease with the increase of copper nanoparticles and rosemary essential oil. Also, with the increase of copper nanoparticles and rosemary essential oil, the L* color indices increased and the brightness of the layers decreased significantly. Also, with the increase of copper nanoparticles, the color indices a* increased, but b* decreased. Also, with the increase of rosemary essential oil, the a* color indices have decreased, but the b* factor has increased. The results of antimicrobial activity showed that the addition of copper nanoparticles and rosemary essential oil made the film active against Staphylococcus aureus.

The addition of copper nanoparticles and rosemary essential oil to edible films based on fenugreek seed mucilage and eggplant skin powder improved the thickness and antioxidant, solubility, moisture and permeability to water vapor, as well as weakening the brightness.

The aim of this research was to produce a film from the mucilage of Paneerak flower modified with Shirin-Bian and copper sulfate nanoparticles. It was used to study the properties of thickness, humidity, solubility, permeability to water vapor, color and mechanical properties of the films. The results show that with the increase of licorice and copper sulfate nanoparticles, the thickness of the film increases. Humidity, water vapor permeability and solubility of the film decrease with the increase of copper sulfate nanoparticles and increase with the increase of sodium chloride. Also, with an increase in the concentration of Shirin Bayan, the color indices a* increased and the brightness of the layers decreased significantly. The results of the mechanical test show that with the increase of sugar and copper sulfate nanoparticles, the tensile strength decreases and with the increase of copper sulfate nanoparticles, the elongation at the breaking point increases significantly.

In this research, flax seed mucilage was extracted. Composite film of sodium alginate and flax seed mucilage was prepared. Norbixin pigment and tungsten oxide (WO3) nanoparticles were used to modify the film structure. The color, crystallite, thermal and mechanical properties of the films were investigated. Also, the antibacterial properties of the prepared films against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria were investigated. The obtained results showed that the pure alginate/mucilage film does not have very high transparency, which is reduced by adding tungsten oxide nanoparticles and norbixin pigment. The effect of tungsten oxide nanoparticles in reducing film transparency has been greater than that of Norbixin. Examining the factor a (green-red) shows that this factor has increased with the increase of Norbixin and tungsten oxide nanoparticles. Examining factor b (blue-yellow) shows that with the increase of Norbixin and tungsten oxide nanoparticles, this factor has increased. By examining the XRD spectrum of the pure alginate/mucilage film, it was found that this film showed two broad peaks at 2θ of 10° and 20°, which indicates the relatively amorphous structure of this film. In the alginate/mucilage film modified with tungsten oxide nanoparticles, the peaks related to the crystalline nanoparticles in 2θ of approximately 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 55 and 65 degrees are quite clear, which shows that these nanoparticles improve the crystalline structure of the film. By examining the TGA curves of the films, it was found that the addition of tungsten oxide nanoparticles and norbixin pigment increased the thermal stability of the film. Examining the antibacterial property of the films showed that the addition of tungsten oxide nanoparticles and norbixin pigment increased the antibacterial property of the film significantly (p<0.05).

In this study, biodegradable film was prepared from polyvinyl alcohol. Silver chloride nanoparticles and spirulina algae powder were used to modify the physicochemical structure and create antioxidant activity in the film. The surface morphology of the film was investigated. Polyvinyl alcohol film and its composites were used for packaging virgin olive oil. D-optimal design was used to investigate the effect of packaging type and storage time on the chemical, color and sensory characteristics of the oil. Chemical characteristics (acidity, peroxide value, refractive index and total phenol), sensory and color characteristics were investigated. The response surface method was used to investigate the effect of independent variables on the oil as well as the created mathematical models. The obtained results showed that in polyvinyl alcohol film modified with silver chloride particles and polyvinyl alcohol modified with silver chloride and spirulina particles, the presence of these particles on the surface of the film was completely evident. The results of the chemical, sensory and color analysis of the oil showed that the chemical, sensory and color quality of the oil decreased with the increase in the storage time of the oil in all packages. Peroxide value as the most important indicator of the quality of oils in normal packaging increased from 1 to 7 (mEq O2/Kg oil) during 30 days of storage, while in oil packaged with polyvinyl alcohol modified with silver chloride and spirulina algae, this increase was from 1 to 2 (mEq O2/Kg oil). In general, oils packaged with polyvinyl alcohol modified with silver chloride and spirulina algae showed the least quality changes compared to normal packaging, which indicates the ability of these films to control the quality and increase the shelf life of virgin olive oil.

