فهرست مطالب سعید آریاپوران

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of using Elkonin boxes on improving phonological awareness and reading fluency of students with reading learning disabilities. For this purpose, in an experimental single case design, 5 students (3 girls and 2 boys) of the third grade of primary school were selected. Using diagnostic reading test (Shirazi and Nilipour, 2005) and phonological awareness test (Dastjerdi and Soleimani, 2005), participants' reading fluency and phonological awareness were assessed before the intervention. Then, during 11 sessions, 44 words were taught to the participants individually. Finally, one week after the intervention, participants' reading fluency and phonological awareness were assessed again. In order to analyze the data, in addition to visual analysis of the chart, the recovery percentage and Wilcoxon statistical test were used. The results showed that the use of Elkonin Boxes had a statistically significant improvement in phonological awareness. Also, the reading fluency of the students participating in the study was significantly improved, both statistically and clinically. Elkonin Boxes as a phonetic and multisensory method can improve the phonological awareness and reading fluency of students with reading learning disabilities.

The study was conducted to compare the effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Relationship Enhancement (MBRE) and Emotion Focused Therapy (EFT) on Family-Functioning in Couples with low Self-disclosure. This research was a semi-experimental study with a pre-test, post-test design with experimental and control groups and 3-month follow-up. The research statistical population included all couples who were referred to non-governmental counseling centers in Kermanshah in 2023, who had low level of self-disclosure. Among them, 30 couples were selected by purposeful sampling and randomly replaced in two experimental and one control group (10 pairs each). The first experimental group underwent MBRE (Eight 90-minute couple-sessions and one full-day session) and the second experimental group underwent EFT (Nine 90-minute couple-sessions) and control group didn’t receive intervention. The research tools included the Marital Self-Disclosure Questionnaire of Waring et al. (1998) and the Family-Functioning Scale (Tavitian et al., 1983). Analysis of variance with repeated measures showed both interventions increased family-functioning (p<0.01) and this effect was maintained during the follow-up period. Also, findings of research indicated there is no difference between MBRE and EFT in improving family-functioning. According to research results, it is recommended that counselors use both approaches as an effective method to help improve couples and family’s relationship.

Mothers who are caregivers of children with severe and profound intellectual disabilities may experience psychological problems during the COVID-19 outbreak. These mothers report more stress and psychological problems than mothers of normal children. One of the major problems these caregivers face is depression. Emotional training is an effective way to help mothers of children with intellectual disabilities deal with depression. However, no research has been done on the effectiveness of emotion regulation training on depression in caregiver mothers of children with intellectual disabilities during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to explore the effectiveness of emotion regulation training on depression symptoms in caregiver mothers of children with intellectual disabilities during the COVID-19 outbreak.
 

The study used a quasi-experimental method with experimental and control groups. The study population consisted of all caregiver mothers of children with severe and profound intellectual disabilities in Razan City, Iran. The study randomly selected 22 mothers with severe depression symptoms for the experimental and control groups. The experimental group received emotional regulation training in 8 weekly sessions (90 hours), while the control group did not receive any training during the sessions. The data was collected using a short form of the depression inventory, and analysis of covariance with repeated measures was used to analyze the data.
 

The results showed that 42.86% of mothers had symptoms of severe depression. The study found that emotional regulation training was effective in reducing depression in caregiver mothers of children with severe and profound mental disabilities (p <0.05).
 

Based on the study, it is recommended that parents of children with ADHD be educated about the negative consequences of screen time (SB). Parents should be encouraged to engage in physical activities with their children, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Strengthening home sports activities can be beneficial for both parents and children with ADHD. Workshops on managing screen time can be held online or face-to-face for mothers. Psychological strategies to reduce caregiver distress can also be effective in managing the screen time of children with ADHD. Mothers who are caregivers of children with severe and profound intellectual disabilities may experience psychological problems during the COVID-19 outbreak. These mothers report more stress and psychological problems than mothers of normal children. One of the major problems these caregivers face is depression. Emotional training is an effective way to help mothers of children with intellectual disabilities deal with depression. However, no research has been done on the effectiveness of emotion regulation training on depression in caregiver mothers of children with intellectual disabilities during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to explore the effectiveness of emotion regulation training on depression symptoms in caregiver mothers of children with intellectual disabilities during the COVID-19 outbreak.

Due to the existence of some characteristics of students with intellectual disabilities (ID) and the non-applicability of some diagnostic criteria to the symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in these people, the diagnosis of ADHD in students with ID may not be considered or its prevalence may be estimated much lower than the actual rate. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of symptoms of ADHD in students with ID and its relationship with mother’s compassion fatigue. The present research method was descriptive-analytical. The research sample consisted of 105 students with intellectual disabilities. To collect data, the child behavior checklist (Achenbach & Rescorla, 2001) and the compassion fatigue questionnaire (Abdollahzadeh Rafi et al., 2022) were used. The results showed that 58.1% of students with ID show signs of ADHD at the clinical level. Also, compassion fatigue had a positive relationship with the increase in the severity of symptoms of ADHD in students with ID (p<0.05). The high prevalence of ADHD symptoms in students with ID reminds us of the need to address this problem. Also, to reduce the symptoms of ADHD in students with ID, it is necessary to consider the compassion fatigue of their mothers.

