سمیرا جعفریان

Fish transportation and catching is a common activity in aquaculture that induces stress and immunosuppression. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of using Sanyar prebiotic (powder and liquid) in biofloc environment on metabolic activity, stress indices, and hematological of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) under catching and transporting stress. Diets containing prebiotic (0.1 and 0.2 g powder; FP1 and FP2) and (1 and 2 ml liquid, FL1 and FL2) and control group without additive (FC) in biofloc system and the control group without additive with clean water (C) were fed to common carp for 60 days. At the end of the rearing period, to simulate catching stress, the fish were followed in the tanks with hand fishing nets for 10 minutes. For stress caused by long transportation with a stocking density of 1 kg (6 treatments and each with 3 replications), plastic bags (20 liters of water and 20 liters of oxygen) were used for 12 hours. After applying stress, blood sampling was done separately from the fish in two groups (catching and transportation). Metabolic activities (hepatic enzymes, urea, and creatinine), Red blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit had a significant decrease in prebiotic treatments under stress. Cortisol concentration in the FC treatment (catch) and in the control treatment (transportation) significantly increased compared to other experimental treatments. In general, the results showed that using Sanyar commercial prebiotics in the biofloc environment reduces the stressful effects of catching and transportation for common carp.

The study was executed to find out the potential effects Sanyar prebiotic on production performance, water nitrogen compounds, blood and metabolic parameters of Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) reared in a biofloc system. 324 fish fingerlings (average weight 10.09 ± 0.45 g) were stocked in eighteen 35-L tanks (18 fish in each tank). Six experimental groups after 10 days of adaptation to laboratory conditions were tested for 60 days, which including: Control group without additive with clean water (C), Control group without additive with Floc (FC), Floc groups with 0.1 and 0.2 g (FP1 and FP2) powder prebiotic and Floc groups with 1 and 2 ml (FL1 and FL2) liquid prebiotic per 100 g of basic diet. At the end of the experiment, the FP1 group significantly increased final biomass weight, final density, and protein efficiency ratio (PER) and decreased feed conversion ratio (FCR) when compared to other groups. Total water ammonia was reduced in the biofloc groups containing prebiotic supplementation compared to the biofloc group without prebiotic (FC). Serum urea and creatinine levels increased significantly in the FC group compared to the other experimental groups. ALT, AST and ALP enzymes were significantly increased in groups C and FC compared to the groups fed with Saynar prebiotic. The highest WBC and RBC counts were obtained in FL1 and FC groups, respectively. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of FP1 (0.1 g Sanyar prebiotic per 100 g of basic diet) can be potentially used as health enhancer in Common carp cultured under biofloc system.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of using two levels of Sanyar prebiotics (powder and liquid) on growth performance, feed productivity, digestive enzyme activity and non-specific immunity of Cyprinus carpio juveniles in the biofloc system. Common carp (10.09 ± 0.45 g) were stocked into 18 tanks (35 L) in six treatments for 60 days, including: Control treatment without additive and with clean water (C), Control treatments without additive with Floc (FC), Floc treatments with 0.1 and 0.2 g (FP1 and FP2) powder prebiotic and Floc treatments with 1 and 2 ml (FL1 and FL2) liquid prebiotic per 100 g of basic diet. Water parameters are maintained at the standard level for this species. Total ammonia concentration (TAN) was statistically significant between experimental treatments. The growth of fish was obtained significantly higher and the feed conversion ratio was lower in FP1. The highest intestinal protease activity (8.42± 0.05) was obtained in FP1 treatment. The lowest serum cortisol and glucose were observed in FP1. The immunoglobulin and lysozyme serum in FP2 and FL1 were significantly higher than other treatments. The results of this study showed that the use of 0.1 g of Sanyar prebiotic powder per 100 g of basic diet in the biofloc system could improve growth performance, and the immune status of C. carpio.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different levels two commercial prebiotic(Behdam) and probiotic(Moltibehsil) on the growth performance, biochemical parameters of body extract and resistance against the challenge tests of Ctenophryngodon idella for 45 days. This experiment conducted in a completely random design with seven treatments which contain triplicates. Three levels of probiotic and prebiotic (200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg of ration) were added to the basic diet. At the end of the feeding trial, the results some growth performance indices(including: weight gain, specific growth rate, Thermal Growth Coefficient,  Velocity of growth body weight, daily growth coefficend and Survival rate) on the grass carps larve had significantly difference with control group (P<0.05). Subsequently, elevated Body extract biochemical (AST, ALT and Cortisol) analyses was observed in C. idella fed with probiotic and prebioticcompared to control group (P<0.05). Whiles There were no significant differences in amount of ALP, Glocose, total protein and lysozyme among experimental groups (P>0.05). Also, the addition of Behsam and Moltibehsil to the diet increased larval resistance against the challenge tests and Significant differences were observed in expermentral treatment compar with control group (P>0.05). This study highlighted that the different levels of Behsam and Moltibehsil in rearing of grass carp larvae had positive effects on growth performance and resistance to challenge tests, but had a different effect on body extract biochemical parameters in this fish.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of personality characteristics and loneliness in prediction of nomophobia among university students. The method of this research was applied, descriptive and cross-sectional analysis. The statistical population of this study included all of students of Payam-e-Noor University in Zanjan City, in 1396-97 academic year. The sample was comprised of 373 participants selected using the random sampling method (117 male participants and 256 female participants. To achieve the research objectives, the Five Neo Factors (NEO-FFI) questionnaire, the Loneliness Questionnaire (SELSA), and Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMPQ) were used. The collected data were analyzed using regression analyses. The results showed that there was a positive and significant correlation between extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism, loneliness, and nomophobia (p<%1); however, the relationship between openness and nomophobia was not significant. Also, the results indicated that 15 percent of total variance of nomophobia in the use of mobile phones was predicted by loneliness and personality characteristics, meaning that loneliness and personality traits seemed to increase nomophobia symptoms in students.

