سعید ناظمی

In recent years, an outbreak of a new coronavirus, scientifically known as SARS-CoV-2, has led to a worldwide new infectious disease called Covid-19. Based on some reports, this virus stays after infection in the feces and consequently in the wastewater up to seven months, so examining its presence in the wastewater can be useful to understand how the disease is distributed in different parts of the city or region. This study aimed to investigate the presence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in different parts of the Shahroud city wastewater collection network and treatment plant.

The 35 wastewater samples were collected from different partsof the wastewater collection network and wastewater treatment plant of Shahroud city. The samples were immediately transferred to the SARS-CoV-2 reference laboratory and concentrated by the polyethylene glycol (PEG) method. After extraction of the virus genome, the viral genome was amplified to check the presence of this virus by PCR method.

The results showed that 11 of the 35 wastewater collected samples were positive. All samples taken from the influent of the municipal wastewater treatment plant were positive. Also, except for one, in all of the samples taken from the effluent of the municipal wastewater treatment plant and Imam Hossein (AS) Hospital wastewater plant, coronavirus was observed. However, only one sample taken from the wastewater collection network of Shahroud city was positive.

Due to the confirmation of the presence of Coronavirus in the wastewater collection network and treatment plant, regular monitoring of municipal wastewater is recommended to predict the spread of a new wave of disease in the community.

Although satire is not a new issue in Iran's social history, it enjoys a shorter background in the realm of media. Naturally, the presence of this newcomer in newspapers, has brought new issues alongside itself. Experts have considered two main features or purposes for satire. One is criticism and the other modification. The latter can be considered the result of the first, if everything ends up fruitfully. These two purposes can be thought of as the most effective functions for satire, though overgeneralization cannot be done in this regard either. However, a satirist should be familiar with media ethics, freedom of press, and privacy. He should also know the functional concept of satire and apply criticism and modification principles to his writings. In the present research, we have discussed the effect and role of media ethics in the field of written satire of nationwide journals so as to have paid the due attribute from this viewpoint as well. Media theories, the fundamental theories of ethics and media, and normative theories of media have been used in this research. The research method was measurement and the means of data collection was questionnaire. The statistical community which has been considered totally consists of 84 members composed of journal satirists and caricaturists throughout the country.

Activated sludge is one of the common processes of biological treatment in industrial wastewater treatment plants. In this process, a large amount of sludge is produced which its treatment accounts for a large part of wastewater treatment costs. The aim of study was to investigate the effect of the Fenton process to reduce the volume of the biological sludge in dairy industries.
This study is an empirical one in which the effect of chemical oxidation process with hydrogen peroxide and Fenton on reduction of produced sludge in dairy industry has been investigated. For this, the effect of pH (1, 2, 3, 4 and 10), [Fe2]/H2O2] (0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2), contact time (2 to 12) and hydrogen peroxide concentration (500, 1000, 1500, 2000, and 2500) were studied. All exams have been performed according to the Standard Method book (2005).
Based on the results, the highest VSS removal rate was 82% which was obtained at contact time of 6 hours, pH of 3 and [Fe2]/[H2O2] of 1 and hydrogen peroxide concentration of 1500 mg/l. Based on the results, in the absence of Fe2 ion in, the removal efficiency of the system was zero and the highest VSS removal rate was obtained at [Fe2] / [H2O2] of 1. Also the amount of VSS decreased with increasing hydrogen peroxide concentration.
The results showed that the Fenton process is a possible and effective option for reducing sludge volume in dairy industries and its application improves the quality of the sludge and stabilization process and facilitates operational conditions.

Physical and chemical quality of water is necessary for consumer’s acceptance, health promotion, and guarding of water distribution systems. The aim of this study was to determine the physical and chemical quality of drinking water in Qazvin.
Material and This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2014-2015. During three seasons a total of 150 samples were collected from different points of water distribution. Then, water pH, turbidity, residual chlorine, EC (Electrical Conductivity), TDS (Total Dissolved Solis), nitrate, total hardness, alkalinity, and concentrations of Pb, Hg, Cd and Cr were measured. Heavy metals were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometerand other parameters were analyzed based on the Standard Method book. ANOVA was used for comparing the mean values between seasons.
The average values during three seasons were reported as the following: pH=7.47, turbidity=0.28±0.05 (NTU), residual chlorine =42±0.24 (mg/L), EC=623.46±48.99 (mS/cm), TDS = 499.52±49.92 (mg/L), nitrate =42.65±4.73 (mg/L), total hardness=148.33±1.4 (mg/L CaCo3), alkalinity=222.23±5.67 (mg/L CaCo3), and concentrations of Pb=0.008±0.0024 (mg/L), and Cr=0.031±0.002 (mg/L). The concentration of Hg and Cd were negligible in the total samples.
According to the obtained results, all the parameters were found to be within the permissible Iranian standards and the quality of Qazvin drinking water is safe for the consumers.