Today, it is known that employees who have higher psychological well-being will be more resistant to stress and maintain physical and mental well-being and happiness in the face of stress. In fact, psychological well-being includes performance and satisfaction, reducing stress, reducing absenteeism, and related organizational performance and behaviors (3). Meanwhile, the organizational moral climate is one of the influencing variables on psychological well-being. Ethical climate not only determines decision-making and its behavioral consequences in response to two ways and ethical issues, but also determines ethical criteria for understanding, evaluating and solving these issues (4).Another variable related to psychological well-being is organizational health. The role of organizational health in the psychological well-being of employees is such that in occupational health issues, it is mainly used to refer to the health status of employees, and one of the main methods of measuring it is to examine the psychological well-being of people. Because in a healthy organization, employees will work without any physical, mental, occupational stress and in complete peace, which provides the grounds for the productivity of the organization on the one hand and the productivity of the employees on the other hand. (8). Pivotal self-evaluations are also one of the variables that can affect how employees evaluate and react to their work environment and actually adjust psychological well-being. Pivotal self-evaluations as evaluations and measurements The basis that people do based on their values, abilities, talents and qualifications has been defined (9). In other words, core self-evaluations refer to a person's conclusions about who he is and how he perceives himself. This concept consists of four dimensions: self-esteem, self-efficacy, skill level, emotional stability, and low neuroticism (10).It can be said that due to the fact that the psychological well-being of the employees of the organizations is of special importance and the improvement of the psychological well-being of the employees helps to improve the level of public health in the society and on the other hand, the identification of important factors and Effectiveness in increasing psychological well-being is important and necessary, and since according to the searches carried out in previous researches, a research simultaneously deals with the effect of organizational ethical climate, organizational health and self-evaluation centered on psychological well-being. It was not observed, therefore, the present study examined the effect of these factors on psychological well-being.

To conduct the current applied research, which is a correlation-survey type and was approved by the ethics committee in research of the Islamic Azad University of Sanandaj, with the code of ethics number IR.IAU.SDJ.REC.1400.061. The researcher first went to the central branch of the National Bank of Alborz province and after explaining the purpose of the research and getting the satisfaction of the officials, he went to the branches of the National Bank of Alborz province with the introduction letter in hand, and among the employees of all the branches (761 people), 274 people were selected using the sample method. Multi-stage cluster sampling of the Plant formula was determined as a sample, and for more validity, 327 people were selected as a sample. Finally, in order to collect the necessary data, standard questionnaires were used in this research, which include: psychological well-being (Reif, 2000), organizational health (Hoy and Feldman, 1996), organizational ethical climate ( Powell, 2000) and core self-evaluation (Judge et al., 2003). In the end, spss23 and LISREL statistical software and structural equation method were used to analyze the data.

According to what is shown in the above table: the psychological well-being variable has a strong positive relationship with moral atmosphere (0.619), self-evaluation (0.613), organizational health (0.459) at the significance level of 0.1 It has 0. The variable of self-evaluation has a moderate positive relationship with moral climate (0.467) and organizational health (0.32) at a significance level of 0.01. After evaluating the measurement model, the structural model of the research was tested using the structural equation modeling method. In this model (Chart 1), it was assumed that organizational health and moral climate are related to psychological well-being through self-evaluation. Examining the fit indices obtained from the structural model test of the research showed that, as expected, the obtained chi-square showed the fit of the model with the data (p < 0.05, df = 720, df = 720 (2c = 1322.972). ), other fit indices were also examined (DF2=1.837, CFI=0.914, GFI=0.9, AGFI=0.81 and RMSEA=0.051) and it was observed that indicates the acceptable fit of the model with the data. Table 4 shows the coefficients of the path of organizational health and moral climate with psychological well-being with the mediation of self-evaluation in the structural model.

The findings show that the coefficient of the indirect mediating path of central self-evaluation between moral climate and organizational health is significant. In explaining this hypothesis, it can be said that moral climate and organizational health, with the mediation of self-evaluation, are the key components that make psychological well-being definable for employees. Psychological well-being includes emotional responses of people, satisfaction with life and judgment about the quality of life. The findings of this research prove the claim that moral climate, organizational health and central self-evaluation have an effect on psychological well-being.The research findings also show that the coefficient of the direct path between organizational ethical climate and psychological well-being is significant. In explaining this finding, it can be said that psychological well-being requires an emotional inner state that arises as a psychological response to the work environment, this inner emotional state is created by trust, cooperation, cohesion, autonomy, mutual support. , the preservation of moral values ​​or a combination of these factors, which is one of the clear characteristics of an ethical atmosphere in the organization, arises (18). The findings of the research also show that the coefficient of the indirect path between the organizational ethical climate and the psychological well-being of National Bank employees is significant. In explaining this finding, it can be said that moral climate is considered as a positive situational resource that has a positive effect on people's work experiences. Self-centered evaluation also acts as a positive personality resource, which on the other hand allows people to invest in acquiring additional resources, which in turn leads to positive personal returns for them. and on the other hand, it can be used as a kick for the threats of a person's resources when he is faced with unfavorable conditions. Moral climate is a situational resource that provides favorable conditions that activate the process of self-regulation of people with high self-evaluations to invest individual resources in order to acquire positive resources. The result of this is the increase in the well-being of employees. (19).The research findings also show that the indirect path coefficient between organizational health and psychological well-being of National Bank employees is significant. In explaining this finding, it can be said that the unconscious conclusions andevaluations that people make about themselves can effectively affect the employees' sense of usefulness in the organization, and when the organization provides an environment where employees feel achieve personal growth and development, they like and accept most of the exciting work that provides inner satisfaction, and they will look for responsibility and opportunities for career advancement and success, and in fact, in a healthy organization, people are interested in their workplace. They are forthcoming, committed, conscientious, and benefit from high morale and performance, all of which lead to employees' life satisfaction.

