سعید مقیمی

Efforts to explain the concept of "gender justice" as an alternative to gender equality in our country is commendable if it is the beginning of the elimination of discriminations. Widespread participation of women in parties and non-governmental organizations plays an effective role in the political and social development and power distribution system; and it leads to the reform of the political and social structure of the country by preventing the monopoly of power.In the present study, the issue of gender justice and the problems of women activists in the two decades of 1991 and 2001 and the extent of their participation and mode of action in parties and non-governmental organizations have been stated; and this basic question has been answered that whether parties and non-governmental organizations suffer from gender discriminations within their structure. Qualitative and descriptive methods were used to find the answer. The results of documentary studies, coding and categorization of interviews data through MAXQDA software and using the content analysis method and Grounded theory showed that although non-governmental organizations had been in a much better situation for presenting and playing the participatory role of women, but the existence of gender justice within the country's civil institutions, especially political parties, is still far from the desired level.

The subject of the present research is related to the art of brickwork in the architecture of the Middle Ages (specifically the 4th-8th century AH) in the Qoms region. Historically, the studied works have been made mainly during the reigns of Al-Buwayh, Seljuk and Ilkhanids. Geographically, the studied area mainly corresponds to the current province of Semnan and the distribution of selected works can be seen in Semnan, Damghan and Shahroud. The number of selected works is 9 historical works and the focus of studies is mainly on the design of brickwork designs and then brickworking techniques and combining brickwork with gemstone tiles and gypsum seals. In addition to the abstract and introduction, the report, list and sources of research include five main chapters as follows:The first chapter deals with the generalities of the research, which includes stating the problem, goals and questions, as well as the necessity and methodology of the research. The second chapter of the report deals with the history of bricklaying in Iran in the pre-Islamic period and especially the Islamic period with emphasis on the Middle Ages (4-8 AH). The third chapter of the report introduces the general examples of research in Qoms region, which includes documenting 9 main buildings, which are scattered from the easternmost point of Semnan province to the city of Semnan in the west. Chapter 4 is the statistical community analysis report of the documentation. The method of analysis includes recognizing the patterns and techniques of bricklaying and combining bricks with tiles and gypsum seals. Then, in a comparative way, the designs and techniques of the selected works are compared with each other and the relevant results are presented in the form of a table. Also, in order to develop comparative studies, a part of the report compares the execution of Qoms region with works from Iran and finally a geographical zoning map of the brick works of Qoms region is presented. The fifth chapter or conclusion of the research is dedicated to answering the research questions. The final product of research in this section shows that the evolution of brickwork in Qoms region from the pre-Seljuk period in the fourth century AH with a great variety of techniques and patterns of brickwork as well as the use of pottery inscriptions that most examples in the field Damghan. Brickwork then became simpler in the late Seljuk period and later in the patriarchal period in terms of a variety of techniques and designs, and gradually the use of tiles in the form of jewels (which had already begun) spread. The use of gypsum balls is an example that belongs to the patriarchal period in the Qoms region and has not been seen before. The subject of the present research is related to the art of brickwork in the architecture of the Middle Ages (specifically the 4th-8th century AH) in the Qoms region. Historically, the studied works have been made mainly during the reigns of Al-Buwayh, Seljuk and Ilkhanids. Geographically, the studied area mainly corresponds to the current province of Semnan and the distribution of selected works can be seen in Semnan, Damghan and Shahroud. The number of selected works is 9 historical works and the focus of studies is mainly on the design of brickwork designs and then brickworking techniques and combining brickwork with gemstone tiles and gypsum seals. In addition to the abstract and introduction, the report, list and sources of research include five main chapters as follows:The first chapter deals with the generalities of the research, which includes stating the problem, goals and questions, as well as the necessity and methodology of the research. The second chapter of the report deals with the history of bricklaying in Iran in the pre-Islamic period and especially the Islamic period with emphasis on the Middle Ages (4-8 AH). The third chapter of the report introduces the general examples of research in Qoms region, which includes documenting 9 main buildings, which are scattered from the easternmost point of Semnan province to the city of Semnan in the west. Chapter 4 is the statistical community analysis report of the documentation. The method of analysis includes recognizing the patterns and techniques of bricklaying and combining bricks with tiles and gypsum seals. Then, in a comparative way, the designs and techniques of the selected works are compared with each other and the relevant results are presented in the form of a table. Also, in order to develop comparative studies, a part of the report compares the execution of Qoms region with works from Iran and finally a geographical zoning map of the brick works of Qoms region is presented. The fifth chapter or conclusion of the research is dedicated to answering the research questions. The final product of research in this section shows that the evolution of brickwork in Qoms region from the pre-Seljuk period in the fourth century AH with a great variety of techniques and patterns of brickwork as well as the use of pottery inscriptions that most examples in the field Damghan. Brickwork then became simpler in the late Seljuk period and later in the patriarchal period in terms of a variety of techniques and designs, and gradually the use of tiles in the form of jewels (which had already begun) spread. The use of gypsum balls is an example that belongs to the patriarchal period in the Qoms region and has not been seen before.

