سعیده کلانتری

Today, erosion is a major factor in land degradation in Iran. Since a large portion of Iran is located in arid and semi-arid climates, wind erosion can be an effective means of destroying and causing damage in these areas. Nabkhas have distinct morphometric components from other erosional forms, but some of these parameters can affect the amount of wind sediment transfer. Identifying and measuring the relationship between these parameters and examining the process of changes in certain physical and chemical characteristics of sediments can have a significant impact on planning operations to reduce wind sand transfer and improve the analysis of sediment characteristics. The phenomenon of sand entering human centers in the southeast of Kerman province and Rigan city is considered a problem. This research aims to investigate the impact of the morphology of the species Tamarix, Calligonum, and Iranian mesquite on the morphometrics of the nabkhas in Rigan city and analyzing the measured parameters of the Nabkhas morphometry and their correlations using statistical methods.

The city of Rigan, which covers 8600 square kilometers, is located south of Kerman. This city is one of the most important centers with the highest priority. Aerial photographs and Google Earth images were used to determine the area of Nabkhas, and a field visit was conducted to assess the development of Nebkas' territory.This area is a major source of wind erosion in Kerman province and even in the country. The severity of erosion is such that date trees with a height of more than 5 meters are buried under sand sediments. The first step was to measure the morphometric characteristics of Nabkhas along 6 one-kilometer transects. The characteristics of the Nabkhas of each of the Calligonum, Iranian mesquite, and Tamarix plants were measured separately. To investigate the characteristics of Nabkhas, the morphological characteristics of Nabkhas including height and diameter of the base were measured. The characteristics of the vegetation that forms Nabkhas were studied by measuring plant morphological factors, such as crown diameter and plant height. Statistics were collected from 44 farms that use Tamarix plants, 51 farms that use Iranian mesquite plants, and 38 farms that use Calligonum plants in total.

The regression analysis between plant height and Nabkhas height indicates that the slope of changes in Nabkhas height compared to changes in vegetation height is higher in sedge and mesquite plants than in Calligonum. The height of Nebka is more affected by Tamarix changes than the other two plants. Based on the evaluation of the regression results between the canopy diameter and the canopy height, it can be concluded that the slope of the canopy height changes is greater than the slope of the canopy diameter changes in Calligonum and Iranian mesquite plants, respectively. It can be concluded that the Calligonum plant's crown diameter has a greater effect on Nabkhas' height changes than the other two plants. The regression results between plant height and root diameter indicate that the slope of root diameter changes is greater than that of plant height changes, respectively. It can be concluded that the height changes of the Tamarix plant are more significant in influencing the diameter changes of the Nabkhas base than the other two plants. The slope of diameter changes of the base compared to the changes of diameter of the plant crown, respectively, is higher in calligonum and mesquite plants than in Tamarix. Changes in the diameter of the crown of the Calligonum plant have a greater effect than the changes in the diameter of the other two plants on the changes in the diameter of the base of Nabkhas.

Nabkhas with Iranian mesquite have a longer base length in proportion to height than Nebkhas with Tamarix and Calligonum. The geomorphological characteristics of four plant species in Lut Plain's western region were examined, and it was found that the nebkhas with Tamarix have an average height of 1.5 meters and an average base of 4.2 meters. The Nabkhas' Iranian mesquite has an average height of 1.5 meters and an average base of 1.6 meters. Thus, their research results are in accord with the results of this research. According to the correlation results, the morphology of Tamarix, Calligonum, and Iranian mesquite species is significant compared to the morphometric characteristics of Nabkhas, which is consistent with the results (2 and 16). According to the regression results, Tamarix plant has a higher slope of changes in height compared to vegetation. The Calligonum plant has a higher slope of changes in height compared to diameter of plant canopy compared to the other two plants. On the other hand, the slope of changes in the diameter of the Nabkhas base compared to the changes in plant height of Tamarix is greater than that of the other two plants. The slope of the changes in the diameter of the base compared to the changes in the diameter of the plant crown is greater than that of the other two plants. The morphological characteristics of the sediments in the studied area indicate that storms are extremely strong throughout the year, causing a significant movement of sand in the area.

Among the various methods of controlling desertification, the method of using plants that are compatible with this environment is considered the most suitable method. Plants are considered as one of the elements of this measure, but in the revitalization plans of arid and semi-arid areas, it is necessary to check the mutual influence of the cultivated species on the soil of the cultivated areas. The effect that plants have on the soil below them causes physical and chemical changes in the soil. By knowing the ecological needs of these species and comparing them with the existing conditions of new environments; In order to increase the productivity and meet the goals of restoration projects on the one hand and to know the effects of these species on the cultivation environment on the other hand, it is possible to firstly prevent the occurrence of financial losses due to the failure of cultivation due to the incompatibility of the species and secondly to prevent the creation of new stressful conditions in the areas under The effect of the species and finally, by using the obtained results, it is possible to recommend the plant species in the conditions of the environment similar to the study area.

The studied area is a part of Yazd-Ardakan Plain, the total area of ​​the project is 117,600 hectares (267 hectares of the field were selected for sampling). The average annual rainfall is about 64 millimeters, the average temperature is 21 degrees Celsius. The prevailing wind direction is mostly northwest and blows with an average speed of 4.5 meters per second. An area without any type of plant species with the same soil and geomorphological conditions was considered as a control. Sampling was done by random-systematic method under the canopy and in the control area at the soil surface depth (0-30 cm). Out of the 30 samples, 25 of which were collected in the field of tag work and 5 samples were collected as controls. It was harvested weighing about 2 kg. Factors (texture, organic matter, electrical conductivity, acidity, magnesium, calcium, sodium, and potassium) were measured in the laboratory. The results of the experiments were entered into SPSS software, and the normality of the data was first tested. After determining the results of normality, the independent parametric t test was used to analyze the normal data, and the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test was used for the non-normal data.

After entering the SPSS software, the data obtained from the samples were tested for normality with the Kolmogorov Smirnov test and the Shapiro-Wilk test. The purpose of performing the data normality test is that it helps us in using parametric or non-parametric tests for the next steps, the parameters of sand percentage, clay percentage, sodium, calcium and SAR are not normal. So, non-parametric test was used to analyze these parameters. The rest of the investigated parameters followed the normal distribution and parametric test was used for analysis.