The present study was conducted to examine the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on levels of self-criticism and suicidal ideations in adolescents with self-harm. The research method was semi-experimental which was carried out with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the research included male adolescents in the age range of 13-18 years in Ardabil city in the second half of 2022. The research sample consisted of 30 adolescents who were selected by the purposeful sampling method and randomly replaced in experimental (15 adolescents) and control groups (15 adolescents). The self-criticism level scale of Thompson and Zoroff and the Beck suicidal ideation questionnaire were used to collect data. For the experimental group, eight 90-minute sessions of ACT were performed. Data analysis were done with the multivariate analysis of covariance test. Based on the findings, ACT was effective on comparative self-criticism, internal self-criticism, and suicidal ideations in adolescents with self-mutilation. Therefore, according to the results, ACT can reduce the levels of self-criticism and suicidal ideations in adolescents with self-mutilation. Therefore, counselors and therapists can use the mentioned treatment method to reduce the levels of self-criticism and suicidal ideations of adolescents.

The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of emotion regulation therapy on the improvement of shame and guilt emotion and co-rumination in adolescents with self-harm. The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group. The statistical population of the research included all male teenagers in the age range of 13-18 years in Ardabil city in the second half of 2022. The number of the research sample was 30 people, who were selected by purposive sampling and randomly replaced in 2 groups (emotion regulation treatment, 15 people, and the control group, 15 people). To collect data, the Shame and Guilt Readiness Scale (Gasp) (Cohen et al., 2011), the Beck Suicide Scale Ideation (BSSI) (Beck, 1979), and the Co-Rumination Questionnaire (CRQ) (Rose, 2002) were used. Eight 75-minute sessions of emotion regulation training were provided for the experimental group. Data analysis was done by multivariate covariance analysis test. The findings showed that by controlling the effect of the pre-test, there was a significant difference between the average of the post-test emotion of shame and guilt and common rumination in the two experimental and control groups at the level of 0.01. The obtained results indicated the effectiveness of emotion regulation treatment in improving feelings of shame and guilt and common rumination in adolescents with self-mutilation.

Positive psychology considers mental health to be equivalent to positive psychological function and conceptualized it in the form of the term psychological well-being. From this point of view, psychological well-being means optimal psychological functioning. Well-being does not mean getting pleasure, but it is an effort to transcend and improve in the realization of one's talents and abilities. This means that psychological well-being should be considered as happiness that is obtained through facing life's challenges, problems, and needs, not happiness that is obtained through having fun and not having any conflicts and conflicts, and not by having a uniform life without a change that has been achieved. Based on this, psychological well-being includes striving for perfection and realizing one's real potential forces. Well-being is a comprehensive process that spans the lifespan. Basic psychological needs are another variable that has a significant impact on psychological well-being. As a living being, a person has a series of basic needs, which become more complicated with the mind and the environment. These needs include the need for autonomy, the need for competence, and the need for relatedness. The need for competence means a person's ability to do the task and to what extent the person can achieve his goals and feels useful in achieving his goals, and the need for communication means a relationship with those who are important to the person and Or they support him and he feels connected with them. Satisfying these three basic needs is necessary for the progress and promotion of human beings, on the other hand when a person fails to meet these needs, incompatibility is formed, as stated by the science of psychopathology. Resilience is another variable that is related to psychological well-being. A person's successful coping with stressful factors and difficult situations is called resilience. Resilience is not just passive resistance against injuries or threatening conditions, a resilient person is an active participant and builder of his environment. Resilience is a person's ability to establish biological-psychological and spiritual balance in the face of dangerous conditions and a kind of self-restoration, which is associated with positive emotional, emotional, and cognitive consequences. It can be said that keeping in mind that the psychological well-being of the employees of the organizations is of special importance and improving the level of psychological well-being of the employees helps to improve the level of public health in society and on the other hand identifying the factors It is important and effective in increasing psychological well-being, and since it is based on the research done in previous researches, research is carried out at the same time to investigate the effect of mindfulness, basic psychological needs, and resilience. It was not found that the research has focused on psychological well-being, so the present study investigated the effect of these factors on psychological well-being.

