سعید قائینی

The dysfunction of pancreatic islets plays a crucial role in the development of diabetes. Considering the positive effects of aerobic training and the protective role of vitamin D3 in reducing metabolic disorders, including diabetes, this study aimed to investigate the impact of aerobic training and vitamin D3 supplementation and their interactions on pancreatic islet morphology and insulin resistance index in type 2 diabetes rat model induced by high-fat diet (HFD) and low-dose streptozotocin (STZ).

In this experimental study, 40 male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to non-diabetic included in this experiment. Eight rats were assigned to the normal control group (C) and fed a standard diet. To induce type 2 diabetes, the remaining rats (n = 32) were fed a HFD for 6 weeks, followed by a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of streptozotocin (STZ) at a dose of 40 mg per kilogram of body weight. Diabetic rats were divided into four equal groups: diabetic (DC), aerobic training (DE), vitamin D3 supplementation (DD3), and aerobic training combined with vitamin D3 supplementation (DD3E). Aerobic training consisted of treadmill running five times a week. Vitamin D3 supplementation involved a weekly i.p. injection of 10,000 units. Plasma insulin and fasting glucose levels were measured. Statistical analyses were performed using One-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's post-hoc comparisons tests. Values are reported as mean ± SD and the level of significance has been considered at (p < 0.05).

Type 2 diabetes resulted in a reduction in the number and size of pancreatic islets. Both aerobic training and vitamin D3 supplementation increased the level and number of pancreatic islets, compared with the diabetic group (8.48 ± 0.16) insulin resistance in all three groups of DE (3.99 ± 0.51), DD3 (5.15 ± 0.32) and DD3E (3.80 ± 0.30) showed a significant reduction (p˂0.0001). Additionally, in the intervention group DD3E, the fasting plasma insulin (0.25 ± 0.03) and glucose (277 ± 26.58) levels were significantly lower compared to the DC group (p ˂ 0.0001).

It seems that based on the results of this study, aerobic training and vitamin D3 supplementation, as well as Their Interaction, led to a reduction in insulin resistance index and an increase in the size and number of pancreatic islets in type 2 diabetic rats induced by high- fat diet and streptozotocin.

People with physical disabilities are part of the active resources in our society and can prove their competencies in the country's service in various fields. According to the principle of equal opportunity and impartiality, everyone has the right to influence society based on his or her potential and abilities. Sport is one of the activities that can introduce the disabled to society and express their current and future needs and situation. Through sports, people with disabilities can interact with other people with disabilities and have a more significant and prominent presence in society. People with disabilities are often sedentary, so they are more likely to lose the function of a healthy part of their limbs due to inactive limbs; that limb may also be damaged. Therefore, space and facilities should be provided for disabled people to efficiently do their favorite sport. Given that a relatively small number of people with disabilities regularly participate in sports, the reasons for this inequality are a range of individual, social, and environmental factors identified in numerous studies and reports. This study aimed to identify the effective components of participating people with physical disabilities in sports activities.

The present study was qualitative and exploratory research using content analysis. The study participants were physically and mentally disabled people, experts in this field, and officials from federations and sports delegations. A purposive sampling method was performed to choose the participants for holding interviews that were performed with 14 interviews until theoretical data saturation. The research tool was a semi-structured interview with experts. At this stage, data collection was done by the qualitative data collection method. After the interviews, the effective components in the participation of the physically disabled in sports activities were identified and analyzed through content analysis. The retest reliability of this research is 80%. The reliability of the coding was confirmed because the reliability rate was more than 60%. To analyze the interview data, NVivo software version 10 was used. To identify the research components, data coding was continued until the selective coding stage.

After the interview, the data from the interviews were coded by the thematic analysis method in three stages of creating basic concepts, subtopics, and themes. In the first coding stage, the researcher tries to identify the hidden concepts by reviewing the collected data set. The purpose of creating the basic concepts is to break down the collected data set into the smallest possible conceptual components. The second step is to create subtopics for each research question. The purpose of this stage is to establish a relationship between the themes produced in the stage of basic concepts. In the subtheme creation phase, the code generated in the previous step was rewritten in a new way to make connections between the codes. Subtopics lead to the creation of themes, and all similar codes are grouped. After analyzing the interview data by NVivo 10 software, we obtained the main topics, including the role of media and advertising, facilities and equipment, the role of federations and institutions, coach knowledge, and comprehensive support, the researcher began to draw the network. The extracted themes step was accompanied by the researcher's interpretation and the number of sources and references to each topic in the software. This means that the high number of repetitions of sources and references in each subject will be the researcher's criteria in the selection.