The results of the data normality test showed that the parameters of sand percentage, clay percentage, sodium, calcium and SAR parameters do not follow the normal distribution and the parameters of electrical conductivity (EC), acidity (PH), carbon, potassium, silt, magnesium and ESP parameters are normal. using the results of the statistical test, points were given in the following way: in the investigated parameters that had a significant difference between the field and the control, if that parameter caused soil modification, a positive score was given, and if it had a negative effect on the soil A negative score was given. The calculated evaluation score for the cultivated area was +3, which shows that the soil had a better condition than the control area in terms of potassium, organic carbon, and magnesium. and have no witnesses. The parameters of potassium, organic carbon and magnesium have a significant difference at the probability level of 5%, which is distinguished by an arrow in the figure. The results of frequency analysis and independent t-tests and Mann-Whitney for the investigated parameters are explained as follows. Regarding the electrical conductivity, the results indicated that there is no significant difference in the field of tag work with the control. In terms of acidity (PH), the results showed that there is no significant difference between the treated area and the control area, and the soils of both environments are alkaline. However, it is not consistent in most of the researches such as Al-Gadi (2008), Rahimizadeh et al. (2009) who stated the increase in pH under the cultivation area as the result of their research. The results show a significant increase in the potassium element in the soil of the cultivated field compared to the control field. So that the amount of this element has increased from 366 to about 1299 mg, that is, it has increased about 4 times. This difference is statistically significant with a probability of 99%. In general, as mentioned above, the soil was not significantly different from the control field in terms of physical properties. In terms of chemical properties of the soil, only three parameters of organic carbon, potassium and magnesium have increased significantly in the soil, which shows that the soil has been strengthened in terms of these elements. Of course, the presence of these elements in the soil under the plant is due to their absorption from the depth of the soil by the plant roots and storage in the plant leaves. which accumulates at the foot of the plant after falling. Of course, it should not be overlooked that the salinity of the soil at the foot of the plants has increased compared to the control. And in terms of salinity, the soil condition has not improved.

Biological stabilization by using compatible plant species is a way to prevent the expansion of desert areas. Strip cultivation and pit cultivation are the most commonly used methods for planting Haloxylon aphyllum C. A. Mey. Bunge plants. The North Ardakan desertification plan has employed both cultivation methods. In order to choose the best planting method economically in areas with the same conditions, the economic analysis of these two methods for one hectare of cultivation and for the establishment of one sapling can be effective in saving the costs of executive bodies. The present research is carried out by using the meter analysis method and its estimation and comparison with the real analysis method in order to identify the most suitable cultivation method from the economic point of view in desertification projects.

In terms of country divisions, the studied area is located in Yazd province and Ardakan city, and is 20 kilometers away from its center. To investigate the costs of implementing two methods of strip (channel) and pit cultivation, two methods of metering, estimation, and real analysis were used. The meter and estimation method begins by determining the work components based on the plan and executive plan, and then extracting the cost of each part from the relevant price list. According to the operation volume, the final cost per surface unit and the cost per each Haloxylon aphyllum seedling are calculated. Then, the real cost is calculated by the real analysis method, which is done by being in the field and calculating the costs based on the time of using the tools and the number of workers in the form of real wages. The real cost is computed by calculating the unit of surface and each cultivated seedling. From an economic standpoint, the best method can be determined by comparing the estimated and actual costs of implementing both strip and pit cultivation methods.

The cost of cultivating Haloxylon aphyllum using the pit method was estimated at 260 million Rials per hectare. The estimated cost for strip cultivation was around 220 million Rials per hectare. The second method had a cost of approximately 40 million Rials less. Comparing actual costs, it was discovered that the actual cost was less than the estimated amount of around 6 million rials for pit cultivation. Comparing the actual cost of planting, it was found that the strip method was approximately 67 million rials cheaper than the pit method per hectare. The ratio of the actual cost to the estimate in the pit method is 0.95. There is economic justification for a price reduction of 12 to 13%. The strip cultivation method yielded a ratio of 0.89 between the actual cost and the estimate, indicating that up to 24% below the price has economic justification.

 In the pit cultivation method, due to the different nature of the work, which involves more volume of excavation and embankment, the construction of a pit is more expensive and takes longer to complete than in the strip method. The cost per unit area of operation is higher, but it's best if conditions are the same and the location is suitable. The strip cultivation method was used to reduce the cost. The cost calculated for each Haloxylon aphyllum plant in the pit cultivation method is 1308.164 thousand Rials, while for each Haloxylon aphyllum plant in the strip cultivation method is 1125.884 thousand Rials. The research conducted to estimate the actual cost of the two cultivation methods under investigation showed that one hectare of planting seedlings using the pit method requires 268,000 Rials. In strip cultivation metho, the actual cultivation cost per hectare was calculated to be 86/201142 thousand Rials. The cost of planting each seedling using the pit cultivation method was estimated at 1340 thousand rials. The strip cultivation method involved a cost of 714,005,000 rials to grow each seedling. The calculation showed a difference of 14,66857,000 rials between the actual cost of the two cultivation methods. The strip method, which is cost-effective and time-efficient, can be utilized to implement desertification on a wider area than the pit method. It can be concluded that the cost of pit cultivation is higher than the cost of strip cultivation, both by estimation method and actual analysis method. Therefore, under the same conditions, in terms of cost reduction and economics of cultivation methods, stripping is more economical. Furthermore, the actual cost of implementing both cultivation methods is lower than the estimated cost. The estimate and actual cost for pit and strip cultivation were calculated to be 6367.2 and 24033.94 thousand rials, respectively.

   The increasing trend of land destruction in many parts of the world is a serious threat to humanity. Desertification, which is one of the manifestations of this destruction, has affected most of the countries. What is certain is that today the phenomenon of land degradation and desertification in the world and especially in Iran is progressing rapidly and every day it is taking over more areas. The intended method in this research includes the laboratory use of 10 micron bentonite clay through a wind tunnel and determining its hardness by preparing a suspension on the surface of the windy sand; also using different percentages of this clay along with the cultivation of seedlings of Nitraria schoberi, which is resistant to salinity and dehydration. This method is of interest and can be a suitable moisture absorber for storing soil moisture and plant establishment, and also a good alternative to oil mulches that are harmful to the environment. Considering the importance of the problem of dust phenomenon as well as the crisis of drought and lack of water in Sajzi region of Isfahan city, the aim of this research is to establish vegetation cover in critical areas where there is no possibility of fighting except oil mulch or it is difficult to do so. More specifically, the experiment is done by using 10-micron bentonite clay in the pit of Nitraria schoberi seedling cultivation and sprinkling it on the surfaces of the harvesting and transportation area, while reducing the frequency of irrigation and reducing the amount of wind erosion.

In this research, which investigates the use of processed bentonite clay in moisture storage to control soil erosion, by adding this material to the soil, its ability to control wind erosion was investigated in the form of statistical analysis. Bentonite clay can be used with less volume and longer shelf life to control desertification. The 10-micron bentonite clay used in this research is homogeneous in water and can be used to control wind erosion on the soil surface; it reduces water consumption, increases seed germination and increases crop yield. Vegetation can be an effective factor in increasing the roughness of the soil surface and reducing the wind speed. The higher the density of vegetation and the longer its duration on the soil surface, the greater its role in preserving and maintaining the soil.