Any change in hematological and biochemical parameters of plasma could be a predictor of unfavorable environment or effect of different stress factors in fish. The present study was designed to assess different salinity concentration induced changes hematological parameters and immunity indices in rainbow trout fishes reared in fresh (0.5ppt), brackish (3.02ppt) and salt water (18.20ppt) at three different station in Golestan Province. The experiment was beginning with the rainbow trout juvenile with initial average 50g then run for 5 months using the commercial trout feed. At the end of rearing periods, blood samples were taken from 20 individuals was apparentlyhealthy with the mean weight of 250g from each station and serum was separated. Serum was separated with centrifuge machine and blood parameters were analyzed by the routine method used in fish hematology. The results showed a significant difference between WBC and IgM value in tree experimental group (p<0.05). The highest WBC (14300±310 103/mm) was found in the blood of fish fry reared in brackish water and the highest IgM  value (0.428±0.007 g/l) was recorded in fish fry reared in saline water (p<0.05). RBC, Hb, Ht, MCV, MCH, C3 and C4 significantly decreased in the blood of fish reared in brackish water (p<0.05). But, these indices not showed any significant difference among the fish reared in the fresh and saline water (p>0.05). But there was no significant difference in the level of these indices between cultivated fish fry with fresh and brackish waters (p> 0.05). Also, was observed no significant differences among the MCHC value in experimental group (p>0.05). In conclusion, the results of this study indicated that rearing of O. mykiss as a euryhaline species in saline water of ~18 ppt is more desirable due to the tendency to return these indices to measured level in fresh water and are less affected by stress.

 The aim of this study was to evaluate the hematological parameters in Cyprinus carpio juvenile feeding of Basilli sp. probiotics in the condition of before and after long distance transports.

In this experimental research, 180 carp juvenile were stocked in 2 tanks (capacity 400-L) for 45 days. Fish juvenile in one tank was feeding with multi-strain probiotic (Protexin) were used at a concentration of 1×107 CFU/ liter and fish in the other tank was not consumed probiotic. At the end of the feeding trial, the carp juvenile from both treatments randomly were packed in plastic bags (40-L) at the density of 1kg/bag (~20 fish/bag). The juvenile feeding previously from probiotic were packed in 2 treatments with/or without of NaCl in water. Also, the juvenile feed of the control tank was packed in bags as the control. The bags unpacked after 12h and blood samples were taken from 10 fish in each replicate and hematological parameters were compared among the groups.

Results indicate that WBC, Hematocrit, Hemoglobin, MCV, MCH, MCHC and leukocytes differential count are affected by after transport stress and before the catching (p<0.05). However, there were no significant differences in the amounts of RBC and hemoglobin in experimental treatments (p>0.05).