This descriptive study was a survey type and its statistical population included all the employees of the National Bank of Alborz province in the year 1400 number of 761 people and with the method of multi-stage cluster-random sampling using the Plant formula. 327 people were selected. The validity of each item was confirmed by the professors and experts through the content validity method, and the reliability of the questionnaire was also confirmed through Cronbach's alpha. The structural equation method was used to analyze the data using spss23 and LISREL statistical software and to test the hypotheses.

The research findings indicate that the coefficient of the indirect path of resilience and psychological need and mindfulness at the level of 0.01 has a significant effect on the psychological well-being model. According to the acceptable cut-off points, the fit for each of the questionnaires of psychological well-being, mindfulness, resilience, and psychological needs is optimally estimated.

The results of the research showed that mindfulness, basic psychological needs, and resilience predict psychological well-being as indicators and meaningfully. In general, it can be said that the results of the research indicate that mindfulness, basic psychological needs, and resilience predict psychological well-being as indicators and significance. This means that the training of mindfulness, basic psychological needs, and resilience in the form of in-service courses and along with performing defined activities creates or increases skills that these skills are in the aspect of They affect psychological well-being. With the results of this research in mind, it can be said that if the bank provides a suitable environment for increasing mental awareness, basic psychological needs, and resilience in employees, the level of psychological well-being will also increase in employees. The limitations of this research are as follows: the information of this research was collected through self-report (questionnaires) and this issue may affect the validity of the findings, so be careful with organizations and banks. Others should be generalized. Also, because the present research was carried out with caution during the corona epidemic and the stress and difficult working conditions of employees and adverse psychological conditions, its results should be available to others. The suggestions that can be made with the results of the research in mind are: with the help of training to the employees and also by providing past experiences and knowledge to increase the resilience among the employees because this causes psychological well-being. The number of employees will increase, and this will make the employees not lose their decision-making power in critical moments because one of the characteristics of the National Bank is that it does not give the employees the power to make decisions, and it has caused some From time to time, employees have to take orders from their superiors for any simple matter, for this reason, it is recommended that this issue be included in the bank's human resources strategies. Finally, bearing in mind that in the current study, the effect of mindfulness, basic psychological needs, and resilience on the psychological well-being of bank employees has been examined, it is suggested that future researchers investigate the relationship or effect of these variables with Check other variables.

Past research has shown that compassion fatigue is seen in parents of children with special needs. however, there is no suitable tool to measure it for this group. The aim of this study was to Development and evaluation the psychometric properties of the Compassion Fatigue Scale in mothers with children with special needs. The research method was descriptive. The study population consisted of all mothers of students with special needs in Arak city in the academic year 1399-1400. 171 mothers who met the inclusion criteria were selected by convenience sampling method. In addition to the Compassion Fatigue Questionnaire, the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (Lovibond and Lovibond, 1995) was used to collect data. Pearson correlation coefficient, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and Cronbach's alpha were used to analyze the data. The results of exploratory factor analysis and the correlation coefficient of the questionnaire factors with its total score showed that the compassionate fatigue questionnaire has construct validity. Also, the predictive validity of the questionnaire was confirmed (r = 0.61, p <0.001). The retest results confirmed the reliability of the questionnaire (r = 0.70, p = 0.001). The construct validity of the questionnaire was also confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. Also, the internal consistency of the questionnaire, which was examined with Cronbach's alpha, was desirable (0.78). Therefore, the Compassion Fatigue Questionnaire has sufficient validity and reliability to assess the compassion fatigue of mothers with children with special needs.

The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of compassion fatigue in the relationship between maternal emotional problems and emotional and behavioral problems of children with special needs.

The research method is correlation. The population of this study included all mothers of children with special needs in primary school in Arak. 171 people were selected as a sample from this population using random cluster sampling method. The measurements of this study were the Compassion Fatigue Questionnaire, the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS), and the Child Behavioral Checklist.

The results showed that there was a statistically significant positive relationship between maternal compassion fatigue and emotional and behavioral problems of children with special needs (P < 0.001). While the direct effect of maternal emotional problems on emotional and behavioral problems of children with special needs is not significant, the mother's emotional problems have a direct effect on compassion fatigue, which is statistically significant (P = 0.001); Also, maternal compassion fatigue directly affects the emotional and behavioral problems of children with special needs (P = 0.001).

Maternal emotional problems increase compassion fatigue and with increasing maternal compassion fatigue, children's emotional and behavioral problems with special needs increase.

home caregivers of the older adults have psychological problems that require interventions to solve these problems. The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of cognitive therapy based on mindfulness on resilience and suicidal thoughts of older adult’s home caregivers.

The research method was semi-experimental and pre-test, post-test with a control group. The statistical population of this research included all the family caregivers of the older adults who referred to the welfare organization of Babol city in the second half of 1400, and 30 people (15 people in the experimental group and 15 people in the control group) were selected by convenience sampling. Data collection tools were Connor and Davidson's resilience questionnaires (2003) and Beck's (1987) suicidal ideation questionnaire. Cognitive therapy intervention based on mindfulness was performed on the experimental group and the control group did not receive any intervention. Data analysis was done with descriptive tests (mean and standard deviation) and covariance analysis using SPSS version 24 software. P value less than 0.05 was considered significant.