The aim of this study was to prepare antimicrobial and antioxidant films based on wheat gluten and Heracleum persicum essential oil, magnesium oxide nanoparticles and polypyrrole were used to improve the structure of films. Response surface statistical design was used to investigate the effect of the essence, magnesium oxide nanoparticles and polypyrrole on the physicochemical properties of the films. According to the obtained results, moisture absorption, solubility and water vapor permeability of the films decreased with increasing the content of essential oil and pyrrole. Increasing the amount of essential oil and pyrrole in the film structure improved the mechanical properties of the films. Then, the optimal films (containing 12% essential oil, 0.904% magnesium oxide and 0.2 pyrrole) were studied to evaluate the structural and antimicrobial properties. The antibacterial, antioxidant and electrical conductivity of the film was greatly increased in the presence of all three additives of essence, magnesium oxide nanoparticles and polypyrrole (P <0.05). Gluten-essence-MgO-PPy (Glu-E-MgO-PPy) composite film had the highest antioxidant and antibacterial properties. The optimal film had higher antibacterial activity against Escherichia Coli ATCC13706 compared with Staphylococcus aureus ATCC6538. SEM images showed that the essence and polypyrrole strengthened the gluten film structure and made it more resistant to the passage of water vapor. FTIR spectra confirmed the electrostatic interactions between gluten and essence and polypyrrole. The results of thermal analysis showed that polypyrrole greatly increased the thermal resistance of the film and the nanoparticles had little effect on the thermal resistance. The results of this study showed that composite and bioactive film with three important properties of electrical conductivity, antibacterial and antioxidant has the potential to be used as an active and intelligent film in the packaging of perishable food products.

Microalgae-based products are an emerging class in food and nutrients. Due to population growth and modernization of lifestyle, consumption of high-calorie foods has become common, which causes the problems such as obesity, heart disease and diabetes, which require the use of healthy foods containing vitamins, minerals, PUFA. For this reason, there has recently been a great deal of interest in separating new compounds from marine resources because of their health benefits. Among marine resources, algae are valuable resources with diverse structures of bioactive substances. Algae are important sources of phytochemicals with antioxidant properties that are directly and indirectly involved in the food industry. Many compounds such as carotenoids, phycobilin, unsaturated fatty acids, polysaccharides, vitamins and biologically active molecules that are important for use in human health have been identified in algae. Long-chain unsaturated fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid are very important for the body's metabolism in humans. Chorophylll and bryophyte algae are used to extract these essential fatty acids. Macro and microalgae have a wide range of genetic and biodiversity sources that increase their importance due to their high nutritional value, trace minerals, high protein content and unsaturated fatty acids have been used in human, animal and aquatic nutrition. Therefore, in the present study, the properties, that potential and application of algae for the preparation of beneficial foods are discussed.

Due to the fact that the use of biodegradable films helps to protect the environment, in this study, the physical, mechanical, antioxidant and thermal properties of polylactic acid films containing polypyrrole, ‌ polyaniline and copper oxide were investigated. The results showed that due to the addition of oxidant nanoparticles, the thickness of the films increased and their water vapor permeability decreased significantly. The solubility of the films also decreased significantly with increasing the amount of copper oxide nanoparticles. The resulting films showed less flexibility due to the addition of polyaniline and polypyrrole, while their resistance to failure showed a relative increase. Antioxidant activity of polylactic acid films containing polypyrrole / CuO and polyaniline / CuO showed a significant increase compared to pure polylactic acid (p<0.05). Pure polylactic acid film did not show any electrical conductivity, If the addition of polypyrrole and polyaniline increased the electrical conductivity of the films, the copper oxide nanoparticles also had no significant effect on the electrical conductivity. These films can be used as biosensors in food packaging due to their conductivity and suitable thermal, mechanical and water vapor permeability properties.

