سحر دهقانی

Mask plays an important role in accepting people in society since it brings people a social image. It can be said that mask is a social necessity and can find its traces in the literature. Ihsan by his interest in fiction, just began writing stories and novels. Sane’ al-Hub is his first collection of stories. He describes what happens during his travel to Europe and about the customs and beliefs of the West.

Persona is the mask we put on or hide behind it to introduce ourselves as something different from what we really are (Schultz, 1990, p. 79). Jung divides persona into: 1-The mask that a person puts on to present himself what he is not, 2- The unreal thoughts that impede the development of his true personality. Carl Jung sees the mask that impedes people’s development harmful (Heidarian Ataabadi, 2013, pp. 29-30). Masks have positive and negative aspects. It should be stated that the positive role of mask has nothing to do with ethics.

“Dutch virgin girl” story: Here we see three masks that the characters put on in different situations: the wisdom persona, the indifference persona, and the virginity persona. The wisdom and indifference persona are the masks that the writer uses when facing the Dutch girl and the virginity persona is the mask that the Dutch girl puts on to prevent men from approaching her. Eventually this mask is removed and the truth is revealed.“The beautiful secretary” story: The characters of “the beautiful secretary” used four masks while interacting with others: composure persona, smiling persona, indifference and being bossy persona, and joking and laughing persona for hiding the seriousness of speech. The personas of composure, indifference and being bossy are the masks that Abd al-Quddous uses while dealing with women and the secretary girl. The smile mask belongs to the women who came for interview, where she used it for hiding her defects. Joking and laughing were used by the male secretary, when he had fallen in love and uses smiles and laughing.“The Russian queen” story: Here we can see two masks. The job mask that is put on by the shopkeeper and the attendants, and the richness mask that Abd al-Quddous uses to revenge, put himself in the place of rich people, and enjoy the pleasures.“A girl from London” story: As the name calls, the main character of the story is a girl who stands in front of a man and uses the smile mask to keep her composure, but she did not use this mask properly and the paralyzed man finds out when her behaviorchanges.“The virgin girl” story: Abd al-Quddous has two masks in this story. He puts on one of the masks when he is in a job situation (he is a respectable man in the situation) and the other one is used in the Hotel du Louvre (who is a reckless man). Another mask that can be seen in this story is the girl's mask (Valentine), which she wears when facing with different people and shows herself as a powerful and authoritarian person who gives orders to all others and other people obey her.The story of “The unfamiliar faces (Marseille port)”: Popularity is the persona that a Greek woman puts on in Marseille port to attract the attention and support of the people on the ship. She tries to make people love her by reciting her stories and by her behavior.The story of “unfamiliar faces (London)”: here, Abd al-Quddous became emotional when seeing the picture of a lonely man in the snow, but by pressing his lips and his hands together tried to keep calm and put the indifference mask.The story “The unfamiliar faces (Paris)”: In Paris, Abd al-Quddous visited Mr. "K" at the request of his friend. Mr. "K" always had a smile on his face while it was with hypocrisy, meanness, and cowardice, but he did not use the persona fully and did not impact favorably on his audience. So, people understand who really he is behind his smile.The story “Familiar faces (six men and a girl)”: Here, only one mask is clear for the girl. The mask is put on when the men introduce themselves one by one and they expect the girl to choose them, but smiles after the introduction to hide her feelings.The story “Familiar faces (girls)”: Here, the Palestinian immigrant girl puts on the mischief mask after emigrating and assumes and accepts the mask and does not want to forget it.The story “Familiar faces (new generation)”: This story begins when the Abd al-Quddous introduces his friend who had accidentally involved in politics and took refuge in a house to escape the punishment. He then fell in love with the daughter of the landlord. So, he do political issues and put on the mask of a political hero to get close to the girl and see her all the time.