Based on the results, finding of this study indicated that feeding of common carp juvenile with Basilli sp. probiotics had positive effects on blood parameters after long-distance transportation in plastic baggage, thereby if used in diet, it can be good alternatives to salt.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of two commercial prebiotic and probiotic called Behsam and Behsil, respectively, in feeding performance, ammonia and urea excretions as well as energy losses in grass carp, Ctenophryngodon idella fry. Three levels of Behsam and Behsil (200, 400 and 600 mg/kgof diet) were supplemented to experimental diets and fed to grass carp fry (initial weight of 625.15 ± 10.12 mg). The present study was conducted in a completely randomized design. At the end of experiment, the fish final weight, food conversion ratio, protein and lipid efficiency ratio of the grass carps fed supplemented diet with different levels of Behsam and Behsil had significantly difference with control group (p<0.05). The results clearly exhibited that the different levels of Behsam and Behsil had positive effects on the ammonia and urea excretions in fish fry and also the energy decreasing rate in experimental treatments in comparison with control group. Minimum of ammonia-N and urea-N excretions were obtained in treatment Behsam 600. The maximum energy losses via excretion of ammonia and urea were obtained in control. However, the minimum energy losses were obtained in fish fry fed with 600 mg/kg Behsam. The total energy losses by nitrogenous wastes such as ammonia, urea and energy losses rate (%) per energy intake were decreased in the various experimental treatments in comparison with control. Maximum energy expenditure was detected in control group, but it decreased in experimental treatments and minimum value was obtained in treatment containing 600 mg/kg Behsam. In this study, it was found that the various Behsam and Behsil levels in rearing grass carp fry exhibit different effects on feeding performance, ammonia and urea excretions as well as energy losses in this fish.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a supplementary prebiotic in experimental diets on some of the blood indices and liver enzymes of Cyprinus carpio fingerlings. For this purpose, a number of 600 fish fry with an average mean (±SD) weight of 5.1±0.85 g were obtained and transferred to the laboratory. After 7 days adaptation to the new conditions the fish fry were randomly divided into 12 polyethylene tanks and kept at a density of 50 fish fry in per tank for 60 days. Four levels of cell wall of yeast S. cerevisiae as 0 (Control), 0.4 (F1), 0.8 (F2) and 1.2 (F3) g.kg-1 were used with triplicates. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected from the caudal vein of 15 fish (with average mean weight of 25±1.3 g) of every tank apparently healthy fish to determine some of hematologic parameters and serum enzymes (alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase) in different groups and compared to one another. Our results showed that the cell wall of yeast S. cerevisiae had no significant discrepancy was observed in monocyte, lymphocyte counts and MCV value between the prebiotic treatment and control group (p>0.05). Nevertheless, leucocyte counts (WBC), red blood cell counts (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (HCT), MCH, MCHC values and neutrophil counts, in fish fry fed cell wall of yeast S. cerevisiae as a prebiotic were significantly compared with the control group (p<0.05). Also, the result showed that the cell wall of yeast S. cerevisiae had significant effects on serum alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase compared with the control group (p<0.05). While, analyses of the results did not show any significant differences in the amount of aspartate aminotransferase enzyme in experimental treatments and control group (p>0.05). Based on these results, we could claim that the use of the cell wall of yeast S. cerevisiae in experimental diets of fingerlings carps have different performance on hematology parameters and may enhance the non-specific immune system of the immunomodulatory
effect on fingerlings carp.

Artemia urmiana nauplii were used as a vector in bioencapsulation processing to carry blends of five probiotic bacilli called Protexin aquatic,including Bacillus circulans, B. subtilis, B. licheniformis, B. laterosporus and B. Polymyxa to digestive system of Beluga Huso huso larvae. Nauplii were bioencapsulated with three concentrations of 1×105 (T1), 2×105 (T2) and 3×105 (T3) bacteria per mililiter in suspension and were fed to Beluga larvae for 10 hours. The larvae were fed on the base of the 50% of their body weight for 6 times a day in a completely randomized design and the results were compared with control group (unbioencapsulated Artemia nauplii) in fourteenth day of experiment. The results suggest a positive effect of probiotic bacillus on growth of Beluga larvae compared to the control group. The highest weight was obtained in fish fed by bioencapsulated Artemia with a concentration of 1×105 bacteria/mL. . Food conversion rate significantly decreased in experimental treatments. The probiotic bacilli had significant positive effects on the specific growth rate, relative gain ratio, survival rate, average daily growth and thermal growth coefficient in comparison with control (P<0.05). However, condition factor did not show any significant difference (P>0.05). The results showed that probiotic bacilli have the highest ability in increasing the growth of Beluga larvae and fish fed by bioencapsulated Artemia with a concentration of 1×105 bacteria/mL had the best results.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of A-Max Ultra prebiotic at five concentrations of 0 (control), 0.3 (T1), 0.5 (T2), 0.7(T3) and 1(T4) g.kg-1 on growth parameters, feed utilization, survival rate and resistance against the challenge tests of common carp larvae were compared for 60 days. For this purpose 600 Common carp F1 larvae with average mean weight of 1.3±0.273g and (±SD) were obtained and transferred to the laboratory. After 14 days adaptation to the laboratory conditions the fish were randomly divided into five treatments with three replicates (four experimental treatment and the control). The results revealed that, the highest of Growth parameters were observed in the diet containing 0.5 and 0.7 g.kg-1 A-Max Ultra prebiotic supplement and the highest of feed indices were observed in the diet containing 0.3 g.kg-1 prebiotic supplement that a significant difference was observed between treatments and the control treatment (P