In this study, 20 different samples of processed pizza cheese were prepared by butter essential oil (1, 1%), white cheese (1, 1%), ricotta (1, 1%) and physicochemical properties including acidity, pH, moisture content tests. Protein and salt, percentage of fat and fat changes in dry matter is examined.In the study on the amount of changes in pH and acidity, both parameters were within the acceptable standard range and also the percentage of moisture, protein and salt of pizza cheese produced that all three parameters had acceptable limits compared to the relevant standard, but the percentage of changes Fat and fat in dry matter, the values ​​obtained according to the standard indicate that this product is a high-fat pizza cheese.

In the present study, the effect of phytohormone gibberellin on some physiological parameters of Tetraselmis suecica microalgae was investigated. Algae culture was performed under standard conditions with Gillard culture medium, temperature 25 ± 2 C°, light intensity 16: 8 (light/dark), salinity 25 ± 2 mg / l, and 24-hour aeration for ten days. Concentrations of 10, 20, 40, and 60 mg / l were added to the algae culture medium. Growth factors, pigments, photosynthetic factors, and biochemical composition were measured in the log phase. Based on results,  the highest rate of cell growth was observed in the treatment of 60 mg / l, although in other treatments there was a significant difference with the control (P <0.05). The highest amount of protein and carbohydrates was observed in the treatment of 60 mg / l (P <0.05). ). Total lipid content increased from 15.23 in control to 18.53 in 60 mg / l (P <0.05). Antioxidant potential, pigments, photosynthetic factors, and dry weight also showed a significant difference in the concentration of 60 mg / l compared to the control (P <0.05). The highest amount of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b was observed at concentrations of 60 mg / l (P <0.05). Based on the results, gibberellin has a high potential for cell division, final density, antioxidant potential, cell size, and biochemical composition of Tetraselmis suecica. Also, Tetraselmis suecica can be a good candidate for marine aquatic larvae, drugs, antioxidants, and a rich source of compounds in biofuels.

Cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.), is one of the most important and harmful pests of crucifers, which is active in many parts of Iran and causes quantitative and qualitative damage in the cultivation of these plants during the winter. Some natural enemies such as the parasitoid wasp Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh) are active on this pest. The indiscriminate use of insecticides for controlling pests caused evolution of pest resistance, environmental pollution and negative effects on natural enemies and beneficial insects. In recent years, environmentally compatible factors have received more attention due to less side effects in pest control. This study was carried out to determine the effects of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bals.), and nanosilica separately and in combination on survival of the cabbage aphid and its parasitoid treated by different concentrations of fungus (103, 104, 105, 106 and 107spore/ml) and nanosilica (125, 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 ppm).

Cabbages (Brassica olearaceae var. capitata) were grown from seed in plastic flower pots. Aphids were collected from Brassicaceae plants in fields of Nazlo Campus of Urmia University near Urmia city. This colony was used as a source for all aphids used in all laboratory experiments. Also, a colony of D. rapae was reared on B. brassicae under greenhouse conditions. Wasps were fed a 10% honey solution and used to parasitize aphids, or for use in experiments, 24 hours later.Fungi was cultured on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) in petri dishes (6 cm in diameter) and incubated for two weeks to induce sporulation. Spores were harvested from the surface of 14-day old culture and transferred to a test tube containing sterilized distilled water with 0.05% Tween®-80. The conidial concentration of final suspension was determined by direct count using a neubauer hemocytometer and serial dilutions were made to obtain different conidial concentrations. Sio2 nanoparticles of pashgamannano® company was used in bioassay tests. Bioassay test was carried out on aphid and its parasitoid. Aphids were treated by conidial concentrations using dipping method. Control adults were treated with distilled water containing 0.05% Tween®-80. In order to evaluate the effect of nanosilica on aphids, leaf discs were dipped in to different concentrations of nanosilica and after drying, adult cabbage aphids were transferred on treated leaf discs in Petri dishes. The mortality was counted 24, 48 and 72 hours after treatment. Experiments were carried out at 25±2 Co temperature, 65±5% RH and a photoperiod of 16: 8 h. (L: D) under laboratory conditions. LC25, LC50 and LT50 values of fungi and nanosilica were estimated. Also, combination effects of fungi and nanosilica were evaluated in laboratory. A preliminary test was evaluated to determine side effects of different concentrations of nanosilica on viability and germination of fungi spore. Germination rate for fungi was calculated after 24 hours. The LC25, LC50 and LT50 values (with 95% confidence limits) were calculated using the Probit analysis method. Bioassay data were subjected to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) after checking for normality and means were compared by Tukey’s test.