Using the Jung's theory shows that the most mask used by the characters of Sane’ al-Hub in their social relationships is a smile that is placed on the characters' faces in different situations in order to hide the their true self. The second one is the mask of indifference that is specific to Abd al-Quddous in the stories. Such other masks as knowledge, virginity, ignorance, popularity, and hero can be seen in the novel. Moreover, the positive or negative function of a persona has nothing to do with ethics but its kind is determined only according to its conscious and unconscious use and being useful or useless in a particular situation. Only one mask was found to be negative and all others were positive and the right one had been put on at the right time. The person had been totally aware of his choice and took it off in some situations. . The “Palestinian girl” mask that the person forgets her own self is the negative mask.

In a world that is constantly growing and evolving, entrepreneurship plays an important role in the development of societies. This category is one of the emphasized axes in folk culture and oral literature. A proverb is an outstanding example of folk culture that refers to various phenomena of society with a short and melodious structure derived from a folk story. In some Arabic proverbs, direct or indirect reference is made to the most important entrepreneurial indicators such as hard work, wisdom, responsibility, individualism, opportunism and income generation, which adds to the importance of research on this issue. In the present research, an attempt is made to examine the entrepreneurship category in 200 selected Arabic proverbs by relying on the descriptive-analytical method and to extract their most important directions by emphasizing the foundations of rhetoric. The results show that the high frequency of hard work (32%) and wisdom (23%) in the discussed proverbs indicates the importance of work and effort combined with wisdom and reason among Arabs. From the rhetorical point of view, the high frequency of descriptive orientation (47%) and motivational orientation (34%) shows the development of the Arab society in explaining the working conditions to the audience and motivating and encouraging them to make continuous efforts and avoid laziness.

The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of group training in modifying the parent-child interaction pattern and stress reduction program based on mindfulness of symptoms of hyperactivity and disobedience disorder, anxiety and quality of life in children with ADHD and attention deficit disorder. A confrontation has taken place.

The present study was a quasi-experimental study in which the pre-test-post-test design was performed with the control group by baseline assessment after intervention and 3-month follow-up with the control group. A total of 36 elementary school male students were studying in 10 public boys' primary schools in District 3 of Tehran province in the academic year 1401-1400 and were randomly selected into the experimental group (mindfulness-based stress reduction program) n = 12 and control. (n = 12) were assigned. Due to the prevalence of Crohn's disease, participants completed the Demographic Questionnaire, the Disobedience Disorders Symptoms Questionnaire, the Aachenbach Behavior Inventory, and the Hyperactivity Inventory by submitting a link in three steps. Intervention sessions were conducted in person in accordance with health protocols. Hypotheses related to the effectiveness of the research intervention were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) as well as LSD post hoc tests.

The results of the present study showed that the mean of the symptoms of disobedience disorder and hyperactivity symptoms in the pre-test stage was not significantly different between the three groups, which indicates the homogeneity of the two groups in the pre-test stage, but the difference between the two groups in the post-test stage. There was a significant difference between the test and the follow-up, which could indicate the effectiveness of the intervention on the mentioned variables and also the stability of the effectiveness in the follow-up stage.

Due to the effectiveness of stress reduction program based on mindfulness, this treatment should be prioritized.

The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of group training to modify the parent-child interaction pattern and the stress reduction program based on mindfulness of hyperactivity and defiant disorder symptoms in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder.

The present study is a semi-experimental type in which a pre-test-post-test design was carried out with a control group with measurement at the baseline after the intervention and a 3-month follow-up with the control group. A number of 36 elementary school boys were studying in 10 boys' public elementary schools in the 3rd district of Tehran province in the school year of 2011-2014 and were randomly selected to the experimental group (mindfulness-based stress reduction program) n=12. Modification of parent-child interaction model) (n=12) and control (n=12) were assigned. Due to the spread of Corona, all the participants completed the demographic questionnaire (created by the researcher), the questionnaire of symptoms of disobedience disorder, the behavioral list (Achenbach and Rescular 2017) and the hyperactivity questionnaire (Swanson, Nolan and Pelham. 1981) by sending a link in three stages. . The intervention sessions were conducted face-to-face in compliance with health protocols. Hypotheses related to the effectiveness of the research intervention were analyzed using multivariate covariance analysis (MANCOVA) as well as LSD follow-up tests.