Islamic movements are popular and organized movements whose goal and strategy is to implement the orders of the society with the orders of Sharia in all political, intellectual, social and economic dimensions. Western colonialism, intellectual degeneration and tyranny are the causes of these movements. The Muslim Brotherhood movement is the most powerful movement among the Islamic movements that came to power at the same time as the victory of the revolution. Also, in terms of the connection of the Muslim Brotherhood movement with Iran, Saudi Arabia and Turkey, the investigation of this movement is of particular importance. The analysis carried out in this research is the result of the construction of descriptive information obtained from previous studies, so that by analyzing the strategy of Islamic movements, especially the Muslim Brotherhood, it is possible to correctly establish Iran's political relations with Turkey and Saudi Arabia. By examining the influence of the Brotherhood's strategy on the relations between Iran, Turkey and Saudi Arabia, we find that Turkey supports moderate Islam and aligns with Iran, and Saudi Arabia promotes extreme Islam or Wahhabism and is in conflict with Iran and Turkey

AbstractThis research analyzes the role of the three emerging soft powers China, India and Russia in the security of the Middle East. Indeed, China is a rising revisionist world power and the second largest economy after the United States. Likewise, Russia has revived its global role as a major power since the 2000s. Also, India is widely regarded as a "rising power". India is now projected to become the third largest economy in the world by 2030. In fact, since Obama issued the Asia-Pivot Strategy in 2012, the Middle East has been concerned about the US commitment to the security of the Persian Gulf. They see emerging powers, especially China and India, as substitutes for the US security role. . 1This research also examines the clash of strategies of emerging powers. It explains how the strategy shift of rising powers towards the region for energy or geopolitical considerations has affected their potential security role in the Middle East. This research examines the main interests of emerging soft powers in the Middle East: energy, trade and investment relations.The main argument of this research is that the emerging powers do not develop a coherent strategy for the security of the region, but have short-term policies or approaches, not concrete strategies. The second argument is that emerging powers do not want to provide security in the Middle East region.K

Considering the important economic and environmental benefits of low energy asphalt mixture and the need to know and study more about this asphalt due to little research, in this article, the linear viscoelastic properties of this type of asphalt are evaluated using dynamic modulus test. Due to the mechanical weakness of this asphalt mixture and considering its environmental nature, an additive compatible with the environment was selected to modify it. Therefore, crumb rubber in three levels of 10, 15 and 20% by weight of asphalt binder was used to modify the samples. Controlled and modified asphalt samples were designed and compacted according to the superpave method and were tested to determine the dynamic modulus and their viscoelastic properties at different temperatures and frequencies. The master curve of asphalt mixtures showed that at high temperature (low frequency) the highest dynamic modulus belongs to low energy asphalt mixtures with 15% rubber powder. Therefore, this mixture has the highest rutting strength compared to other mixtures. On the other hand, comparison of the master curve of asphalt mixtures at low temperature (high frequency) showed low stiffness of low energy asphalt samples without additive and low energy asphalt with 15% additive and their resistance to cracking, respectively. Evaluation of the viscoelastic properties of the test specimens also confirmed the fact that the highest elasticity belonged to the low-energy asphalt sample modified with 15% crumb rubber and the most viscous mixture was the hot asphalt sample.