The LC50 values obtained from the analysis of probit as a result of the effect of different concentrations of B. bassiana 7 days after treatment and nanosilica 24, 48 and 72 hours after treatment on cabbage aphid were 2.2×105 spore/ml and 4356.14, 1164.42, 487.19 ppm, respectively. Furthermore the LC50 values of B. bassiana 4 days after treatment and nanosilica 24, 48 and 72 hours after treatment on D. rapae were 1.2×106 spore/ml and 3639.79, 619.51, 289.77 ppm, respectively. Results showed that the adults of the cabbage aphid were completely sensitive to the fungal isolate. The shortest time needed for the mortality of 50% of the population of cabbage aphid was 5.02 days at 107 conidia/ml concentration. The mortality rate of nanosilica at highest concentration, 72 hours after treatment was 90 and 96.6% respectively for cabbage aphid and parasitoid wasp. Also, combination of these factors against adults of cabbage aphid had significant difference with control.

According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that B. bassiana and nanosilica are effective on cabbage aphid and can be used as effective factors in the integrated pest management program of this pest.

Oleaster Powder can be used to enrich and improve the nutritional value of gluten-free baked products, which often have low fiber content, due to their desirable nutritional properties such as minerals, vitamins and rich in dietary fiber; therefore the aim of this study was to enrich gluten-free bread with Oleaster Powder and create a new product with suitable texture and nutritional quality; for this purpose in this study, the effect of replacing of Oleaster Powder at levels 0-30% with gluten-free flours (chickpea flour, Rice flour and corn starch) on physicochemical, textural and sensory properties of gluten-free bread was evaluated based on response surface methodology (RSM). The results showed that by increasing the level of Oleaster Powder moisture content, ash, fiber, antioxidant capacity, lightness (L *)  and yellowness value (b *) of the samples significantly increased and the amount of fat, protein, carbohydrate, calories and redness (a *) of the samples decreased (P <0.05). Also the water activity was not affected by the factor (P> 0.05).With increasing the level of Oleaster Powder, the firmness and gumminess of breads increased significantly. On the other hand, at levels higher than 7.5% of Oleaster Powder, specific volume, cohesiveness and resilience of samples decreased and the loss weight of samples increased (P <0.05). In spite of increasing springiness and chewiness of samples with addition of Oleaster Powder, they were not statistically significant (P> 0.05). According to sensory evaluation, the sample containing 7.5% Oleaster Powder had a higher overall acceptance. Finally, the results showed that the sample enriched with 7.5% Oleaster Powder had desirable properties compared to other samples and can be used as a pragmatic raw material in the production of gluten-free breads with high and desirable nutritional value.

In the present century, the combination of conductive polymers, e materials that, in addition to improving the general properties of polymers, also have electrical and magnetic properties, with natural biopolymers for intelligent food packaging has received much attention. In this research, the effect of polypyrrole nanoparticles in the combination of different concentrations chitosan polypyrrole nanocomposite was prepared. The structural and functional properties of the films were investigated. The size, shape and morphology of the synthesized particles were investigated using electron scanning microscopy technique. The results showed that the synthesized polypropols are granular in shape and in the dimensions of 90-100 nm. The antioxidant properties and electrical conductivity of the films were investigated. The results showed that following the synthesis of polypyrrole nanoparticles in the chitosan polymer matrix, the electrical resistance decreased and the electrical conductivity increased. Also, the results of investigating the effect of polypyrrole on the physical properties of chitosan films showed that with increasing the concentration of polypyrrole and the time of synthesis of solubility and water vapor permeability of films decreased. The interaction between chitosan and polypyrrole was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction pattern.