Effect of bentonite treatments on moisture content In the field experiments, a randomized complete block design was implemented, in which 10-micron bentonite with percentages of 2, 4, 6, 8 and control were used in the cultivation pits with the symbol of Nitraria schoberi seedling cultivation. Also, in 7 time stages of irrigation stress after cultivation (6 periods of alternating irrigation with intervals of 18 and 32 days) and the last irrigation period with an interval of 54 days, the soil sampling of the cultivation pits was done with an auger, and after being transferred to the laboratory, the percentage of moisture was determined. In this experiment, the effect of bentonite on the moisture level at the depths of 0-10 and 10-20 was statistically significant at the level of 1%. The results of comparing the averages showed that in the first stage of sampling to determine the percentage of moisture in the depths of 0-10 and 10-20 cm, with the increase of bentonite, the amount of soil moisture increased significantly. The highest percentage of soil moisture was observed in treatment 8 and the lowest in the control treatment. The amount of soil cell resistance According to the results of variance analysis of the data, the effect of bentonite treatments on soil hardness and erosion was significant at the level of 1 and 5%. Speed 5.7 was obtained in the bentonite treatment of 4 grams per liter and the lowest amount was obtained in the control treatment. In speeds 11 and 28, the highest soil cell resistance was observed in the treatment of 4 grams of bentonite and the lowest amount was observed in the control treatment.

Today, the phenomenon of wind erosion and its consequences is considered as one of the processes of land degradation in arid and semi-arid regions. The preliminary economic assessment of the use of 10-micron bentonite clay instead of other moisture absorbents in maintaining moisture and reducing irrigation frequency shows that this material is easier to access and the cost of its preparation is much lower. The positive effect of bentonite in reducing soil erosion can be due to the fact that bentonite is a clay mineral from the montmorionite family with expansion properties that is created by the weathering of volcanic ash. Also, due to its unique properties, it can be used in increasing the pulp index of the source soils. According to the results of this research, bentonite mineral can be effective in controlling the internal erosion of materials, so that the amount of erosion decreases with the increase of bentonite percentage. The results of this research on the reduction of erosion rate by increasing the bentonite percentage of the soil are consistent with the results of the research of Zumardian and Khushkho (2013). The results of this research showed that according to the method applied in random complete blocks, different treatments of bentonite had an effect on the moisture level and also on the hardness and erosion of the soil in the wind tunnel and shear vane stage. The effectiveness of the soil depends on the amount of bentonite used, the amount of moisture and wind speed, so with the increase in the amount of bentonite in the soil, the hardness and moisture of the soil increased as well.

Remote sensing science has been increasingly used throughout recent years in natural resources studies, especially for assessing and preparing vegetation maps. Moreover, aerial photography is widely used as a remote sensing tool, especially the ones taken by quadcopters in inaccessible areas, which could be effective, useful, and innovative. On the other hand, digital observation of the earth is an observed data-based approach in which photos are used to study natural resources. In many cases, using photos in time-specific and comparative studies is highly effective, taking into account the largeness of the area, inaccessibility, and lack of roads. Therefore, this study used a quadcopter to take photos from various points at different altitudes and compared them with aerial images to determine which type of photo from which height provides the best information concerning the investigated land and vegetation. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the possibility of using a quadcopter in preparing a vegetation percentage map.
 

Considering the costly and time-consuming nature of ground sampling of vegetation, this study used vegetation photography, digitizing and analyzing the collected photos after transferring them into computer systems. To this end, first, the intended photography centers were selected in the study area at different altitudes, from 10 meters high to 100 meters. Then, a quadcopter was sent to the area, taking photos from each selected center.
 In this regard, in a single center selected as the indicator within a kilometer radius of the study area, the required images were taken at each altitude class from four main directions, moving from the 100-meter height class to the ten-meter height one. The images were used to calibrate the collected photos and the numerical values of the calculated vegetation percentage. Then, the intended maps were extracted based on image dimensions and the coordinates of the selected points in Google Earth. Finally, the phases passed for the photos taken by the quadcopter were repeated for photos obtained from the maps so that vegetation percentage could be calculated based on the prepared maps.
 

The analysis of the study’s results suggested that the variations of vegetation percentage occurred at a slower pace in the western direction at 90 meters height and above, indicating that the height is the best altitude for determining the region’s vegetation percentage. However, a direct relationship was found between elevation and the changes in vegetation percentage in the eastern and northern directions at 90 meters height and above, with the vegetation percentage remaining unchanged with an increase in elevation. In other words, from 90 meters height beyond, the elevation exerts no influence on the calculated vegetation percentage, making it optimal for photography.
As for the southern direction, the vegetation variations remain unchanged from 40 meters height beyond, with the increase in elevation not affecting the calculated vegetation percentage. On the other hand, an extremely high correlation (99%) was found between the data collected in the western direction, indicating a very close relationship between the vegetation percentage values collected from different altitudes by the quadcopter and Google Earth.
In the eastern direction, the first flight level lies at 20 meters high. Probably, due to the low density of the vegetation, the larger size of the shrubs, and the small surface shown in the images, the vegetation percentage is considerably different from other points, thus making it unreliable.
 

This study found that the images cover a greater surface of the intended area with an increase in elevation. However, as the pixels become larger in such as process, fewer details are available. Therefore, the scope of the studies becomes limited, and the possibility of error increases. On the other hand, fewer areas were observed, and studies in those photos were taken from low altitudes, whose resolution was higher, though.
The study also found that the more uniform range of variations in the vegetation percentage at different elevations indicates a uniform density, and the more non-uniform density leads to abnormal changes in vegetation percentage as the elevation varies.
According to the study’s results, the best elevation for investigating vegetation in terms of the existing plants in the area was 90 meters in height. Moreover, the error percentage was revealed to be too high at 20 meters elevation due to the small dimensions covered by the images, thus making the altitude unreliable for any such study.
Generally, it can be concluded that the useful elevation for photography depends on the type of vegetation under study and that the optimal height should be determined based on the type of vegetation and its minimum dimensions. Moreover, taking into account the vegetation percentage and the quality of the images taken by quadcopter and Google Earth, it could be argued that the photos taken by the quadcopter enjoy more accuracy, providing higher coverage percentage and more precision in recording greater details.

The distribution and establishment of plant species are influenced by various environmental conditions. Calligonum bungei, a species of the genus Calligonum, is widely distributed in arid and semi-arid climates in Iran. This research aimed to investigate the environmental conditions governing the distribution of Calligonum bungei in the desert rangelands of Kerman province. The study focused on identifying different types of Calligonum bungei habitats, assessing canopy cover, density, and associated species, and examining the influence of environmental factors, such as climate, topography, and soil, on the species' distribution.

Four representative areas in Kerman province were selected to represent the dominant types of Calligonum bungei habitats. Geomorphological types were identified using satellite images and field visits. Environmental factors, including climate, topography, soil properties, and characteristics specific to the species (density, canopy cover, associated species), were evaluated in each habitat type. Vegetation studies were conducted along 300-meter transects, with plot sizes determined based on vegetation type and distribution (100 square meters). A total of 40 plots (10 plots per studied area) were investigated. Canopy cover was determined by measuring two perpendicular diameters of the plant canopy. Principal component analysis (PCA) using PC-ORD software was employed to analyze the relationship between environmental factors and species establishment in the study areas.