In the resilience variable, the mean and standard deviation of the experimental group in the pre-test was 27.02±4.42 and in the post-test 39.67±5.51 and in the variable of suicidal thoughts, the mean and standard deviation of the experimental group in the pre-test 18.27±2.74 in the test and 10.93±1.83 in the post-test. The results of covariance analysis also showed that mindfulness had an effect on resilience and suicidal thoughts of older adults home caregivers (P<0.01).

Based on the findings of the research, cognitive therapy based on mindfulness can be used to increase resilience and reduce suicidal thoughts in home caregivers of the older adults.

Corona disease or Covid-19, which is a serious and unprecedented threat to life and health, started in China in December 2019 and quickly spread to all over the world. The continuous spread of this disease and serious measures to control it, including closing schools, has affected the mental health of adolescent’s students. Researches in the outbreak of covid-19 have reported the depression rate of adolescents between 25.2% and 57%. During the period of Covid-19, the prevalence of depression in the general population of Iran was between 7.9% and 42.3%. Among the depression-related variables that are more common in adolescents than in other age groups is co-rumination, which refers to excessive talking about problems and is characterized by repeating problems, speculating about problems, and focusing on negative emotions. Research in the outbreak of covid-19 showed the relationship between co-rumination and depression in people 18 years and older. Adolescents have co-rumination in all communication methods, especially face-to-face, and co-rumination leads to negative emotions in them. In addition, one of the consequences of co-rumination in adolescents is depression problems.Due to the fact that depression has increased in adolescents during the Covid-19 and its relationship with common rumination has been confirmed, therefore it is necessary to pay attention to psychological treatments to reduce depression and co-rumination in adolescents. One of the therapeutic methods is emotion regulation, which is dealing with emotions and actively looking for solutions to improve them, which leads to positive psychological results. The effects of this therapy on psychological problems, especially adolescent depression, have been confirmed. No research has been published about the effectiveness of emotion regulation therapy on co-rumination until this research was conducted. But research has shown that emotion regulation therapy has been effective on adolescents' rumination.Among the therapies that have received attention in recent years is time perspective. Time perspective is "the often non-conscious personal attitude that each of us holds towards time and the process whereby the continual flow of existence is bundled into time categories that help to give order, coherence, and meaning to our lives." Time perspective therapy is a new time-based therapy that focuses on clients' perceptions of their past, present, and future. This treatment has had a significant effect on the time balance and anxiety and social well-being of adolescents. The effectiveness of this therapy on depression and rumination has been confirmed. Therefore, the aim of the present study was the effectiveness of emotion regulation and time perspective therapies on depression and co-rumination of adolescent students in the outbreak of covid-19.This research was the quasi-experimental research (pre-test, post-test and follow-up with a control group). The statistical population of this research was made up of all male students of the second secondary level (7th to 12th grade) with depression symptoms in Gilan-E-Gharb city, Kermanshah, Iran. After the initial screening and interview with the support of school counselors, 64 adolescents ‘students had symptoms of depression and 58 of them agreed to participate in therapy sessions. 57 people were randomly replaced in three groups: emotion regulation treatment (19 people), time perspective treatment (19 people) and control group (19 people). It should be noted that adolescent students were matched in three groups based on their educational level. One remaining person was placed in the control group due to research ethics. After holding the meetings and due to the drop of the sample, 17 people were finally evaluated in each group. Data were collected using the short form of the Beck Depression and the Co-Rumination Scales. For the first experimental group, emotional regulation therapy was performed in eight sessions, and for the second experimental group, intervention based on time perspective was performed in eight sessions. Finally, the data were analyzed using the analysis of variance test with repeated measure, Tukey and Bonferroni post hoc tests.The results showed that emotion regulation therapy was effective in reducing depression and co-rumination in the post-test and follow-up, and the effectiveness of emotion regulation therapy was greater than time perspective therapy. Also, the results showed that the emotion regulation and time perspective therapies were effective in reducing co-rumination in the post-test and follow-up, and no significant difference was observed between the effectiveness of emotion regulation and time perspective therapies in reducing co-rumination.Emotion regulation therapy by providing strategies such as recognizing emotions and reappraisal of negative and positive emotions not only leads to an increase in emotional awareness, but also causes people to manage their emotions in a positive way. Therefore, adolescents who experience symptoms of depression during the period of Covid-19, by receiving the therapeutic techniques of this therapy, including emotional reappraisal, can understand the psychological symptoms, including depression, and the negative emotions related to it, including sadness, and this can reduce depression and co-rumination. The time perspective therapy is based on techniques such as checking the dimensions of the past, present and future time perspective and makes people change their negative time perspective towards the past, present and future to positive perspectives. Therefore, these techniques help depressed adolescents to change the negative past, deterministic present and negative future into positive aspects, and this causes them to evaluate the negative experiences of the past with a positive view and to evaluate their current life as well. In addition, this therapy causes adolescent students to reduce negative predictions about the future and change these predictions with positive ones. In other words, this therapy creates time balance in people, and this causes them to reduce depression and co-rumination related to it.The limitations of this research were the sample selection among adolescent boys, the two-month follow-up period, and the lack of sample screening based on the co-rumination. The results showed that emotion regulation and time perspective therapies were effective in reducing depression symptoms and co-rumination of adolescent students in the outbreak of covid-19. Therefore, psychological therapists are recommended to use emotion regulation and time perspective therapies to reduce the symptoms of depression and co-rumination in adolescents. In addition, the training of these two therapies is also suggested to school counselors; because this causes them to learn these two methods of therapy and use them in necessary cases to reduce the psychological problems of adolescent students.