Olive oil due to its unique properties and characteristics in terms of nutrition has a very high and well-known position in various societies, but due to the high price of this product is always threatened by all kinds of fraud. Tocopherols and tocotrienols are present in small amounts (about 0.35%) in fats and oils. In this study, the fraud of adding vegetable oils (palm, soybean and corn) to olive oil was investigated by comparing the profiles of tocopherols and tocotrienols using HPLC (High-Performance Liquid Chromatography). The mixture statistical design was used to design experiments related to the measurement of tocopherols. After dissolving in n-hexane, the counterfeit oil samples were injected into HPLC with NH2 column chromatography and 294 and 320 nm fluorescence detectors, respectively, for stimulation and diffusion to identify and analyze tocopherols and tocotrienols. Among all tocopherols and tocotrienols, alpha-tocopherol was predominant in olive oil. Therefore, if combined with other oils, the initial composition of tocopherols changes. Among the oils added to olive oil, palm oil had a very significant effect on the peak area of the tocotrienols. Palm and corn oil had a significant effect on the beta-tocopherol peak. In the mixture of olive oil with corn and soybean oil, the amount of gamma-tocopherol increased significantly. Soybean oil had a significant effect on the peak of delta-tocopherol. Therefore, it can be concluded that delta-tocopherol is an indicator of fraud in adding soybean oil to olive oil. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between the amount of tocopherols and tocotrienols and the fraudulent addition of palm, soybean and corn oils to olive oil. Therefore, the proposed method is a suitable method for identifying and determining fraudulent olive oil.

In the present study, the effect of hexytiazox, nano sulfur, alginate/sulfur (Al/S) and alginate/sulfur/hexytiazox (A/H/S) composites were examined on adult famale of two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). The diameters of sulfur nanoparticles and sodium/sulfur alginate and sodium/sulfur/hexithiazox alginate 300-60 nm were obtained using electron microscopy (SEM). Analysis of FT-IR spectra of sulfur alginate/sulfur (Al/S) and alginate/sulfur/hexytiazox (A/H/S) composites were performed, in the sulfur spectrum, only two peaks 870 and 3435, and in the alginate spectrum 1630, 1457 and 1341 peaks were observed. The highest mortality was obtained 24, 48 and 72 hours after application in the composite (Al/He/S) treatment with LC50 values of 3.48, 2.80 and 2.43 g/l, respectively. Also the lowest mortality was observed 24 hours after using nanosulfur treatment with LC50 value of 20.34 g/l and in 48 and 72 hours in nanosulfur and alginate/sulfur (Al/S) composite treatment with LC50 values of 12.37 and 9.87 g/l, respectively. Hexithiazox treatment with a concentration of 12.7 ml/l after 72 hour aplication showed the highest mortality (70%). Based on the results of this study, composite (Al/He/S) can be recommended in the preparation of commercial acaricide formulations and use in T. urticae integrated management program.

Because of antioxidant, antimicrobial, and medical properties, bioactive compounds extracted from plants have grown significantly in the development and trade of functional foods containing food-medicine and dietary supplements.However, the volatility, insolubility in the aqueous matrix, and sensitivity to environmental conditions such as temperature, oxygen, and light limite the use of essential oils. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the encapsulation technique as a suitable method to protect the essential oil and increase its efficiency. The main purpose of this study was to produce alginate hydrogels containing Thymus daenensis essential oil (Td-EO) loaded with beta-cyclodextrin. The structural properties and antimicrobial features of alginate hydrogel beads incorporated with Td-EO active ingredients were evaluated. The results of hydrogel analysis showed that the particle size and particle size distribution were less than 180 nm and 0.31, respectively, and the encapsulation efficiency of Td-EO for the hydrogel beads was about 90%. A maximum swelling capacity of ~610.3 % was obtained for alginate beads. FESEM, showed that the particle sizes were in the nanometer range and the particles were homogeneous and spherical shapes. FTIR analysis indicated no significant interaction between essential oil, beta-cyclodextrin and alginate, so alginate hydrogel is a suitable material for encapsulating active compounds. Hydrogels had an inhibitory effect on the growth of two strains of bacteria, S. aureus and E. coli. The release of Td-EO from alginate beads in two short-term and long-term periods were studied. The release rate of bioactive compounds can be reduced by encapsulating in β-cyclodextrin and producing its alginate hydrogel, and thus can be used as a suitable tool to control release in food and pharmaceutical systems.