The results showed that Calligonum bungei was present in the altitude range of 1400-1750 meters, slopes ranging from 1% to 18.4%, and in all directions. The average annual rainfall in the areas varied from 55.5 to 163.4 mm, while the average annual temperature ranged from 16.7 to 26.4 degrees Celsius. The minimum and maximum absolute temperatures recorded were between -20.8 and 48.8 degrees Celsius, respectively. The average annual humidity ranged from 29.6% to 42.5%, and the length of the dry season varied from 8 to 12 months per year. Soil analysis revealed shallow soil with sandy-loamy to sandy-loamy texture, sand content between 67% and 84%, lime content between 8.5% and 20%, carbon content between 0.1% and 1.35%, nitrogen content between 0.0% and 0.7%, absorbable phosphorus between 9.5 and 13.5 milliequivalents, absorbable potassium between 200 and 217.5 milliequivalents, salinity between 0.36 and 1.02 decisimians, and pH values between 7.8 and 8.09. In terms of vegetation, Calligonum bungei was observed to be scattered in all studied areas, with densities ranging from 10 to 280 plants per hectare and canopy cover varying from 0.1% to 5.7%.

The principal component analysis revealed that the first component (annual temperature, humidity, sand, and silt) explained 46.9% of the variation, the second component (altitude, slope, annual rainfall, phosphorus, lime, and potassium) explained 35.3%, and the third component (clay, nitrogen, and salinity) explained 17.8%. Environmental factors influencing the establishment of Calligonum bungei varied among the studied areas. In Anar and Kerman regions, increasing sand content and decreasing annual temperature, humidity, and silt were significant factors. In the Bam region, increasing phosphorus and potassium content and decreasing altitude, slope, annual rainfall, and lime were influential. In the Jiroft region, reducing sand content and increasing annual temperature, humidity, and silt played a role. Overall, these findings indicate that the identified environmental factors act as limiting factors for the establishment of Calligonum bungei in the study areas.

Social and economic studies are important in investigating rangeland destruction. Investigating the role of social and economic issues in rangeland destruction can reduce destruction in this ecosystem. For this reason, this research has been done to identify the most important socioeconomic factors affecting rangeland destruction in the Niyuk region and prioritize the mentioned criteria using an Analytical Hierarchical process to provide complete information about the causes of rangeland destruction in the region. Considering that no research has been done in this area so far, it increases the necessity of conducting the present research.

Niuk area is located in Yazd province according to country divisions. In this research, first, by studying the sources and consulting with the relevant experts, the most important socioeconomic criteria involved in the destruction of rangelands in the area were determined, and a questionnaire was designed to score and calculate the weight and priority of these criteria. Enough experts completed it. The region's socioeconomic indicators, criteria, and sub-criteria were identified using experts' opinions and research records, and a hierarchical structure was formed. The main criteria include economic and social indicators. Economic indicators are divided into three sub-criteria: livestock and animal husbandry, cutting and harvesting, and change of land use and plans.The sub-criteria considered for the standard of livestock and livestock farming includes a large number of livestock, indiscriminate grazing of rangelands, type of livestock, change of livestock farming method from traditional to industrial, non-observance of livestock entry and exit time, improper distribution of livestock in the rangelands and improper grazing system. Three main sub-criteria of population, poverty, and institutional factors were identified for social indicators. Three main criteria and 14 sub-criteria were identified for social indicators.

A paired comparison between economic and social indicators showed that economic indicators weighing 0.667 have the priority in destroying rangelands. Social indicators with a weight of 0.333 have second priority. Among the main criteria examined by economic indicators, the sub-criterion of change of use and plans with a weight of 0.683 has been allocated the most. It is below the livestock and animal husbandry standard with a 0.200 weight. It was ranked third for cut and harvest with a 0.177 weight.Among the main criteria of social indicators, the criterion of institutional factors with a weight of 0.637 is the priority, and the factors of poverty and population are in the next ranks with weights of 0.258 and 0.105. The results showed that the sub-criteria of converting rangelands into mines, building access roads to mines, and political interference in natural resources were ranked first to third with weights of 0.176, 0.083, and 0.082. The first two sub-criteria of economic indicators and the third criterion of social indicators are the destruction of rangelands in the Newek region. The sub-criteria of literacy status and age composition of the population with weights of 0.004 and 0.003 were placed in the last priority. These sub-criteria were related to social indicators.

It can be concluded that the most important factors of the region's destruction are the change of land use and conversion of rangelands to mines, construction of access roads to mines, institutional factors and interference with natural resources, and lack of integrated management of natural resources. To prevent the destruction of rangelands in the region, it is necessary to minimize the construction of any mines and communication ways related to mines, and it is suggested that considering the activity of mines, the customary rights of pastoralists should be considered and the participation of ranchers in decision-making should be expanded to maximize the possibility of the success of projects with the support of stakeholders.

Geomorphological features play an essential role in changing the reactions of a basin and they can have significant effects on the erosion and sedimentation potential of watersheds. Meanwhile, the influence of geomorphological facies is significant in changing the amount of soil erosion, and its effects are manifested in the amount of sediment production. Establishing a relationship between the morphology of waterways and the active processes in them helps to correctly understand and predict their response to natural and human changes. Therefore, it is necessary to identify geomorphological phenomena that can influence the structure of waterways. Today, with the use of computers and the existence of capable remote sensing software and geographic information systems, the necessary calculations can be performed with high speed and accuracy. The purpose of this research is to compare the waterway network extracted from digital models of different heights.

Using the algorithms available in the software, a flow direction grid was created and a cumulative flow grid layer was extracted from it. For each cell, the current accumulation layer determines and ranks the number of cells that direct their current to the mentioned cell according to which the cells with the highest numerical values ​​correspond to the concave lines and the cells with values ​​close to zero and zero correspond to the ridge lines. To extract the waterway network from the studied area, DEMs 10, 30, and obtained DEM were used by ARCHYDRO software, which finally produced three maps. The waterway network was extracted from the three mentioned DEMs. In this study, the drainage network map, extracted from the digital topographic maps provided by the country's mapping organization, was used as a measure close to the ground reality. Based on the constructed waterways, the border of the main closed rivers and the area and perimeter of the main basin were obtained.

According to the results of the total length of the waterways, it can be seen that the cell size of 10 meters has the largest value so that the model calculates the length of the waterways more accurately. According to the drainage density values, it is observed that the amount of drainage density decreases with the increase in cell size. This problem indicates that with the increase in the cell size, the lower ranking waterways are removed, and considering that the drainage density is obtained from formula (1) and in this formula, the number of waterways and their lengths have great effects on the drainage density, so it can be seen that as the cell size of the height digital model increases, the drainage density decreases. The drainage density obtained using a cell size of 10 meters is the closest value to reality. Using DEM10 and Arc hydro software, the waterway network map was extracted and compared with the reference map (waterway network map of the Mapping Organization) of the country.