Milk and dairy industries wastewater are considered the most polluted effluents, and if discharged without treatment into the environment, can cause serious environmental problems. In this study, effects of aeration time and lime coagulant on SBR efficiency were investigated.
Two Parallel reactors with a volume of 20 L was used. The examination was conducted in three steps. During these steps , effects of conventional aeration time, long aeration time and use of lime coagulant aim after 7h aerated on SBR performance were investigated, respectively.
The results were shown an increase of aeration period can be effected on increase removal rate of COD, BOD NH4-N, and TP, respectively. And also this is indicated suitable efficiency for the removal of COD , BOD, NH4-N were created with a duty cycle 24h and aeration time of 7 h. Application of SBR system with the aeration time of 7h and injection of lime coagulant aim in the loading rate of 0.6 kg BOD/m3.day, provided the essential standards for the disposal of effluent into the water reservoirs.
Optimized SBR process can be provided to reach better effluent standards in less time in milk and dairy industries and also reduce time can decreases of operation costs.

Corrosion and scaling are the main problems that water facilities still face with them. Corrosion can caused great financial losses and health damage to the system, and consumers. Blockages and pressure drop in the network are another disadvantage of scaling. The aim of present study was to determine the corrosive and scaling potential in drinking water resources of Shahrood city.
This crosses-sectional study was conducted over 4 seasons in 2013 years. 1104 samples were examined using Langelier (LSI), Rayznr (RSI), aggressive (AI) and Pokurious (PSI) indices to determine the corrosive and scaling potential in drinking water resources of Shahrood city. To compare the mean values of each indices, the results were analyzed using t-test.
The results indicate that the drinking water resources of Shahrood according to the Langelier index equals -1.03 with a standard deviation of 0.11, according to Rayznr index equals 9.72 with a standard deviation of 0.17, based on Aggressive index equals 12.10 with a standard deviation of 0.14, based on Pokurious index equals 9.59 with a standard deviation of 0.13 respectively. The difference between the mean values of the four studied seasons also were significant. P-value Comparison of four indices and obtained results showed that drinking water resources in Shahrood was corrosive, therefore, it is suggested that the city's water resources should constantly assessed and try adjusting the pH and control of other affecting factors on the corrosion such as chloride, dissolved oxygen and sulfate concentrations to reduce corrosion.

Assessment of microbial contamination in dental unit waterlines has been focused on because of high risk of dangerous infections in immunocompromised patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bacterial contamination of water supply in dental unit water lines at Shahroud dental offices. In this descriptive analytical study we investigated 560 water samples collected from four parts of each unit including air/water syringe, turbine hand piece (before &after flushing), cup filler and 2 water sample collected from city water reservoir in Shahroud dental office during 2015. Water samples were taken on Saturdays (the first working day in a week) and Thursday (the last working day in a week), before and after treatment on the same units.Samples were transported in closed sterile containers to microbiology laboratory. All samples were incubated on blood agar and McCaskey plates for 72 hours at 37°C. Bacterial contamination was then evaluated. All samples were analyzed for legionella. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and t-test. Total mean bacterial count was 4671 cfu/ml. Mean bacterial contamination on Saturdays (6320 cfu/ml) were higher than Thursdays (3860 cfu/ml). Mean bacterial contamination before treatment was (4050 cfu/ml) less than the end of treatment (6250 cfu/ml) on the same unit. Mean bacterial contaminations of self-Dental Office was higher than other clinics The result of this study demonstrated that microbiological level of dental unit waterlines is high. The dentists must be aware of the high level of microorganisms in the dental unit’s water and thus minimize the risk of infection in both staff and patients.

The aim of this study was to develop a model for estimation of major THMs produced as a result of river water disinfection. Experiments were designed for this purpose and different ratios of Cl2 to DOC were created in water samples to which were then added different concentrations of bromide ions. After the incubation period, analyzers were used to measure natural organic compounds, TOC, and DOC in the samples and the data thus obtained were fed into the SPSS software. Moreover, multivariate regression analysis was performed to extract the relevant statistical model. Four different formulas were obtained for predicting the rate of each of the THMs produced. Reaction time and bromide ion concentration were identified as the main factors involved in the production of THMs in the water supply investigated. In addition, the carcinogenicity of THMs in water samples reached its maximum with bromide concentrations between 207 and 246 µg/l. The formulas obtained in this study can be used as a simple and accurate tool for the initial estimation of THMs production in different water supplies.