In this study, 19 samples of biodegradable films using modified starch (0-2 g), albumin (2-0 g), nanoparticles of magnesium oxide (0-5%), were prepared and physicochemical properties including colorimetric, transparency, mechanical, calorimetry and morphological properties were investigated. Addition of magnesium nanoparticles to modified starch-based nanocomposite films and albumin decreased the transparency and increased the opacity of the films and increased the a, b and YI index, indicating an increase in yellow color in films containing high concentrations of MgO nanoparticles and an increase in E film. The addition of MgO nanoparticles to them also improved the strength and mechanical properties of the films (tensile strength and strain to breaking point). Films containing magnesium oxide nanoparticles showed an increase in glass transition temperature, a melting temperature and a decrease in crystallization temperature; Which confirms the positive effect of MgO nanoparticles on increasing the thermal stability of nanobiocomposite films. SEM images of the produced films showed a heterogeneous level in films containing magnesium oxide nanoparticles compared to films without nanoparticles.

Fish oil is an omega3 source, because it consists of a long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), namely Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 n-3) and Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) that are essential to all humans and provide multiple health benefits associated with brain development, cardiovascular disease, circulatory disorders, immune dysfunction and inflammatory disorders. The human body cannot make omega3 fatty acids on its own, so they must obtained from daily diet or supplements. Low uptake of this nutrient can cause serious problems. Lipid oxidation of fish oil and other PUFA-rich foods is a serious problem that leads to loss of shelf-life, consumer acceptability, nutritional value and functionality. On the other hands, omega3 cannot be incorporated into many functional foods, due to their poor water-solubility, chemical instability and low bioavailability, so some ways should be used to protect PUFAs such as microencapsulation and Nanoemulsion. The performance of low-energy methods has become very popular due to the lack of expensive equipments and ease of production. In this research, nanoemulsion of omega-3 fatty acids was prepared by spontaneous emulsification method using Iranian mentha longifolia essential oils.
 

Fish oil was purchased from zahravi company comprised of 101 mg of EPA/g of oil, 148 mg of DHA/g oil, and 312 mg of total omega-3 PUFA/g of oil. Nonionic surfactants Tween   80 and Tween20 (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and Sodium caseinate (MP Biomedical LLC. (Solon, OH) were purchased from chemical suppliers. Distilled and deionized water obtained from a water purification system (Milli-Q, Millipore, Darmstadt, Germany) was used to prepare all emulsions. All other chemicals used in this study were either Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO) or Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA). Iranian Shallot oil (penny royal oil) was purchased from magnolia company (Iran). The supplier reported the chemical composition as determined by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy instrument (GCMS-QP2010 SE, GAS, Shimadzu, Japan). Factor A contains the omega 3 percent (25 to 75 percent), factor B contains surfactant-to-oil ratio (SOR %), (10-300 percent), Factor c contains surfactant type (Tween20, Tween80, T80:T20 and caseinate sodium) and factor d contains storage time (1-60 days) to achieve optimal production formula were selected.  Physicochemical characteristics of Nanoemulsion including pH, peroxide value, turbidity, creaming index, D43, span, antioxidant, brix, refractive index and TBA were studied and Optimization of formula was performed by Response Surface Method (D-optimal design) The results were analyzed using design expert software (ver11).
 

Preparation of Nanoemulsion based on Iranian mentha longifolia oil loaded with omega 3 fatty acids by a low energy emulsification technique to protect it was evaluated in this study. The initial size of the droplets depended on surfactant type, surfactant concentration, storage time and omega3 concentration. Emulsions made of the highest surfactant concentration produced the smallest droplet sizes and were physically stable. It was found that the most important parameter effecting final emulsion responses was surfactant concentration. Our results showed that oxidative stability could be improved by the increasing surfactant concentration, also Iranian mentha longifolia antioxidant compounds were effective in reducing peroxide index and delaying oxidation. In all surfactants, by increase omega3 content, antioxidant activity was decreased. Results showed that all four examined variables affected the provided emulsion characteristics and the following conditions were obtained as optimum; storage time of 40 days, SOR %: 100, T80:T20 and omega 3 (29.31%). These nanoemulsions and essential oils can be applied to prevent undesirable off flavor fish oil and can be applied to fortify food or beverage systems with omega3 fatty acids.