According to the obtained results, by increasing the cell size of the digital elevation model, small details are not considered and the accuracy of the model decreases; as the pixel size increases, the sub-channels are removed, which affects the output parameters. This model reduces the length of waterways and the density of drainage, which is consistent with the results of Davari and Hack's research. As the cell size increases, the length of the main waterway decreases which confirms the results obtained by Ashurlo et al. (2008). However, the drainage density obtained using a cell size of 10 meters is the closest value to reality. Govan et al. (2001) and Hosseinzadeh and Nadaf Sangani (2013) also achieved similar results in their research. The results showed that with the increase in the cell size, the calculation of the length of the waterways is associated with error to the extent that with the increase of the cell size by more than 10 meters, the error rate becomes more significant and far from the actual amount. The parameters obtained from digital height models with a cell size of 10 meters in the Arc hydro model had the closest results to the real standard. Based on this, Zhang and Montgomery (1994) and Yang et al. (2010) considered 10 meters as an appropriate index in their research. According to the mentioned cases, the correctness of this theorem can also be visually verified in the waterway network maps obtained from the digital models of 10 and 30 meters height, as well as the waterway network obtained from the topographic map 1: 50,000 regions compared to control waterway network map (the waterway network of the country's mapping organization). It was also observed that the smaller the cell size, the more accurate waterway network of the region can be obtained. The results of satellite image processing show that among the three indices of NDVI, NIR and LWC, the NIR index shows a more accurate waterway network pattern. This index showed that 90% of waterways created by this index are consistent with waterway network. Also, in the surveys that were conducted in the plains and mountains separately, it was shown that 94% of the created waterways in the plains and 91% in the mountainous areas are the same as the control waterways, which confirms the high ability of this index to detect waterways in plain areas and to prevent the occurrence of errors in the identification of waterways.

Dust is one of the most important atmospheric phenomena, which has attracted the attention of many scientists as an emergent phenomenon. Current research has studied trend of the number of dust days and its relation to climatic parameters and vegetation index from 2005 to 2017 in the Yazd-Ardakan plain. The DSI was computed for the two meteorological stations at Yazd and Meybod. By classifying the two Landsat 7 and 8 satellite images, the land form/cover maps, including agricultural lands, urban, mantled pediments, covered pediment and erg have been prepared. The NDVI layer was then computed in two classes for the Landsat 7 and 8 satellites. The class area was calculated for all levels of the region and also within two buffers of 10 and 20 km at the center of stations Yazd and Meybod. The relationship between the climatic parameters, including annual average temperature, annual average precipitation and annual average relative humidity, was then calculated. Finally, the relationship between dust index and land form types, NDVI layer and climatic parameters has been investigated. The results showed that the relationship between the DSI and the erg type is direct, but there is an inverse relation with the mantled pediments, covered pediment and agricultural land. Based on the results obtained, urban lands have little effect on the dust storm index. By comparing the DSI with the NDVI, with the increase in the region's dust storm index, the NDVI values for all levels decreased. By comparing the DSI with the climatic parameters, with the decrease in annual average precipitation and relative humidity and the increase in annual average temperature, the dust Storm index increased.

The implementation of combating desertification projects can not be considered apart from their socio-economic impacts. In recent years, many combating desertification projects such as mulching, planting resistant species and etc., have been implemented in the country. Many combating desertification projects have been implemented in Yazd province, including Meybod-Ashkezar. The purpose of this research is to investigate the impact of the implementation of combating desertification projects from the peoples’ point of view. To conduct the present research, the sample size was calculated using Cochran’s method, 286 samples. The questionnaire was designed based on the five-choice Likert scale and several items including 6 economic items, 5 social items and 7 management items were considered in the questionnaire and were randomly completed by people. Then, the priority of each item was checked using Friedman’s non-parametric test. The research results showed that the economic criteria, the effect of the implementation of afforestation and Meybod wind canal projects, reducing damage to agricultural lands and products with an average rating of 4.82, was placed as the first priority of people’s evaluation. In the next ranks, the reduction of damage to residential and industrial lands and the increase of agricultural and horticultural production per unit area were evaluated with an average 4.06 and 3.77, respectively. Regarding the people’s attitude towards the plan, the results showed that the people’s willingness to participate in the maintenance of the plan with an average rating of 3.30 is the first priority. Regarding the Peoples’ point of view to projects, the results showed that the people’s willingness to participate in the maintenance of the plan with an average rating of 3.30 is the first priority. Regarding the management criteria, reducing the influx of sands, reducing the production of dust and local storms, and Reduction of agricultural crop pests with average 5.52, 5.37, and 4.43 were placed in the next priority of public evaluation. Therefore, the positive effect of desertification projects has been well felt by the residents of the region, and it is appropriate to take measures to bring closer the officials of this sector and the local community for the purpose of better protection of natural resources.

The phenomenon of dust in recent years has been one of the most important environmental challenges, which has been exacerbated by destructive human activities and has had adverse effects on the environment and human health. Considering that wetlands play an essential role in the balance of water and climate and also prevent the entry of fine dust; The present study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the relationship between the optical depth of aerosol particles (AOD) and the indices of dust-based soil in the area of Horulazim wetland. For this purpose, daily AOD product, MODIS sensor bands and hourly data of dust occurrences related to 3 meteorological stations of Ahvaz, Safi-Abad and Sulaiman masjed were obtained from their supply sources in a period of 18 years (2000-2018). Hourly data recorded in synoptic stations were used to calculate dust storm index (DSI) and MODIS sensor bands were used to extract BTD, BTDI, TIIDI, TDI, Miller and NDDI indices. Linear and non-linear regression methods were used to analyze the relationship between the mentioned indices and AOD. The results of the analysis of the relationship between DSI-AOD showed the very poor performance of this index in the analysis of dust events in all three study stations (R2<0.2). In Ahvaz, Safi Abad and Masjid Sulaiman masjed stations, the maximum value of R2 was observed between AOD-BTDI (0.48), AOD-Miller (0.503) and AOD-BTD (0.50), respectively. These results indicate that, on average, about 50% of the changes in the optical depth of aerosols can be explained using the three indices BTDI, Miller and BTD. Therefore, it is recommended to use these indicators in order to analyze the dust events around Horul Azim lagoon.

Desertification due to urban or technological development is due to human intervention and land use change, which is a serious problem. In addition to accelerating land degradation, population growth is leading to misuse of land. In the present study, using Landsat4-5 satellite imagery of 1986 TM sensor and Landsat 8 satellite imagery of OLI TIRS sensor of 2017, the trend of land use changes in Tabas city was investigated. The study area was divided into 6 units and using the Iranian Model of Desertification Potential Assessment (IMDPA), standard technogenic criteria and indicators were studied, and finally the numerical value of standard indicators of urban and industrial development (ratio of man-made to agricultural and garden lands, ratio of man-made lands to garden) And forest or green space, per capita green space index, percentage of road construction areas and road density, ratio of potential population to actual population) were calculated for the whole region in both time periods. Studies have shown that during the studied years, the level of man-made complicaions has increased by 5.68 percent, while arable lands have also increased by about 5.9 percent. The results showed that in the study area, the ratio of man-made land ratio, to garden and forest or green space and green space index with numerical values of 0.92 and 9.14, respectively, had the greatest impact in 1986 and man-made land ratio. To agricultural and horticultural construction and road density index with a numerical value of 0.79 and 1.95, respectively, in 2017 have the least impact on the technogenic desertification of the region. Based on the five indicators studied, the quantitative value of desertification intensity for the whole region in 1986 was 1.89, which is in the middle class of desertification, and in 2017, 7.13, which is in the very severe class of desertification.