The aim of the study was to design and implement integrated solid wastes management pattern in Shahroud industrial area, to evaluate the results, and to determine possible performance problems. This cross - sectional study was carried out for 4 years in Shahroud industrial area and the implementation process included: 1. qualitative and quantitative analysis of all solid wastes generated in the area, 2. determining the current state of solid waste management in the area and identifying programs conducted, 3. designing and implementation of integrated management pattern including design and implementation of training programs, laws, penalties and incentives, and illustrating and implementing programs for all factories, and 4. monitoring the implementation process and determining the results. Annually, 1,728 tons of solid waste is generated in the area including 1603 tons of industrial waste and 125 tons of municipal wastes. By implementing this pattern, two separated systems of collection and recycling of domestic and industrial waste were launched in this area. Moreover, consistent with the goals, the amount of solid waste generated and disposed in 2011 was 51.5 and 28.6 kg per 100 million Rials production respectively. In addition, 42 and 40% of the industrial waste and paper were recycled. Results showed that implementation of this pattern, i.e. running source separation, training programs, capacity building, providing technical services, completing chain of industries and strengthening the cooperation between industrial estate management and industrial units could greatly reduce the waste management problems.

Students as educated people are good models of non-smoking people for those who are close to them. This study reviews factors affecting the prevalence of smoking among university students in Shahroud in 2010. In this descriptive- sectional study، the data was collected through a self administered questionnaire which contained 10 general and 15 specific items on tobacco use. The design and initial validity of the questionnaires was approved by the professors and specialists. The questionnaire was administered to 1800 students at universities in Shahroud. The average age of the participants was 28. 5±3. 5 years. 21. 6% (n=389) of the participants used tobacco (80% male and 20% females). Cigarette was the most widespread means of smoking followed by water pipe (31%) and pipe (5%). Among the major factors for tobacco use were having smoking friends، stress، being far from family and entertainment. Significant relationships were observed between smoking and sex، educational level، marital status، residence، parental education level and income (P<0. 001). With regard to the high prevalence of tobacco use among students، opening counseling offices and using trained peers can play a significant role in reducing tobacco use.

The arrival of toxic metals by human activities has lead to the contamination of soil. Heavy metals are among the most important pollutants in the environment. This study aimed at determining the concentration of heavy metals in, soils, water and vegetables of Shhnama region in Shahroud. Vegetables studied included parsley, leek, leaf beet, fenugreek, cress, basil, radish and the coriander. The sampling was performed during 3 months, from September to October, 2008. The collected 180 samples of vegetables, water, soil, after preparation by atomic absorption Spectrophotometers, were analyzed according to standard methods. Mean concentration values of lead, cadmium, chromium, arsenic and zinc in vegetable samples were, respectively 23.99, 2.09, 5.4, 5.26, 168.4 micrograms per gram of plant tissue. Mean concentrations of heavy metals in water were, respectively, 7.55, 4.84, 0.78, 12.83 and 347.99 mg per liter in water samples. Mean concentrations of heavy metals in soil were, respectively, 81.12, 14.43, 134.32, 19.08 and 435 micrograms, per gram of soil sample. Comparing the mean concentration values for heavy metals available in vegetables, water and soil with standard values significant differences are observed except for Zn. Concentration values of lead, cadmium, chromium and arsenic in vegetables were higher than the common values. The results indicate that due to the use of synthetic fertilizers, unsanitary disposal of sewage and fossil fuel combustion, water, soil and plants of the region are polluted with heavy metals.

Backgrounds and Vegetables are one of the most important components of daily food. Contamination of vegetables with heavy metals might ends to accumulate in the body, there for in this study the level of lead, chromium, cadmium, arsenic and zinc in cultural vegetables of shahroud suburb were measured in 1387. In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 150 vegetable samples through 3 months, 50 for each month, were randomly harvested. Atomic absorption instrument was used to determine the amount of mentioned heavy metals after sample preparation, SPSS whit 0.05 was used for statistically data analyzing. For vegetables the average value of Pb, Cr and Cd in different vegetables were different from each other and P value was less than<0.001. There are no significant amounts of Arsenic concentration. The value of these metals with 95% acceptable level was in the range of satisfaction. Arsenic didnt have that much of error of its contamination Except Zn and As other metals like Cr, Cd and Pb were above the standard zone by FAO&WHO. The wastewaters of urban and industrial facilities are the main reason for this problem.The best suggestion is using pure water for this purpose.