The results of the present study showed that there is no significant difference between the variable mean of disobedience disorder symptoms and hyperactivity symptoms in the pre-test stage between the three groups, which indicates the homogeneity of the three research groups in the pre-test stage, the comparison of the two test groups also showed that There is a significant difference between the two test groups in the components, and the comparison of the averages indicated that the test group of the mindfulness-based stress reduction program was more effective.

Women and their role in literature is one of the topics that is very much considered by writers. Areas of female presence include children's fiction. The study of female schemas in children's literature is of great importance because children become familiar with society and social maps and schemes and the realities around them by reading the story, and identify with the characters of the story. The story "The Golden Palace Princess" by the Egyptian writer Muhammad Atiyah al-Ibrashi as an example of children's fiction literature, it was examined with the aim of of female schemas. Therefore, the descriptive-analytical study of this story shows that women have a small presence in the text and masculine writing is clearly seen in the text and the story revolves around male characters. The female characters in the story are portrayed with negative schemas; Which can be referred to schemas such as female beauty and charm, objectification and marginalization, neglect and extreme view of women in gold. Muhammad Atiyah al-Ibrashi, by expressing old and patriarchal ideas in the form of negative schemas, intentionally or inadvertently teaches his mental schemas to his audience indirectly. And since these schemas are often negative, they have an adverse effect on the child's mind that will be irreversible.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a good candidate for regenerative medicine due to their differentiation and self-renewal properties. However, one of the leading problems is oxidative stress in the target tissue and apoptosis of transplanted stem cells before tissue repair. Pre-treatment of stem cells with antioxidants may make them resistant to oxidative stress. In this study, the antioxidant effect of gingerol on cytotoxicity and oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells and rat bone marrow examined.

In the present research study, human adipose tissue-derived and rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were incubated 4 and 6 hours for pretreatment with different concentrations of gingerol (50, 100, 200 and 400 mg / ml) and then treated with 200 μM H2O2 for 2 hours. Cytotoxicity was analyzed by MTS kit and Apoptosis was analyzed by Annexin V-FITC/PI kit. Statistical analysis was accomplished by ANOVA and Duncan tests using FlowJo and SPSS 18 softwars.

Gingerol treatment cause to a dose and time dependent manner increase in the bioavailability of human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells in all concentrations. It also decrease apoptosis in all concentrations, in a dose and time dependent manner in rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells.   

Gingerol through reduction of oxidative stress in mesenchymal stem cells, increases their efficiency in tissue regeneration.

Proliferate potential differentiate into different cell lineages and high self-renewal of Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs); thus, they are ideal tools for regenerative medicine. However, a leading problem is an oxidative stress in the target tissue and the apoptosis of transplanted stem cells before tissue repair. The pretreatment of stem cells with antioxidants may make them resistant to oxidative stress. Ginger is the main medicinal plant with antioxidant properties. This study explored the antioxidant effects of ginger extract on bioavailability and oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells and rat bone marrow examined. 

In this study, human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells and rat bone marrow were cultured in a DMEM medium with 20% FBS. The explored cells were incubated for 4 and 6 hours for pretreatment with different concentrations of ginger extract (50, 100, 200, & 400 mg/mL); then, they were treated with 200 μM H2O2 for 2 hours. Bioavailability was analyzed by ELISA reader using an MTS kit and apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry using an Annexin V-FITC/PI kit into the manufacturer’s protocol at both times. The obtained data were analyzed by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using SPSS. 

This study was approved by the Ethics Research Committee of Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University (Code: IR.IAU.SHK.REC.1397.028).

 The MTS results indicated a dose- and time-dependent manner increase in the bioavailability of human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal treated stem cells. Ginger extract treatment also dose- and time-dependently decreased the rate of apoptosis in rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. 

 Ginger extract, by reducing the oxidative stress in mesenchymal stem cells, elevates their lifespan in the target tissue, and increases the efficiency of these cells in tissue regeneration.