Pediments are vitally important geomorphological units. Desert pavement feature is used for their classification. The characteristics of desert pavements are a function of geomorphological conditions and have unique properties in terms of different granulation parameters. A variety of methods are employed to determine granulation. The most common method is the sieving test, in which the particle size distribution curve is obtained using the cumulative weight of the grains passing through the sieve. Using image processing methods facilitates the identification, measurement, analysis, and spatial distribution of particles. The present study aims to prove that digital image processing is a viable alternative for traditional methods as the results from both procedures are similar.

Yazd-Ardakan plain is located in the range of 15 53 to 50-54 easts and in 31-15 to 45 45 north. In this study, ten points were randomly selected in 40 40 40 square plots in plain areas in Yazd-Ardakan plain basin. Sediment granulation was done by the mechanical sieving method. In order to granulate sediments, the samples were taken and transferred to the laboratory, and placed in a shaker to separate the particles according to their large diameter size by the sieves in the machine. After performing the calculations via Excel software, a graph related to the granulation of each point was achieved. WinArea-UT-11 can measure most physical coefficients of products such as perimeter, area, and the largest and smallest particle diameters. The parameters measured by the device were particles’ length and width.

In this section, the granulation results by mechanical sieving as well as the results obtained from the Win Area machine are presented. The following table, Table 1, is an example of calculating the weight percent and the percentage of cumulative frequency of particles in a mechanical sieve.Sizing by mechanical sieving was followed by placing the collected samples on the Win Area device, and photography was performed. The information obtained from the pebbles was saved in Excel software after shooting. A rectangular shape for each pebble is assumed. According to the length and width of the pebble device, the Pythagorean equation was used to calculate the particle diameter. Table (2): Weight and cumulative percentage of length, width and diameter of the machine using sieve diameter  Diameter (mm) Frequency percentage  Cumulative frequency percentage Frequency percentage of device length Percent cumulative frequency of length Frequency percentage of device width Percent cumulative frequency of widt Percentage of frequency of device diameter Percentage of cumulative frequency of device diameter According to the results obtained from the Pearson test in SPSS software, the correlation between the results of the cumulative frequency percentage of the parameters of length, width, and diameter of particles with the percentage of cumulative frequency calculated by the particles’ diameter in the mechanical sieve is above 70%. Additionally, the mean level particle content in all three parameters of particles’ length, width, and diameter is less than 0.05.

The results of the granulation diagram of each of the parameters of particles’ length, width, and diameter visually show that the graphs are almost correlated and coordinated with each other. Among these, the correlation between the mechanical sieve granulation diagram and the particles’ width is more consistent than the particles’ length and diameter granulation diagram. According to the grading results of each parameter in comparison with the mechanical sieving method, if a few number of grading diagrams of length, width, and diameter are shifted, the diagrams will completely match. Pearson test, obtained by importing the percentage of cumulative frequency of particles’ length, width, and diameter, shows that in samples 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, which are related to the pediments, the grading diagram of a mechanical sieve is more similar to Particles’ width grading diagram. In samples with higher mean diameters, the similarities between the grading values of the mechanical sieve are approximately the same as the granulation of particles’ width and length.This study illustrates the similarity between the grading curve drawn from the mechanical sieving and the results obtained with the win area machine, and the drawn curves are visually matched with some shifts. Also, according to the results of comparing image processing methods with traditional methods, it is found that there is a significant correlation between the two methods, meaning that the results of digital image processing methods are similar to conventional methods. Therefore, the digital image processing method can perfectly replace the traditional methods.

Barkhan is one of the most common forms of sand dunes and the influx of sands in the form of Barkhan hills is considered as one of the most important environmental hazards in most parts of Iran, which will cause a decrease in the quality and quantity of groundwater, reduce soil fertility and increase the susceptibility of lands to erosion and landslides. Therefore, their comprehensive identification is very important. The aim of this study was to investigate the granulometric characteristics of Ardakan Barkhans in different heights. In 2016 the study area was identified using Satellite Images and Google Earth software, then, with a field visit to Ardakan region, sampling was done from 6 Barkhan at two different heights.In the next step in the laboratory, granulometric operations were performed on the samples. Then, by performing independent t-test, the significance of the difference of each variable was investigated. The results showed that the highest frequency of samples in the windward slope is related to sands with a size of 250 to 500 microns by 54.68% and in the leeward slope with a size of 125 to 250 microns by 51.97%. Also, the variables of mean diameter, skewness and sorting in the range of 0-2 meters of windward and leeward wind have a significant difference at the level of 95% and no significant difference was observed between the two slops in the Kurtosis variable. Also, it was found that in the range of 2-4 m of Barkhan hills, there is no significant difference between the variables of sorting and Kurtosis on both slopes of the windward and leeward. In this range, a significant difference was observed between the two variables of mean diameter and skewness at the level of 5%. The results show that the ratio of homogeneity of sand grain dimensions in the windward and leeward is different.

Rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies and the interest in their application in educational fields lead to significant growth in the scientific literature concerning the application of AI in education. Architectural design is a complex design that uses old experiences and creativity to produce new designs. The artificial intelligence use for the design process should not focus on finding a solution in a defined search space because the design requirements at the conceptual stage are not yet well defined. Instead, the artificial intelligence application should be considered to explore the design requirements and provide solutions to meet those requirements. The present applied study aims to provide an architectural design training model based on artificial intelligence in architecture education to provide an overview of artificial intelligence for the development and further implementation of the country's design education system. The type of this research is applied-developmental, and its method is descriptive-analytical and in terms of data collection surveys. A questionnaire was distributed among all faculty members of Azad University and experts in this field to collect the data required for the study. The collected data was analyzed by the method of content analysis. The results contain solutions to provide a model for architectural design training based on artificial intelligence. This study will acquaint professors and researchers to understand the status and development of financial and physical infrastructure and artificial intelligence hardware and software. Also, it will help increase the effectiveness and efficiency of its usage in architectural education. The findings also help activists, officials, educators, and researchers identify ways to improve designer education.

Wind erosion is a phenomenon that causes severe environmental changes in arid and semi-arid climates. As surface soil texture is very effective in soil erodibility, identifying soil erodibility index is important and efficient. Mismanagement greatly contributes to the development of wind erosion. The velocity that makes the first particles of soil move from the surface is called the erosion threshold speed. Measuring the factors involved in wind erosion has always been difficult and costly. Therefore, using wind tunnels is suggested as an alternative method. This study investigated the physical and chemical properties of soil and their effects on wind erosion.