Hospitals due to their huge range of activities generate vast amount of wastewater which because of its great pollution must be purified via appropriate procedures. Imam Hossein Hospital also has an extended aeration wastewater treatment plant. This investigation was done to determine the efficacy of this plant and the possibility of reusing the resulting effluent for green space irrigation or discharging it in the environment of the present study. This cross-sectional study was done upon Imam Hossein hospital wastewater treatment plant for 8 months from April to November 2008. In the study the parameters of COD BOD5 TSS pH Total and fecal coliform in the incoming and outgoing wastewater were determined through standard methods and were compared with standard values for green space irrigation set by the Environment Protection Organization through t-test. Results show that the mean values of pH TSS COD BOD5 and the geometric means of total and fecal coliforms MPN/100ml in the effluent were: 6.95 179mg/lit 145 mg/lit 298mg/lit and 2.8×104 and 1.54×104 respectively. Removal percentages for TSS COD BOD5 Total and fecal coli forms were 46.11 30.1 39.99 99.37 and 99.39 respectively that show significant differences between these measurements and their standard values for green space irrigation set by the Environment Protection Organization (P

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the most common neurological disorders in young adults.Mitoxantrone, as an immunosuppressant and cytotoxic drug has shown a slight beneficial effect on the progressive form of the disease. However, it has been experienced that in cancer treatment this drug has caused cardiologic side effects such as congestive heart failure and decrease in ejection fraction. The aim of this study is to investigate the left ventricular ejection fraction changes induced by Mitoxantrone as administered in patients with secondary progressive form of multiple sclerosis.During the years of 2005-2007, the patients with secondary progressive MS who referred to the Neurological Clinic of Aria General Hospital in Mashhad were included in our cross-sectional study. These patients had no history of hematological, cardiac or hepatic disorders. Neither they had ever used immunosuppressant drugs. They were prescribed to intravenously take 12 mg/m2 of Mitoxantrone every 3 months for at least 2 years. Before each infusion of Mitxantrone, the left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) was measured by echocardiography. After the treatment (8 infusions), the results of echocardiography were compared and analyzed through statistical methods using SPSS and Excel soft wares.Forty four patients with secondary progressive -MS were included in our study (24 females and 20 males). Five of the subjects were younger than 30 year old, 27 patients were between 30 and 40, and 12 patients were above 40. The data was analyzed using the method of repeated measures. The results demonstrate that Mitoxantrone had no significant effect on the left ventricular ejection fraction. Also, the trend mean of EF during 8 months showed no significant drop. The mean of EF between sexes was not significant, either. As a whole, ten percent of the subjects treated with Mitoxanterone showed a decrease of EF which returned to its normal stage once the treatment was stopped.The benefit from using Mitoxanterone in multiple sclerosis was more than the complication caused by its usage.

Respecting patients ethics and attempts to establish a framework for it, research shows a continuous background in the history of the country’s concern for hygiene which could lead to the patients’ satisfaction. The goal of this study is to survey the level of doctors’ and paramedical personnel’s knowledge and attitude about the patients’ prism ethics in dependent hospitals of medical faculty of Shahrood in the year (2003; i.e.) 1385(H.S.) This research is a cross-sectional and applied study. Because of a limited research community on one hand and a need for accurate information on the other, half of the research community has been studied by systematic, non stratified and non probability sampling method. The questionnaire consists of 6 general questions and 32 professional questions in an attempt to survey doctors’ and paramedical personnel’s knowledge and attitude about patient right’s prism. The data were analyzed using Spss and INSTAT soft wares and the results have been showed in tables and figures. The results of the analyzed data showed that 24.2% of the interviewees were males and 75.8% of them were females. 77.5% of them worked in Imam Hossein hospital while another 22.5% worked in Fatemie hospital. 77.4% of the interviewees were holding a degree of Bachelor and upper and the other 22.6% were of a lower level in terms of educational background. 18.1% of them were nurse assistant; 60.4% were nurse; 10.4 were doctors and the rest were included in other fields. 53.3% of the participants were informed about patient’s prism rights. 18.1% of them had gained their knowledge by means of educational seminars and conferences and the rest in other ways during their course of study. The hospitals had offered education terms for 15.9% of the cases while another 84.1% hadn’t received any education, whatsoever. As for the participants’ knowledge, the average grade was 16.38 totals was 20. It showed good knowledge in terms of research samples. Regarding their attitude, the average grade was 17.09 of a total of 20. It showed the presence of positive attitudes among them. Pierson test showed ameaningful relation between the variables of knowledge and attitude. Speerman’s test confirmed it, too (P = 0.0001). As the research finding show, there is an acceptable level of knowledge and attitude among the doctors and personnel of the hospitals. Because of the meaningful relation between knowledge and attitude, we recommend that the hospitals have plans to further inform their personnel about patient›s rights prism.