A 5 weeks study was conducted to determine the effects of different stocking density on hematological parameters of great sturgeon. Fish were cultured in duplicates of fiberglass tanks under stocking densities of 50, 75, 100 and 125 fish/m3 as T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively. Based on the results significant increase (p0.05). The highest mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) was also recorded in T4. The highest level of hemoglobin, hematocrit (7.25 g dl-1 and 22.2%) were significantly associated with T1 (p

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of short term starvation periods on growth, feed efficiency and chemical composition of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) larvae cultured at two salinity levels; 0.5 ppt (fresh water) and 1.95 ppt (brackish water). Fish larvae averaged 300 ± 10 mg in weight were exposed to three different feeding regimes for 40 days: one group (control) which continuously fed and the two other groups including T1 (5 days feed + 2 days starvation) and T2 (2 days feed + 2 days starvation). The growth performance results indicated that there are significant differences (P<0.05) between the treatments. The maximum body weight (1935.47 mg) was obtained in control group. These results indicate that protein, lipid and energy efficiency ratio in control group were significantly enhanced in comparison with T1 and T2 (P<0.05). The highest PER, LER and EER amounts (1.70, 5.26 and 0.56, respectively) were also obtained in control. Body composition was also analyzed at the end of the experiment. The highest and lowest crude protein levels were obtained in control (74.65%) and T2 (59.72%), respectively. The results showed that food deprivation has a negative impact on the growth performance and body composition in the fish larval stage.

The impact of rearing Beluga (Huso huso) juvenileunder five different stocking biomass was investigated depending on the biochemical parameters as indicators of general health state of fish. One-year old Beluga juvenile (48.59±8.52 g) were reared for 35 days. The present study was conducted in a completely randomized design. Fish were cultured in triplicates of fiberglass tanks under stocking biomass of 1250, 2500, 3750, 5000 and 6250 g/m3 as T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 respectively. Blood plasma biochemical analyses showed that increasing the stocking biomass caused significant increase for value of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and maximum of ALT was obtained in T5 (stoking of 6250 g/m3). Different stocking levels of Beluga juveniles had variety effects in value of aspartate aminitransferase (AST) and this enzyme decreased in T2, T3 and T5 but increased in T4. Value of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) showed non-significant difference among treatment (p>0.05). Variety in stocking levels of fish had significant effects on values of complement (C4) and this parameter was significantly increased in treatment of T2, T3, T4 and T5 in comparison with T1 (stoking of 1250 g/m3) (p

In this study the effect of blend of Bacillus circulans¡ Bacillus licheniformis and baker´s yeast¡ Saccharomyces cerevisiae with concentrations of 1×105¡ 2×105 and 3×105 CFU/ml in suspension of bioencapsulation of Artemia urmiana nauplii were studied on performance of growth parameters in Sazan (Cyprinus carpio carpio L.) larvae. This experiment was conducted in a completely random design in three experimental treatments and control with three replicates for each treatment. The Sazan (Cyprinus carpio carpio) larvae were cultured for 80 days in two experiment stages. In the first stage of experiment the fish larvae were fed A. urmiana nauplii bioencapsulated with blend of probiotic bacilli and yeast¡ for 35 days. The fish larvae in control were fed unenriched A. urmiana naplii. In the second stage of experiment¡ fish larvae were fed experimental diet supplemented with blend of yeast and probiotic bacilli for a period of 45 days. The results in the first stage of experiment indicated that blend of the probiotics had significant effects on growth and feeding parameters compare control (p0.05). In experimental treatments the final body weight¡ total length¡ specific growth rate¡ food conversion efficiency¡ growth conversion efficiency had significantly increased in comparison to control. The results of the second stage of experiment showed that the growth and feeding parameters were significantly increased compare to control (P