The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of psychological problems of mothers of ADHD children in the COVID-19 outbreak: the role of social support, social problem-solving and resilience. 136 mothers participated in the study by convenience sampling method and completed the Depression, Anxiety and Stress, Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale, Revised Social Problem-Solving Inventory (Short Form) and resilience scale (Short Form) were used to collect the data. Descriptive results showed that 41.91% of mothers had moderate to very severe depression, 58.82% had moderate to very severe anxiety, and 49.27% had moderate to very severe stress. There is a significant negative relationship between social support, positive social problem-solving styles (positive orientation and logical style) and resilience with psychological problems and a negative relationship between negative social problem-solving styles with psychological problems. The stepwise regression results confirmed the significant role of negative social problem-solving styles, positive social problem-solving styles, resilience and social support in predicting the psychological problems of mothers of ADHD children in the Covid-19 outbreak, respectively. Based on the results, strengthening the social support and paying attention to psychological strategies based on positive social problem solving and resilience to reduce the psychological problems of mothers with ADHD children is recommended.

One of the psychological factors that have complicated relationship with chronic diseases and physical problems is distress and frustration intolerance. The more a person tolerates stressful events, the less he has physical problems. Meanwhile, the mediating role of latent anger in the relationship between frustration intolerance and physical problems as a mechanism of this relationship has been neglected. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating role of latent anger in the relationship between frustration intolerance and physical problems.

Methods and Materials:

 The method of present study was non-experimental causal type. The statistical population included all men and women over 18 years of age in 1400. The sample size was 302 people who were selected from the statistical population by convenience sampling. Due to the outburst of Covid-19 disease, sampling was performed in cyberspace. The links to the online questionnaire containing the Failure Tolerance Questionnaire (Harrington, 2005), STAXI-2 State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 (Spielberger, 1999) and the Physical Symptoms Scale (Hagiwara, 1992) were made available on Instagram, WhatsApp and Telegram virtual networks and the sample group was asked to answer the questions. Pearson correlation coefficient and path analysis method were used to investigate the research question. Data were analyzed using version 26 of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS-26) and Partial Least Squares-version 4 (Smart PLS 4).

The results showed that the indirect effects of frustration intolerance on muscular (β=-0.058, P<0.01), general (β=-0.076, P<0.01) and cardiovascular responses (β=-0.075, P<0.01) through latent anger were statistically significant.

The experience of failure beyond tolerance of individuals causes unpleasant emotions such as uncontrolled anger, which in turn causes physiological effects such as increased blood pressure and heart rate, which ultimately damage the cardiovascular system, muscles and general body responses.

The rapid extent of the internet and the social networks play an important role in the prevalence of internet infidelity in Iranian couples. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of internet infidelity in couples and the role of spiritual well-being, forgiveness, and marital self-disclosure in discriminating the couples with and without internet infidelity. The survey research method was correlation with the discrimination analysis method. The Statistical population included all couples under 40 years old in 4 cities in Iran (N=7000) 387 couples (387 females and 387 males) were selected by stratified random sampling method in 2019. Spiritual Health Paloutzian and Ellison 1991 Decisional and Emotional Forgiveness Hook 2007, Marital Disclosure Waring, Holden et al. 1998 and internet infidelity Docan-Morgan and Docan 2007 Scales were used for data collection. The data were analyzed using discriminant analysis. Results showed that 24.34% of couples (20.90% internet-friendly activities, 16.14% internet emotional activities, and 30.42% internet sexual activities) had internet infidelity and the amount of internet infidelity and its dimensions were higher in men than women. Results showed that marital self-disclosure (especially, sexual and imbalance self-disclosure), spirituality well-being (especially, religious well-being), and emotional forgiveness had a significant role in predicting group membership in couples with and without internet infidelity. In other words, these variables predicted the membership in both groups (P value =0.01). Based on the results of the present study, psychologists and family counselors can identify the predictive variables of internet infidelity, and provide marital counseling by strengthening them.