The Meybod wind canal is located at 32° 07ʹ 00"- 32° 11ʹ 00" and 35° 56ʹ 00"-54° 06ʹ 00". Using satellite images derived from Google Earth and the GIS software and the data gathered via field visits, a study border was designated for the region. Based on the area’s characteristics and the existing facies, a forty-points sampling network was randomly applied to the study area. As for the threshold speed test, first the wind erosion measuring device was placed on the desired point, and the wind speed was increased slowly to reach the erosion threshold speed; then the intended samples were collected from the surface soil (0-5 cm of soil surface). The soil’s physical and chemical properties including sodium, calcium, magnesium, organic carbon, organic matter, salinity, sodium absorption ratio, sand, clay and silt, gravel percentage, as well as soil moisture and texture were measured in the laboratory. In the next step, the Weka 3.8 software was used to determine the role of each physical and chemical parameter on the erosion threshold speed.

 Land use Using the decision tree algorithm, the relationship between land use characteristics of all points with threshold speed was investigated and the results were extracted. The effect of each parameter on the velocity of the erosion threshold was also obtained. Data mining results showed a high correlation between land use parameters and the erosion threshold speed. It was also found that the land use characteristics had a greater impact on the secondary threshold speed.  Physical parameters The results of data mining indicated a significant correlation between physical parameters and the threshold speed. According to the obtained statistical results, it was found that physical properties had the greatest effect on the secondary threshold speed. Therefore, the secondary threshold velocity had been used to examine the correlation and trend.  Chemical properties: The results of data mining suggested a high correlation between chemical parameters and the threshold speed. According to the obtained statistical results, it could be found that chemical properties had a greater effect on the secondary threshold speed; Therefore, to investigate the correlation and the effect of each parameter on the threshold speed, the secondary threshold speed was used. Based on the significant correlation between threshold velocity and erodibility index, it was found that the erodibility index had an effect on the erosion threshold speed. It was also found that the threshold speed decreased with an increase in erodibility index.

This study investigated the effect of physical and chemical properties, and land use on erosion threshold speed using data mining with decision tree algorithm. Moreover, the SPSS software was used for discovering the correlation between those factors and erosion threshold. The results of land use data mining showed that land use characteristics, including surface pavement, cultivation status, and canopy status affected the threshold speed. The results of physical properties’ data mining indicated that soil saturation percentage, Special Weight and sand and silt percentage, soil texture, surface gravel percentage, and moisture were respectively effective up to 40%, 20%, 90%, 30%, and 100% on the threshold speed. On the other hand, the results of chemical properties’ data mining suggested that the sodium adsorption ratio could be effective up to 90% on the threshold speed. It was also found that organic carbon and organic matter were 100% effective on the erosion threshold rate. However, calcium and magnesium were found to affect the erosion threshold only by 10%. This study’s findings are consistent with those found by Lee (2007), Lee et al. (2008), Mahmoudabadi and Rajabpour (2017), Azimzadeh et al. (2002) and Nourozzadeh Haddad and Bahrami (2015). Physical parameters’ statistical results showed that parameters such as the percentage of gravel, silt, and sand had the greatest effect on the velocity threshold, and that the special weight and clay percentage were least effective in this regard. These findings are consistent with those found by Zare Arnani (2014), Azimzadeh et al. (2004). Furthermore, the statistical results of soil’s chemical parameters suggested that sodium and magnesium had the least effect on wind erosion threshold speed, while the highest impact belonged to the percentage of organic carbon and organic matter, which could be attributed to the high adhesion of soil particles in the presence of organic matter and organic carbon. These findings are consistent with those found by Ekhtesasiet al. (2003), Azimzadeh et al. (2004) and Zahrabi et al. (2019).

Particle-size and their distribution are important in various sciences such as: agricultural, natural resources, and even engineering and medical engineering. Using mechanical sieves requires considerable cost and time. The purpose of this study was to investigate the capability of image processing techniques for desert pavement. Thus, random sampling of desert pavement was carried out in bare and epandage pediments. Samples were transferred to the laboratory and was grading using standard sieve series. The collected samples taken were also photographed. Photos were analyzed using Image Processing and Analysis in Java and Geological Image Analysis Softwares.Then the results of the software were compared with the values measured by the sieve series. Results, show that the values obtained for particle aggregation using Image j software have a correlation of 93% in the epandage Pediment particles and 96% in the bare Pediments with mechanical sieve. Results of correlation between mechanical sieving and GIAS software in epandage pediment have an average correlation of 91% and in bare pediment has a correlation of 96%. It can be concluded that the use of these softwares can be a good substitute for mechanical sieve in particle size distribution. Using the results of this study can be effective in reducing cost and time in perform grading.

Assessing and monitoring rangelands in arid regions are important and essential tasks in order to manage the desired regions. Nowadays, satellite images are used as an approximately economical and fast way to study the vegetation in a variety of scales. This research aims to estimate the coverage percent using the digital data given by ETM+ Landsat satellite. In late May and early June 2018, the vegetation was measured in Ardakan plain, Yazd province, Iran. Information was obtained by 320 plots in 40 transects and also, the satellite images in terms of sampling time were downloaded and processed in USGS website. 16 indices involving NDVI, NIR, MSI, SS, IR1, MIRV1, NVI, TVI, RAI, SAVI, LWC, PD322, PD321, PD312, PD311 and IR2 were estimated. Through estimating the indices and extracting the values in order to conduct index-based predictions, six data mining models of Artificial Neural Network (ANN), the K Nearest Neighbor (KNN), Gaussian Process (GP), Linear Regression (LR), Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Decision Tree (DT M5) have been applied. Model assessment results indicated high vegetation estimate efficiency based on the indices but the model KNN with Root Mean Square Error (RMSE= 2.520) and Coefficient of determination (R2= 0.94) and (RMSE= 2.872 and R2= 0.96) had the highest accuracy in the training and data sets, respectively. As well, to determine the weight and importance of parameters, and to estimate the coverage percent, the weighing process were conducted based on support vector machine. Weighing results indicated that the KNN model and the Simple Subtraction (SS) index had higher weight and importance in terms of vegetation percent.