According to the study's results, several factors, including social factors, cultural and economic infrastructure, and lack of equipment and sports facilities in participating people with disabilities in sports activities, have a significant role in the participation of people with disabilities in sports activities. Also, people's attitude to disability in society has led to a lack of enthusiasm and participation in sports activities. The existence of many economic problems, lack of support from sports federations for the disabled, and inability to purchase sports equipment and provide facilities add to the scope of these problems.

Training has beneficial effects on the health of brain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of resistance training with different intensities on serum levels of BDNF, Claudin11, and functional factors in MS patients. 30 women with MS (mean age 36.1 ± 1.8 years) were selected purposively, and were randomly divided into 3 groups: experimental 1 (resistance training with an intensity of 60% 1RM for 12 weeks, 3 sessions per week), experimental 2 (training with an intensity of 85% 1RM) and control (without regular training). Blood samples were collected in two steps (48 hours before the first training session and after the last training session). Results of the ELISA method and ANOVA with repeated measures showed that after 12 weeks, serum levels of BDNF in both experimental groups increased significantly compared with the pretest (P=0.001). This increase was also significant in experimental 1 group compared with the control group (P=0.002). Also, serum levels of Claudin11, muscle endurance and balance increased significantly in experimental groups in posttest compared with the pretest while fatigue decreased significantly (P=0.001). These changes were significant in experimental groups compared with the control group. These findings showed that resistance training improves balance, fatigue and muscle endurance and increases levels of Claudin11 which is an important factor in the development of myelin sheath of nerve fibers. Also, an increase in BDNF levels which play a vital role in developing, maintaining and restoring nervous system was observed. In addition, in most cases, moderate intensity resistance training had an effect similar to high intensity training.

High load and intensity exercises often begin in the early teenage years and therefore the risk of musculoskeletal and overuse injuries sush as spine injuries among young athletes increases in most sports fields, especially in young athletes at overhead and throwing sports. The purpose of this study was to review the kinesiopathology of thoracolumbar spine injuries in throwing and overhead young athletes. Articles on the topic in the past two decades were searched in sush databasesas in PubMed Medline and Science Direct and articles with keywords like “Pitchers Spine”, “Throwers Spine”, “Pitchers Injuries”, and “Overhead Throwers Injuries”. Finally 24 papers were selected from among 134 papers. Most of elbow and shoulder overuse injuries in throwing occur at preparation phase and deceleration phase. Muscle injuries in throwing and overhead young athletes, often include core muscle strain which includes internal and external oblique, transverse abdominal and in relatively high rates rectus abdominis and the core muscle strain rein jury. The damage to the posterior elements of the spine occur due to the rotation, hyperextension, and flexion during repetitive activities such as swing the bat and hitting. The incidence of scoliosis in throwing and overhead young athletes with asymmetric load distribution on the trunk and shoulders is very common. The discs of these athletes are prone to injury due to axial loading, hyperextension / flexion and rotation during the preparation exercises and also due to biomechanics of throwing, swing and services. Throwing skills can affect the entire kinetic chain. Force production in each segment of the body increases the load on the adjacent segments and ultimately injuries occurred in the weaker segments and joints of the body. Accordingly, it is recommended in assessing thoracolumbar injuries and development treatment plans for throwing and overhead athletes, dynamic stability of pelvis, lower back and core be evaluated. Following thoracolumbar spine injuries, the athletes should be allowed to return to play after achieving the free pain range of motion, and stability of lumbopelvic-hip complex, and progress in the rehabilitation plane to special sport exercise phase.

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between cardiorespiratory fitness with cognitive flexibility in students. 38 students were randomly selected from physical education students of kurdistan university and those who had qualified on the basis of the relevant questionnaire (age: 22/23±1/60-year, weight: 70/82±6/88 kg). To estimate cardiorespiratory fitness, by using Bruce test, maximal oxygen uptake of subjects was measured and to assess the cognitive flexibility, the computerized Wisconsin card sorting test was used. By using descriptive statistics and pearson correlation coefficient, statistical analysis of the data showed that, there is no significant correlation between maximal oxygen uptakes with variables of Wisconsin card sorting test. These finding suggest that, there is no significant relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and cognitive flexibility in students.