The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation of components of child-parent and student-teacher relationships with the tendency to critical thinking in sixth grade students. A sample of 217 students was selected by convenience sampling method. Parents and teachers respectively filled out Critical Thinking Disposition Scale, Pianta’s Child-Parent Relationship Scale, and Pianta’s Student-Teacher Relationship Scale. The results revealed a significant positive correlation between children's critical thinking and variables of closeness and conflicts in child-parent relationship. There was also a positive correlation between children’s tendency to critical thinking and variables of student-teacher dependence and closeness. According to the regression results, student-teacher closeness was the strongest predicting variable for critical thinking. Parents with an associate diploma and bachelor’s degree were more likely to have children with critical thinking. Also, teachers with master’s degree had more students with critical thinking than teacher with bachelor's and associate diploma.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of emotion regulation and time perspective therapies on anxiety and emotional dysregulation in adolescents during the COVID-19 outbreak. The research method was quasi-experimental design (pre-test, post-test and follow-up with control group). The statistical population of this study consisted of all male seventh to twelfth grade students in the Gilan-E-Gharb city(N=1050). The statistical sample included 51 adolescents with anxiety symptoms who were replaced in three groups of emotion regulation therapy, time perspective therapy, and control group. Each two experiments groups were under treatment, 8 sessions of 90 minutes per week. The Beck Anxiety Inventory and the Emotional Dysregulation scale were used to collect data. Analysis of variance with repeated measure and Tukey and Bonferroni post hoc tests were used to analyze the data. The results showed that emotion regulation and time perspective therapies were effective in reducing the symptoms of anxiety and emotional dysregulation. In addition, emotion regulation therapy was more effective in anxiety and emotional dysregulation than time perspective therapy. Based on the results, emotion regulation and time perspective therapies (especially emotion regulation), it is recommended to reduce psychological problems such as anxiety and emotional dysregulation in adolescents.

COVID-19 is a major threat to the physical and psychological health. Using a mobile for children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) for classroom activities in the COVID-19 outbreak and the attractiveness of using it may make them more likely to experience sedentary behaviors (SB). SB are a distinct class of activities in which very low energy is consumed and is performed sitting or lying down. SB are associated with general ADHD symptoms. Also, an increase in parents' SB has led to an increase in SB in children. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between demographic and psychological characteristics and sedentary behavior in children with ADHD in the outbreak of Corona. Investigating the prevalence of SB in children with ADHD during the COVID-19 outbreak and the role of demographic variables, maternal SB and CDA in mothers is very important in terms of psychological programs in reducing the psychological effects of Covid-19.

The research method was descriptive-correlation. Among mothers of ADHD children, 136 mothers participated in the study by convenience sampling method. A Demographic Characteristics Questionnaire, Child Weekly Screen Time Scale (Sanders et al, 2016; Gingold et al, 2014; cited in Ariapooran, Hajimoradi, & Mousavi, 2020), and CDA (Alipour et al, 2020) Scales were used to collect the data. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and stepwise regression.

According to results, the mean of SB in ADHD children in the Covid-19 outbreak was 30.84 hours and the highest mean was related to watching TV and playing games with handheld devices. Girls were less involved than boys in SB (p <0.05). Mother-child interaction and mothers' daily exercise positively and watching TV, searching social networks, and mothers CDA negatively correlated with SB in ADHD children (p <0.05). The results of stepwise regression confirmed the role of CDA, Mothers SB, mother-child interaction in predicting the SB in ADHD children (p <0.05).

The results showed a high mean hour of SB in children with ADHD during the COVID-19 outbreak; it is recommended that parents be educated about the negative consequences of SB. In addition, according to negative relationship between parents' interaction with children and exercise and physical activity in parents with a decrease in SB of ADHD children's, strengthening sports activities, especially home sports activities in COVID-19 conditions should be suggested, and it is better to provide the necessary education based on parent-child interaction. Due to the positive relationship between parental SB and SB in ADHD children, it is recommended that ways to manage SB for mothers be held as online or face-to-face workshops.

COVID-19 has caused psychological problems in athletes. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Corona Disease Anxiety (CDA) and the role of sport mindfulness and mental toughness in predicting it in bodybuilding athletes. The research method was descriptive-correlation. The statistical population of this study consisted of all bodybuilding athletes in Malayer, from which 267 athletes were selected by convenience sampling method. The CDA, Sport Mindfulness and Mental Toughness scales were used to collect the data. Pearson correlation and stepwise regression were used to analyze the data. The results showed that 40.82% of bodybuilding athletes had moderate to severe CDA. The results of stepwise regression showed that sport mindfulness (refocusing) and mental toughness (control and challenge) played a significant role in predicting CDA. According to the results, sports psychologist's attention to psychological problems, especially CDA in bodybuilding athletes in the COVID-19 outbreak is necessary to be able to provide the necessary planning for psychological training based on sport mindfulness and mental toughness to reduce CDA.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between self-knowledge and academic procrastination by mediating role of satisfaction of basic psychological needs and cyberspace addiction in secondary school students. The method of this research was correlational of structural equations. The research population was all secondary students (N= 7450) in Malayer city. Sample group (n= 515) was selected based on Cochran formula and cluster random sampling. Each participant completed a questionnaire including Academic Procrastination Scale, Basic Psychological Needs Scale, Cyberspace Addiction scale, and Integrative Self-Knowledge Questionnaire. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation and path analysis method using SPSS-26 and AMOS-24. The results showed that the direct effects of self-knowledge on basic psychological needs (autonomy, competence, and relatedness) (β > 0.35) and cyberspace addiction (β = -0.50) were significant. Among the basic needs, the effect of the need for competence on procrastination was significant (β = 0.36), while the needs of relatedness and autonomy had no significant effects on procrastination. The effect of cyberspace addiction on procrastination was also significant (β = 0.46). The indirect effect of self-knowledge on academic procrastination through basic psychological needs and cyberspace addiction was also significant (β = -0.49). Research findings show that self-knowledge can be effective in reducing academic procrastination by satisfying basic psychological needs and reducing cyberspace addiction. Therefore, by providing an environment that supports basic needs in school and family, students' academic procrastination can be prevented.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused numerous psychological problems in society, and mothers of young children are among those at risk for these problems. The present study aimed to assess the prevalence of Covid-19-induced Anxiety in mothers with young children and the role of spiritual well-being and attachment to God in the prediction of this anxiety.

