فهرست مطالب سمیه سوری

Pilonidal sinus of the sacrum is a relatively common chronic infectious disease. Surgical management of pilonidal sinus is a challenging matter, and despite the different surgical techniques, the recurrence rate is still high.

This double-blind clinical trial study was conducted on 60 patients with pilonidal sinus (2023). These patients underwent surgery randomly and based on the available sampling method in three

open, semi-closure, and primary closure. Recovery time and intraoperative bleeding were recorded. The McGill Pain Questionnaire was used to evaluate postoperative pain, and the Southampton scale was employed to assess infection and secretions.

The recovery time was longer in the open method than in the closure and semi-closure methods (P=0.001). However, this difference did not exist between the closure and semi-closure methods (P=0.402). There were two cases of recurrence in the closed method, while no recurrence was observed in the open and semi-closure methods. The patients undergoing the closure surgical method experienced less bleeding postoperatively (P=0.002). No significant relationship was found between surgical method and infection (P=0.189). There was no significant difference in the intensity of pain experienced by patients after the operation (P=0.789).

For the treatment of pilonidal sinus, primary surgical closure is not recommended due to recurrences, despite the shorter recovery time and less bleeding. The semi-closure surgical method seems to be safer than the open and primary closure methods.

By considering the complexities of seaborne carriage of crude oil on the one hand and the traditional restrictions of voyage charter parties from the other, this Article tends to study the effects and the number of contractual flexibilities of under-investigation standard forms of agreements on the charterers’ legal obligations in crude oil voyage charters. Investigation of mostly used standard forms of charter party agreements including BPVOY4, SHELLVOY6 and ExxonMobil VOY2005 indicates that charterer obligations in those agreements, in the light of high bargaining power of voyage crude oil charterers due to the reasons such as high price of crude oil in comparison with other cargos and even in comparison with  price of tanker itself and the strategic nature of crude oil in contrast with other cargos, has taken distance from its traditional strict framework and has found remarkable flexibilities.

Actinomycetes are filamentous and gram-positive bacteria living as free-living, saprophyte, and sometimes in symbiosis with plants. These bacteria could be isolated from all ecosystems including soil, water, marine sediments and especially hot waters. Marine actinobacteria are known as the producers of a vast range of secondary metabolites. Any actinobacterial strain has the genetic potential for the production of 10-20 of the secondary metabolites. About 23000 antibiotic types were discovered from microorganisms which according to the estimations, about 10000 types have been isolated from actinobacteria. The secondary metabolites produced by marine actinobacteria have an extensive range of biological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, anti-cancer, cytotoxic, cytostatic, ant-inflammatory, anti-parasite, anti-malaria, antiviral, anti-oxidant and anti-angiogenesis, etc.

In the present study, water and sediment samples from the Persian Gulf at the Bushehr Atomic Energy Beach were collected for Actinobacteria isolation. For the cultivation of these samples, 7 culture medium types were used. For the identification of the gathered isolates, morphological properties, biochemical tests, and molecular studies (e.g. PCR) were investigated.

Twenty-four isolates of Actinobacteria were isolated from water and sediment samples of the Persian Gulf coast. Eighteen of the isolates have antibacterial activities. Seventy-five persent of the isolates were antibiotic producers and 95% of the gathered substances from these 18 strains had an antibacterial effect against gram-positive bacteria and 60% against gram-negative bacteria. Also, 60% of these substances were effective against both bacteria groups.

The abundance of marine actinobacteria in new sources of the Persian Gulf and the extension of this sea’s coat indicates the potential capability of this source for investigation in the scope of attaining new antibiotics.

Intercropping, i.e. growing two or more crops together on the same land at the same time. The intercropped legumes/cereal systems reduce inter-specific competition by enhancing complementarity/facilitation processes thereby improving the exploitation of environmental resources; on the other hand, it has led to improved crop production, which is due to greater efficiency in the intercropping system. Salehi et al. (2018) in intercropping of triticale with annual legumes reported that the highest plant height, number of spike per m-2, spikelet number per spike, grain number per spike, grain and biological yield of triticale were obtained in the sole crops but the lowest economic yield of triticale was achieved from intercropping of triticale with vetch, respectively. The purpose of this study was to investigate the response of growth, yield and yield components for different fababean cultivars affected as in intercropping with triticale in order to achieve the most suitable combination in terms of maximum yield and land use efficiency in Urmia weather conditions.

In order to evaluate yield and yield components of different faba bean varieties in intercropping with triticale, a field experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with thirteen treatments and three replications at the Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Iran, during the growing season of 2018. Treatments were included sole cropping of triticale, replacement intercropping of triticale with five-faba bean varieties (Mahta, Histal, Feyz, Barkat, Luzde otono and Shadan) in ratios 1:1. Triticale was harvested when spike turned brown and different faba bean varieties were harvested when the first pod of the plants fully matured. Field data were collected by cutting 10 plants randomly from each plot and yield component of each plant was considered as the average for each plot. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed using SAS software; version 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA) and significant differences between treatments were compared with the Duncan test at P≤0.05.