Wind erosion is one of the main factors of soil degradation and air pollution. Roughness by creating an obstacle to wind flow, decreases wind speed and consequently reduces the amount of wind erosion, hence its measurement in wind erosion is important. Roughness is one of the most effective factors. In soil erosion by water and wind by accuracy measurement of soil surface roughness, can be used by them as indicators of ecosystem healthMethods for measuring of soil surface roughness using Roughness meter can be classified into two large classes. Contact methods which mechanical devices are directly in contact with the soil. Non-contact methods that the measuring instruments are far away from the soil surface and do not touch with surface of the soil.
Pin meter includes a row of pins with equal distances which is placed in a frame that can be placed according to high and low levels of roughness. Yazd - Ardakan Plain with a total area of 7,15950 square kilometers Is located in the northern part of Yazd province.and Is located in   Longitude 748337 to 296893 East and in latitude 3559572 to 3566743 North


After determining the studied area, 10 randomly selected samples were selected in the Yazd-Ardakan Plain and the sampling was carried out in both methods. Roughness data of soil surface were taken randomly by using laser distance measuring and pin meter in 10 transects. In each transect, roughness height was measured of length 50 cm. The distance between the pins in pin meter method is 2 cm and measuring distance in Laser Distance Meter is 2 cm. Thus, the height of the points was recorded separately by both methods, in each transect,
Pin meter
In this way, with the help of pins on the soil surface, Height of pebbles, is measured at several points to the base level. That way, Roughness altitude information was recorded. According to the definition, this index (roughness) is the standard deviation of the height of the points, which is obtained using the following equation:That in, SD, , , and n are respectively, standard deviation of points Height, the height of each of the points (mm), Average height and the number of sample points in the transect

Laser This method, measures roughness using the laser meter model (X310) from the Leica Company. The laser meter is A small and handy device, that calculates the exact distance, by using laser technology and by calculating round-trip time of laser lightworking method is as follows: The laser beam is emitted to the target and the calculation is performed with an error of less than 3 mm. Thus, the height of the points is measured at 50 cm up to the base level

(Result)
The maximum amount of the calculated average by the method of the pin meter and laser distance meter is 2 and 1, respectively. The minimum amount of calculated average for both methods is in the point 10. The highest and lowest amount of standard deviation derived from laser distance meter and pin meter methods are for points 2 and 10 respectively.

In Table 1, are presented the results of the comparison of the two methods of pin- meter and Laser rangefinder. As can be seen: 
Table (1): Statistical comparison of roughness index of two methods at 2 cm distance


t

Degrees of freedom


Mean ± Invalid Criterion


Groups2cm

characteristics


438/1
24
70/1±83/21
pin meter
Point 1
The roughness index

28/2±66/23
Laser

120/1-
24
37/2±50/23
pin meter
Point 2

53/2±50/22
Laser

646/0-
24
99/1±58/17
pin meter
Point 3

30/2±87/16
Laser

040/1-
24
1±50/10
pin meter
Point4

08/1±08/11
Laser

924/0
24
91/1±62/19
pin meter
Point5

69/1±50/18
Laser

793/0-
24
30/1±66/9
pin meter
Point 6

54/1±37/10
Laser

221/1-
24
10/1±29/14
pin meter
Point 7

95/0±12/15
Laser

175/0-
24
11/1±79/11
pin meter
Point 8

16/1±12
Laser

135/0
24
10/1±9
pin meter
Point 9

23/1±12/9
Laser

809/0
24
59/0±04/7
pin meter
Point 10

09/1±83/7
Laser



Figure (1): shows the Matching charts, two methods of laser distance meter and pin meter.
These two methods are Good match to all points, But this match, have more matches at points 2, 3, 5, and 6 Compared to other points.

ure (1): Charts for the matching of the two methods at the sampling points.
Discussion and Conclusion The Calculated Statistical indicators by the two methods, are almost the same at all harvested points. The results of the t- student test also showed that, the mentioned two methods, in all sampled points, there is no significant difference at 95% level. Which indicates the ability of two devices For measuring roughness Which, depending on the conditions, can replace each other.the results of this study, with the results of the studies of Zhang et al. (2012), that investigated the methods of measuring the roughness of the soil to provide a Universal and comprehensive method, and concluded that the best method for determining the roughness is laser scanning method and followed by it is pin meter method. labideh (2015), measuring the aerodynamic roughness length of the harvested soil using اa pin meter. It was concluded that a pin meter could be used to estimate aerodynamic roughness. Which is accommodation with the results of our studies.so it may be concluded that so it may be concluded that using the pin meter method as a traditional tool in pavement roughness measurement, similar results will be obtained using laser method. Therefore, according to the cost of laser distances, pin meter method can be used with similar results.

Design of architectural space, Specifically an academic space in this research, while congested without being aware of the coherent spatial structure and sometimes with the Breakdown, creates high density or abandonment of different parts of space. This paper examines the relationship between spatial structure and user movements in the central campus of Tehran University. For this purpose, the campus ,with seven colleges, a mosque, a central library and other related buildings, was tested that was used to analyze the spatial structure of the "space syntax" method. The method of doing this research is simulation using the Depth map software. A case study ,which is valuable in terms of architecture and scientific and cultural values, was also used to conduct the research. In this analysis, four factors in social, Physical and behavioral subgroups has been investigated Which is ultimately compared to the natural motion factor. The results have been analyzed and the tables for this simulation are extracted and discussed. results show a strong and direct meaningful relationship exists between the value of the integration of space derived from the space syntax analysis and the motor behaviors of users. Therefore, one of the important reasons for users' congestion in some places, as well as being abandoned in some other places, is due to the physical structure of the site. Based on the results, changes can be made to user mobility Considering the proposed architecture in the campus of university. This research also focuses on the methodology for analyzing and evaluating space syntax on a case study.

Geomorphological map is one of the main information layers in natural resources studies. So far, various methods have been proposed for the classification and separation of various units and Geomorphological types, most of which are based on qualitative and descriptive information. In this study, the ability of geomorphometry parameters in separation of mountains from pediment and also separation of different types of pediments was investigated. First, ground truth map was prepared using visual interpretation of satellite data and topographic maps. Then the 1000-point sampling grid was designed randomly. Parameters including profile curvature, plan curvature, tangential curvature, cross-sectional curvature, longitudinal curvature, and general curvature were prepared from digital elevation model in the GIS software. Then, their values were extracted at all points of the sampling network. Then, artificial neural network with structure of 13_6_ 4 was used to separate the units. The results showed that the erosion pediment could be separated from epandage using artificial neural network; however, the separation of epandage pediment from covered pediment was not well. For this purpose, to improve network performance, the digital value of Landsat 7 data was added to the previous values. The resolution accuracy of mountain, erosion pediment, epandage pediment, and covered pediment was calculated to be 90, 79, 80, and 76%, respectively.

Digital mapping is a suitable alternative method to the traditional methods. In this method, soil salinity correlated to the environmental variables and then soil salinity predicts in the other locations. At present research, based on thehypercubemethod, the locations of 73 soil samples selected and then sampled. Electrical conductivity was measured in the saturation paste of soil samples. Then using artificial neural network (ANN) the relationship between ground point data and environmental variables (terrain attributes and Landsat 8 image data) was calculated and applied to the other parts of area. Sensitivity analysis indicated some environmental variables had more influence on prediction ANN model including normalized difference vegetation index (39.51%), soil-adjusted vegetation index (27.60%) and slope (5.80%), respectively. Moreover, the cross-validation implied high performance of ANN model to predict soil salinity (R2=0.57 and RMSE=17.40 dS/m). Our results, overall, showed that remote sensing data and digital elevation model and ANN had acceptable performance to predict soil salinity and hence it is recommended the same methodology in the future.