 Bemisia tabaci (Genn.)(Hem: Aleyrodidae)is considered as one significant pest in the agricultural products in Iran. In this research, the effects of ZnO NPs, kaolin, B. bassiana (EUTP105 Isolate) were assessed alone or in combination to Neemarin® compared to thiacloprid insecticide under field conditions on eggs and nymphs of B. tabaci and pupae of its parasitoid Eretmocerus mundus.

This research was handled in the research field of the scientific staff of the Cotton Research Center of East Iran, Kashmar, in a randomized complete block design with three replications in August 2019. The experimental plots were separately 6 m2 and 1.5 m. The recommended concentration of Neemarin® (15 mg L-1 AZA), thiacloprid (0.3 mL L-1), Kaolin (30 g L-1), a concentration of 20 mg L-1 of ZnO NPs, a concentration of 1×1010 conidia mL-1 of B. bassiana, half- concentration of Neemarin® (7.5 mg L-1 AZA) + 10 mg L-1 of ZnO NPs, half- concentration of Neemarin® (7.5 mg L-1 AZA) + 15 g L-1 of Kaolin and half- concentration of Neemarin® (7.5 mg L-1 AZA) + a concentration of 1×105 conidia mL-1 of B. bassiana were prepared which sprayed on upper and lower surfaces of cotton plants using a knapsack sprayer, equivalent to an application volume of 500 l ha-1. The control treatment was sprayed by water. The mortality of B. tabaci eggs and nymphs and pupal stage of E. mundus were calculated using Henderson and Tilton equation . To this purpose, five plants were randomly selected in each plot and three leaves from each one (top, middle, and bottom section of plant canopy) were excised and transferred to a laboratory. Two pieces of 1 cm2 from each leaf were chosen so that the units included into main vein. Total live eggs and nymphs of pest as well pupae of parasitoid in each sample unit were counted using a binocular. Samplings were handled one day before and 3, 7 and 14 days after spraying.

In 3 DAT (days after treatment), the most effective treatments on eggs and nymphs of pest were Kaolin + Neemarin® and thiacloprid, respectively. While, the least effective treatments were B. bassiana. In 7 DAT, Kaolin + Neemarin® and ZnO NPs exerted the highest and lowest mortality, respectively, on the eggs of pest, Neemarin® and B. bassiana exerted the highest and lowest mortality, respectively to the nymph. In 14 DAT, the highest efficacy on eggs and nymphs was observed in Kaolin + Neemarin® and Neemarin®, respectively, while the lowest efficacy both on eggs and nymphs belonged to B. bassiana. The highest and lowest mortality of the pupae of parasitoid in 3 DAT belonged to thiacloprid and B. bassiana, respectively. In 7 DAT, Neemarin® and ZnO exerted the highest and lowest mortality on the parasitoid pupae, respectively.  In 14 DAT, Kaolin exerted the highest mortality on the pupae of parasitoid that was followed by Kaolin + Neemarin®, Neemarin®, and thiacloprid. The maximum yield and benefit/cost ratio were observed in Kaolin + Neemarin®, followed by Kaolin treatments. 

Considering the results, ZnO NPs and Kaolin alone, or in combination to Neemarin® can be the suitable candidates as an alternative in the IPM programs of B. tabaci on the cotton field.

In this study, the fresh slices of orange were immersed in composite edible coatings including pectin (constant value, 1%), carboxymethyl cellulose (0, 1, 2%) and Humulus lupulus extract (0, 0.5 and 1%) and were kept in the refrigerator for 4, 9 and 14 days. Then, the characteristics of the samples were evaluated by qualitative tests including pH, acidity, antioxidant activity, total phenol, color properties (ΔE), vitamin C and total acceptance. In the following, the optimum conditions were determined based on the results of the tests and two samples were selected for validation tests. The optimum samples (including 1% pectin coating, 1.88% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and 1% Humulus lupulus extract) and control (without edible coating) were kept in the refrigerator for 10 days and in addition to the above tests, two tests of texture analysis (penetration test) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR analysis) were performed on them. The examination of the results showed that CMC and Humulus lupulusextracts prevented the oxidation of vitamin C. Composite edible coatings, especially in the high percentage of CMC, were able to maintain good vitamin C content in the fresh slices of orange. There was also a significant difference between the results of the control and optimum sample tests, indicating the positive effect of the edible coating used on the fresh slices of orange.