Balance functions play a significant role in routine life of the elderly¡ especially in reducing the risk of their falling. The aim of this research was to investigate static and dynamic balance of healthy elderly men during different hours of the day.
Methods & Materials: For this purpose¡ 10 old men with the mean (SD) age of 69.45 (3.23) years participated voluntarily in this study. Then¡ static and dynamic balance functions of the subjects were evaluated with the stork stand and star excursion balance test at the day hours of 8¡ 12¡ 16¡ and 20.
Results of analysis variance indicated no significant effects of hour’s day on closed eye static balance and dynamic balance of the elderly. But¡ the open eye static balance test results at 16 hour (8.37 s) was significantly (P=0.018) higher than 8 hour (6.25 s).
According to the results of this research¡ there is no recommendation on optimum time for doing balance training but it is better for the elderly that pay attention more to extrinsic falling factor such as surface of walking track at about 8 o’clock.

The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of a rehabilitation program with progressive intensity on the dynamic growth of lower extremity strength in the elderly with osteoarthritis after total knee arthroplasty. For this purpose، 30 elderly subjects who the same physician operated on their knees with a technique similar to total knee arthroplasty were studied in two training groups (each group 15 subjects). The training regimen of one group was typical physical training for knee arthroplasty. But in the other group، the intensity of training increased periodically. ANOVA results showed a significant progress of lower extremity strength in both groups. But the results of strength test showed that the group with intensity performed 25% better than the other group (P=0. 016). These results indicated that the dynamic growth of lower extremity strength may stop if gradual increase of training intensities is disregard in the elderly after knee arthroplasty.

The purpose of the present study is to have a survey on the effect of the type of the acute aerobic exercise along with the moderate intensity on the response inhibition ability of the athlete university students. To do so, based on the criteria to enter or exit the survey, 28 athlete university students were selected among all the population of the students studying in Kurdistan University and were randomly divided into two groups: 14 students were assigned as the treadmill group (age: 22.5 years old ±1.28) and 14 other students as the ergometer group (age: 22 years old ±1.88) to be investigated in the survey. These students were involved in physical activities for 35 minutes with the intensity of 60 -65% maximum heartbeat rate. In order to investigating the response inhibition ability, the computerized Stroop and Wisconsin cart sorting tests were used before, immediately after and 20 minutes after the exercise. The results of the variance analysis test between the groups with repeated measures revealed that there is no significant difference between the results of the two physical activities on the response inhibition ability of athlete university students (P=0.05) although the effect of both of these activities on the response inhibition ability were positive and significant (P=0.000).So it is concluded that any kinds of acute aerobic exercise can improve the response inhibition ability.

The aim of this research was to determine the effect of trunk massage on heart rate of female rowers in serial activities. For this purpose، ten female (19. 2±1. 2 yrs) were sailing the 200 meters long lake، two sessions in 3 sets. At 15-minute rest intervals between series، they have used recovery with or without massage in each session. ANOVA Results showed that unlike to recovery without massage which has no effects on sets'' heart rates، recovery with massage caused a significant reduction of before performance heart rate in 2th (84. 8±3. 3) and 3th series (84. 5±6. 8) relative to first set (92. 2± 8. 4) and after performance heart rate in 3th set (101. 8±7. 8) relative to 2th set (109. 8±13. 7). These findings can indicate that massage reduces heart rate in serial activities، although its volume and intensity should be varied due to the density of exercise pressures.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of six weeks strength training on nonspecific neck-shoulder pain in female carpet weavers. Subjects were 20 women with a mean age 29/24±/2 years، weight 74±1/6 kg and 7/2±/3 years work history whose their initial work neck-shoulder pain intensity were three and more. They randomly divided into experimental (N=10) and control (N=10) groups. Investigation was semi empirical type with pretest and posttest design and neck-shoulder pain demonstration intensity of two groups of subjects were assessed by subjective pain rating scale (0-9). Experimental work which was in the form of performance of special strength training for shoulders and neck، was carried out for six weeks، three sessions per week، each session lasting 45 minutes. Statistical operations accomplished using descriptive statics and dependent and independent t test by SPSS software (version 21). In the end of the program، dependent t-test results indicated a 3/8±. /2 reduction of pain (in Numerical Rating Scale) in experimental group (p. Based on the results of the independent t-test، the experimental group pain at the end of experimental، was 3/2±. /65 degree (in Numerical Rating Scale) lower than the control group (p. According to these results،18 sessions of specific neck and shoulder strength training significantly reduced neck-shoulder pain in female carpet wavers.