In this study the use of Daphnia sp and Artemia urmiana nauplii as live food for starting feeding of Starry Sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus) was investigated. Experiments were performed to determine the exploitation rate of Daphnia sp and Artemia urmiana nauplii by Starry Sturgeon larvae and to determine the best live food at first feeding stage. This experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design. Fish larvae in three experimental fed by Artemia nauplii¡ Daphnia and blend of Daphnia and Artemia having three replicates were fed based on the 30% of body weight day-1. After a 22-day rearing period¡ the proximate compositions of samples of fish were determined. The highest level of carcass crude protein (75.68%) and food conversion efficiency (41.13%) were obtained by the larvae receiving mixture of Daphnia sp and Artemia urmiana nauplii. At the end of the experiment¡ the larvae fed on Artemia nauplii and Daphnia sp a significantly higher mean weight compared to the other groups. Feeding of the larvae with Artemia urmiana nauplii resulted in a significantly lower carcass crude protein compared with the other treatments. During of experiment¡ among larvae groups¡ the maximum of survival rate (89.5%) was obtained by the larvae fed on Artemia nauplii. The results of the present study demonstrated that the exploitation ability of Acipenser stellatus larvae in using live food was different and the mixture of Daphnia and Artemia nauplii had almost the best feeding efficiency and they can be introduced as a suitable diet for rearing stages of Starry Sturgeon larvae.

A 28-day feeding trial was conducted on the A. guldenstaedtii larvae during the early stages of active feeding, using three live foods, namely Daphnia magna, Artemia urmiana and a mixture of both (Daphnia 50% w/w and Artemia50% w/w) with a feeding frequency of 6 times per day. The healthy larvae of A. guldenstaedtii were provided from the sturgeon center of Marjanii. Having three replicates (100 fish per tank), the fish larvae in three treatments (A, D and D) were scheduled and fed based on 30 percent of the body weight in a day by Artemia urmiana nauplii, Daphnia sp. And a mixture of both, respectively. The initial mean body weight of fish larvae was 35.332.50 mg and its density was 2 individuals per liter. This experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design. The fish were weighed individually at the beginning and end of the experiment. The proximate composition of the fish samples (the beginning and end of the experiment), Artemia nauplii, Daphnia and a mixture of them were determined. Maximum protein retention efficiency (72.29%), lipid retention efficiency (14.61%) and energy retention efficiency (44.81%) were obtained in treatments D (fish larvae fed with a mixture of Artemia nauplii and Daphnia), while the minimum of protein efficiency ratio (6.18) and energy efficiency ratio were showed in treatments of D and A, respectively. The results of the present observations demonstrated that the exploitation ability of A. guldenstaedtii larvae in using live food was different.

The use of probiotic bacteria has been suggested as an important strategy to accomplish reproducible outputs through biocontrol in cultivation systems for marine fish larvae and crustaceans. These bacteria have beneficial effects on fish larvae. This study was done to determine the effect of probiotic lactobacilli on the growth and feeding performance of Persian Sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) larvae via bioencapsulation with Daphnia magna. Daphnia magna was enriched by probiotic lactobacillus for 8 hours in three levels of 4.30, 4.60 and 4.78 log of colonies forming unit per milliliter in suspension of broth, and fed by A. persicus larvae in experimental treatments (treatments of T1, T2 and T3). The Persian sturgeon larvae were fed on D. magna on the base of 30 percent of their body weight for 30 days. The control treatment was fed on unbioencapsulated D. magna. At the termination of the experiment, the whole body samples of the fish were analyzed according to the AOAC procedures (1990). The probiotic lactobacillus significantly promoted the body weight, levels of crude protein and carcass dry matter of larvae in experimental treatments in comparison with control treatment (p<0.05). But in the treatment T3, the crude lipid and crude energy were significantly decreased (p<0.05). The maximum level of average crude protein in T3 (70.27±0.44 %) and its minimum in control (68.51±0.34%) were obtained. This study indicated that the blend of Lactobacillus had an effect on the promotion of some of the growth and feeding parameters in Persian sturgeon larvae.