Women, as half of the citizens of the society, can play an efficient and fundamental role in sustainable development if  equal rights of men and women are recognized and implemented in the society. Civil institutions and organizations such as parties and NGOs have an effective role in the political development and the distribution of power system, and they lead to reform the political and social structure of the country by preventing the monopoly of power of a particular group or stratum, and if used correctly and rationally, they will lead to the more participation of women.  In this study, the problems of women activists in the two decades of 1370s and 1380s and the extent of their participation and the manner of their agency in parties and NGOs have been discussed, and the following basic questions were answered:  what are the reasons for more participation of women in NGOs than political parties during the 1370s and 1380s and what factors have caused political parties in the field of women's activities that they have not not achieved their desired functions. Qualitative and descriptive methods have been used to find the answers to the questions. The results of documentary studies, coding, and categorization of interview data through MAXQDA software and the use of content analysis method and data-oriented theory showed that although political parties after the 70s and 80s claimed to expand the role of women in political and social fields, this important goal has rarely been achieved at the highest levels due to the nature of political parties in Iran, and NGOs have, to a large extent, been in a much better position in presenting, expanding, and playing the participatory role of women.

Saving energy is one of the most important challenges in the world today. In recent years, growing concerns about the environmental consequences of energy consumption and global warming have doubled in importance. On the other hand, the share of the construction sector in the energy consumption of countries is significant and for this reason, in recent decades, in most industrialized countries, basic measures have been taken to improve consumption patterns, using various tools such as regulations. One of the most important energy consumed is electrical energy, which is one of the most basic energy sources of buildings and plays an important role. The complex problems and processes of electricity generation and transmission, the pollution generated by the production of fossil fuels, and other cases have prompted researchers to seek solutions to reduce energy consumption or, in other words, optimize energy consumption. In this study, some practical solutions to move towards energy saving have been investigated and the effect of using materials with different heat transfer coefficients in external walls according to Semnan weather conditions on the modeled building and to analyze the cooling and heating load of the building. Compared with renewable materials. Finally, the external wall, using a 20 cm straw block, has reduced the annual energy consumption compared to perforated pottery, autoclaved concrete, and Article 19 of the National Regulations has resulted in 3%, 0.6%, and 2.76%, respectively.

Publication of John Rawls’s A Theory of Justice in 1971, can be considered as a prelude to revive liberal idea in political philosophy. This work, apart from that made Rawls the most prominent political philosopher in his time, it led to what is called "social critique of liberalism", which we observed from the early of 1980s. According to philosophical tradition, Rawls was influenced by Kant, and as a neo-Kantian philosopher, he has attempted to represent "justice" differently, as one of the most complex issues in political philosophy, an attempt which can be considered as an interaction between Socialism and Liberalism. In one hand, importance and salience of his political doctrine, and in another hand his criticism of Liberalism, both have caused in this research, we try to explain and review the ideas of this outstanding thinker.

The Gonu tropical cyclone is the strongest storm in the Arabian Sea in which has cause damage in the Iranian south coastlines. The aim of the current paper is to numerically simulate the wave’s characteristics as well as the storm surge during the Gonu event by employing the SWAN wave model and the GETM hydrodynamic model. The simulation duration is one month i. e. from15 May to 15 June 2007. The wave characteristics are compared with the measured data in three measurement stations. The results show that the wave characteristics are reasonably simulated during the Gonu storm event so that the significant wave height is reached up to six meters and the corresponding height was four meters، respectively، outside and inside the Chahbahar bay area. The results show that the storm surge has reached up to 50centimeters in the Chahbahar coastlines which are corresponding to the 6th day of the Gonu storm.