The results showed that the highest plant height, spike length, number of spike per m-2, spikelet number per spike, grain number per spike, grain and biological yield, and chlorophyll a and b contents of triticale were obtained in the intercropping system. Also, the maximum nodule number, nodule dry weight, plant height, length pods, number of seeds per pod, 100- seed weight, seed and biological yield, and chlorophyll a and b contents of different faba bean varieties were achieved from intercropping and the lowest amounts of mentioned were recorded in the sole cropping of both plants, respectively. The higher seed yields of the intercropping systems compared to the sole cropping were probably due to the better use of environmental resources by balancing inter-specific and intra-specific interactions. The average chlorophyll content of both plants in the intercropping system was higher than the sole cropping. Increasing the chlorophyll content in the intercropping system was attributed to the better availability of nutrients, light, and water.  However, the partial LER of faba bean was higher than triticale, indicating that the former was the dominant plant in intercropping patterns. In addition, the highest LER total was calculated for intercropping triticale with Feyz faba bean (2.2 units) and the lowest total LER (1.9) was computed to the triticale with Barkat faba bean hat represents an increased advantage in intercropping than sole cropping.

Our study showed that the productivity of different faba bean varieties in intercropping with triticale could be increased by environmental conditions. The maximum seed and biological yield of both plants were obtained at intercropping. The LER was higher than one in all intercropping treatments compared to sole cropping systems. According to the results, it seems that the use of the intercropping system is remarkably effective to increase the economic income and land-use efficiency.

Regarding the fact that one of the pressing problems involving the justice system in the country is the density of the legal cases and complaints, it is necessary to take some measures to decrease the number of trivial cases referred to the justice department. One of the most effective ways to do this is to mediate between the parties involved in a case and reconcile them before they appearance in the court of law. This is a kind of restorative justice whose aim is to bring about a compromise and reconciliation between the parties. It could be very functional in solving the problems between the parties. The counseling and social work units , which function according to the recent change in the police’s orientation from threat-based to prevention-based strategy, have been formed in the recent years and offered some useful services. However, these units face some difficulties in their way towards restorative justice. In fact, these units are in need of some essential modifications. It is clear that the current activities of these units are more in line with the reduction of reference to the courts than restorative justice. In fact, there is wide gap between the current system of counseling units and what is known in the world as restorative justice.

In spite of 60 years of past experience، Agricultural extension in Iran still faces problems، obstacles and limitations. Researchers believe that during these years، the service available to farmers has been neither successful nor satisfactory. With respect to the presently available problems and limitations، a thorough identification and analysis of these issues is necessary as well as inevitable to improve the existing situation. Therefore، this study is aimed at an identification of and priority given to the problems and limitations in Extension Education Activities from the viewpoints of Agricultural extension Specialists of the Ministry of Agricultural Jihad and as well from the view points of Extension Specialists in Qom Province. A survey research was conducted applying a questionnaire. Reliability of the questionnaire was approved by experts while its validity confirmed through Cronbach alpha coefficient test the coefficient being found out as 0. 92. Out of all the extension experts and staff of the Department of Agriculture، 117 individuals were chosen through Stratified Random Sampling، using Morgan & Kerjcie Table. Finally، 111 questionnaires were collected and analyzed. Results show that according to priority، the most important problems and obstacles which limit educational-extensional activities could be listed as follows: problems related to the researches (as the current researches do not match every day problems and needs of farmers)، problems related to human resource management (lack of proper motivation and accountability on the part of extension personnel)، administrative problems (legal discrimination against extension personnel as compared with the staff engaged in some other sections)، problems related to human resource educational development (as educational programs in agricultural colleges do not match today''s needs)، executive problems (budget deficiency)، social problems (daily migration of rural youth to urban areas) as well as physical problems (scattered farm lands). The results also indicate that there is a positive relationship between educational، extensional as well as communicative capabilities، and experts'' points of view. A comparison of the viewpoints of different experts (according to their fields of study) shows a meaningful difference between extension graduates، the graduates of other agriculturally related fields vs. those of other disciplines.

Knowledge of existing situation in each region plays great role in order to prevent oral and dental diseases in people. Meanwhile, DMFT index is one of the best epidemiological indices in dentistry representing oral hygiene situation in society. So, this study was conducted in order to evaluate DMFT index in 12- years-old students of Qom City. Methods & Materials: This descriptive study was done cross – sectionally using interview, examination and questionnaire among 12- years- old students of Qom city. Considering WHO criteria, 300 samples were selected for the study and the effect of variables such as gender, the order of children in family, mother education, toothbrushing and the use of mouthwash on DMFT were evaluated. The data were analyzed by SPSS software Version 10.

DMFT rate was achieved 2.28±2.1 while it was 2.87±2.03 in females and 2.72±2.18 in males. The existed difference (0.71) was not statistically significant (P>0.05). DMFT in students who were used to toothbrushing was 2.6±2.05 and 3.28±2.15 in students not using toothbrushes, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.009). Caries free rate was estimated 10.7% in the study (6% in females and 4.7% in males). The study showed SCI of 5.15± 1.45.

Considering WHO criteria, the achieved DMFT index in Qom city was acceptable. According to the aim of WHO for the year of 2015 for 12 – years- old people (SCI of less than 3DMFT<1), it is necessary to perform special program for the purpose.