The present study was conducted based on a descriptive-correlational design. The statistical population included all mothers with young children in Malayer city. The statistical sample included 132 mothers with young children who were randomly selected from pediatrician's clinics. Corona Disease Anxiety, Spiritual Well-Being, and Attachment to God Scales were used to collect data.

The results demonstrated that 64.39% and 21.22% of mothers with young children had moderate and severe Corona disease anxiety, respectively. The results of the Pierson correlation indicated that spiritual well-being (existential well-being and religious well-being) and attachment to God (God as a haven and positive perception of God) were negatively correlated with Corona disease anxiety in mothers of young children (P<0.05). Based on the results of stepwise regression, spiritual well-being (β=-0.48) and attachment to God (β=-0.17) had a significant negative role in the prediction of Corona disease anxiety.

As evidenced by the results of this study, it is suggested to strengthen the spiritual well-being and attachment to God in the outbreak of COVID-19 and provide psychological strategies based on spirituality and attachment to God to reduce Corona disease anxiety in mothers with young children.

Mothers of children with severe and profound intellectual disabilities suffer from psychological problems in the COVID-19 outbreak. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of emotion regulation training on fatigue and boredom in mothers of children with severe and profound intellectual disabilities in the COVID-19 outbreak. The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test and control groups. The statistical population of this study consisted of all mothers of children with severe and profound intellectual disabilities in Razan city in 2020. Through convenience Among them, 22 mothers had severe symptoms of fatigue and boredom, which were randomly replaced in the experimental and control groups. The Assessment of Fatigue Scale (AFS; DeVries et al., 2003) and Multidimensional Boredom Scale (MBS; Fahlman et al., 2009) were used for collecting the data. The emotion regulation was trained for the experimental group in 8 sessions, and the control group did not receive any training during the sessions. Analysis of variance with repeated measures was used to analyze the data. The results showed that emotion regulation training was effective in reducing fatigue and boredom in mothers of children with severe and profound mental disabilities (p <0.05). According to the results, emotion regulation training to reduce fatigue and boredom of mothers of children with severe and profound mental disabilities in the COVID-19 outbreak is recommended.

The coronavirus and its prevalence in the community cause many psychological problems. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the marital adjustment and disputes among couples during the outbreak of COVID-19. The research method was causal-comparative. The statistical population of this study consisted of all couples under 40 in one of the cities in western of Iran. Of these couples, 79 participated in the study offline and online. For data collection, the Revised Dyadic Adjustment Scale [RDAS] (Basby et al, 1995) and the Researcher-Made Scale of Marital Disputes (2021) were used. Paired Sample t-test was used to analyze the data. The results showed that among couples, the marital adjustment mean and its dimensions (Consensus, satisfaction and cohesion) decreased and the rate of marital disputes (shouting, verbal aggression, physical fights, silent treatment, intimidation, insult and humiliation) increased during the outbreak of COVID-19. The results have important implications for the marital consequences of the COVID-19 among couples, and online and offline planning to reduce marital strife is suggested.

The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence of suicide ideation (SI) in students in the COVID-19 outbreak: the role of attachment to God, spiritual well-being and psychological resilience.

The research method was descriptive-correlation. Among the students of Malayer University and Payame Noor University of Semnan, 311 students participated in the research by convenience sampling method. Beck SI, the short form of God Attachment, the Spiritual well-being, and the short form of resilience scales were used to collect the data. Pearson correlation and multivariate stepwise regression were used to analyze the data.

The results showed that 13.51% of students in COVID-19 outbreak had SI and 0.96% were ready to commit suicide. Single students had a higher mean in SI than married students. The mean of SI in second- and fourth-year students was higher than in the first- and third-year students. There was a negative correlation between attachment to God, spiritual well-being, and psychological resilience with SI. Based on the results of multivariate stepwise regression, psychological resilience, attachment to God, and spiritual well-being had a significant negative role in predicting SI of students in the COVID-19 outbreak, respectively.

According to the results, attention to attachment to God, spiritual well-being and psychological resilience and education based on these variables can reduce SI in students in pandemic conditions such as COVID-19.