Background & Amputation is one of the major causes of durable disability. One of complications of amputation is impairment in balance performances. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of eight weeks aquatic exercise on static balance in veterans with unilateral lower limb amputation. Nineteen veterans men with lower limb amputation randomly divided in control (n=10) and experimental (n=9) groups. The static balance between two groups was measuring by the stability platform device. Then experimental group performed eight weeks aquatic exercises in a pool، while the control group was doing only their daily activities. After eight weeks the static balance in both groups was measured again. The data were analyzed statistically using the student’s t-test for comparisons between and within the groups before and after the intervention. Results showed that difference between pre-test and post-test scores was statistically significant in experimental group، while the difference not observed in the control group. Also، between the post test scores of the experimental and control groups، there are significant differences، but between the pre-test scores، no observed significant difference. It can be concluded that aquatic exercise can improve the static balance of veterans with unilateral lower limb amputation. Therefore، this type of exercise can be used in the training and rehabilitation of this group of people.

Human body posture influences on his/her physiological functions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of forward shoulder correction on pulmonary function of elementary female students. Subjects of this quasi-experimental research were two groups (n=20) of students with Normal posture (NP) and forward shoulder posture (FSP) which is divided randomly into two control (n=10) and experimental (n=10) groups. Experimental work included stretch-strength training for 6 weeks. The amount of shoulder deviation and slow vital capacity (SVC) and forced vital capacity (FVC) were evaluated at pretest and post test by Double Square device and spirometre respectively. the results of paired t-test indicated a significant reduction of shoulder deviation and significant increase of SVC and FVC due to experimental work in the FSP group (P≤0. 05) but in the NP group no significant changes were observed. based on these findings، corrective exercises causes FVC and SVC improvement through correction of elementary female students’ forward shoulder posture.

The purpose of present research was to compare the effect of mental، physical and mental- physical exercises on the balance ability of blind students. Subjects of this semi-experimental research were 30 daughters with the maximum Visual acuity of 0. 05 Diopter in the dominant eyes، who were selected through a simple non-probability sampling method. They were randomly divided into 3 equal groups of mental exercises (mean age 9. 2 years); physical exercises (mean age 8. 2 years) and combined exercises (mean age 9. 6 years). Each group participated in an 8-week program consisted of 2 weekly sessions of 45 to 60 minutes each. The capability of static and dynamic balance was measured by Romberg and Balance beam tests respectively. Obtained data were statistically analyzed via independent t test، one way ANOVA and Post hoc Tukey test using SPSS software، version 18 (significance level was set at P ≤ 0. 05). Results showed that there was no significant difference between the above mentioned three practice methods considering static balance. Regarding to the dynamic balance، combined practice was the only method that resulted in a significantly improved performance. Moreover، between-group comparisons indicated significant advantage of combined method over either mental or physical practice alone. Based on the results of this study، it is concluded that a compensatory corrective mechanism is the possible cause of non significant differences between the static-balance performances of the three studied groups. Combined mental and physical practices may improve balance ability during execution of complicated movements.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of four weeks of Massage therapy on pain intensity in shin splints. Subjects were 22 female students (1. 33 ± 20. 82 years) suffering from shin splints who were randomly assigned to either a control group (n = 11) and experimental (n = 11) groups. Experimental work carried out to the local 20-minute massage (three sessions per week) for 12 sessions. The pre- test and post-test) was assessed of leg pain protests by groups of verbal rating scale pain assessment (VRS). Method was experimental pre and post-test. To determine differences between pre-test and post-test data obtained from each of the experimental and control groups were analyzed using t-dependent and independent. The results of the analysis of the measured parameters showed significant differences in pain Massage on the Verbal Rating Scale (p = 0/001) was observed in the experimental group before and after the test. According to the findings of elected local Massage، Leg pain improved significantly in patients with shin splints.

The purpose of the present research was to investigate the effect of selected stretch- strength exercises on forward shoulder deformity in primary school girls. Twenty girl students with forward shoulder posture were randomly selected from four primary schools of Noorabad city, using a posture grid. They signed the informed consent prior to participation in the study. After measuring forward shoulder posture by the double square, the participants were divided into control and experimental groups according to the shoulders distance from the wall. The subjects in the experimental group, then, were asked to perform a 6-week stretch-strengthening treatment protocol. The dependent and independent sample t-tests were used to find the differences at significance level of 0.05. The results showed a significant 12% decrease in forward shoulder posture (p= 0.008) and a significant 9% decrease in the inter-scapular distance (p= 0.001) in the experimental group post-treatment. However, there was no significant difference in the control group for either of the variables (p >0.05). The results showed that the selected corrective exercise protocol led to improve forward shoulder posture in primary school girls.